Lecture 8 - Flexure

June 18, 2003

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Pan Joist
One-way Slab
Pattern Loading
Pan Joist Floor Systems
ACI Requirements for Joist Construction
(Sec. 8.11, ACI 318-02)
Slabs and ribs must be cast monolithically.
Ribs must be spaced consistently
Ribs may not be less than 4 inches in width
Pan Joist Floor Systems
ACI Requirements for Joist Construction (cont.)
(Sec. 8.11.2, ACI 318-02)
Depth of ribs may not be more than 3.5
times the minimum rib width
Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed
30 inches.
** Ribbed slabs not meeting these
requirements are designed as slabs and
beams. **
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Slab Thickness
(ACI Sec. 8.11.6.1)

t 2 in. for joints formed with 20 in. wide
pans

t 2.5 in. for joints formed with 30 in. wide
pans (1/12 distance)
>
>
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Slab Thickness (cont.)
Building codes give minimum fire resistance
rating:

1-hour fire rating: in. cover, 3-3.5 slab
thickness

2-hour fire rating: 1 in. cover, 4.5 slab
thickness
Pan Joist Floor
Systems
Standard
Removable Form
Dimensions

Note the shapes

Pan Joist Floor Systems
Standard Removable Form Dimensions

Standard Widths: 20 in. & 30 in.
(measured at bottom of ribs)

Standard Depths: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or
20 in.

Pan Joist Floor Systems
Standard Removable Form Dimensions
(cont.)

End Forms: one end is closed (built-in) to
form the supporting beam

Tapered End Forms: provide additional shear
capacity at ends of joists by tapering ends to
increase rib width.
Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist
Form Dimensions

Ref. CECO Concrete
Construction Catalog
Pan Joist
Slabs
Standard Pan Joist
Form Dimensions

Ref. CECO Concrete Construction
Catalog
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Laying Out Pan Joist Floors

Rib/slab thickness
Governed by strength, fire rating,
available space

Overall depth and rib thickness
Governed by deflections and shear
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Laying Out Pan Joist Floors (cont.)

Typically no stirrups are used in joists

Reducing Forming Costs:
Use constant joist depth for entire floor
Use same depth for joists and beams
(not always possible)
Pan Joist Floor Systems
Distribution Ribs
Placed perpendicular to joists*
Spans < 20 ft.: None
Spans 20-30 ft.: Provided a midspan
Spans > 30 ft.: Provided at third-points
At least one continuous #4 bar is provided at top
and bottom of distribution rib.
*Note: not required by ACI Code, but typically used
in construction

Member Depth
ACI provides minimum member depth and
slab thickness requirements that can be used
without a deflection calculation (Sec. 9.5 ACI
318)

Useful for selecting preliminary member
sizes

Member Depth
ACI 318 - Table 9.5a:

Min. thickness, h (for beams or ribbed one-way
slab)
For beams with one end continuous: L/18.5
For beams with both ends continuous: L/21
L is span length in inches

Table 9.5a usually gives a depth too shallow for
design, but should be checked as a minimum.

Member
Depth
ACI 318-99: Table 9.5a
Member Depth
Rule of Thumb:
h
b
(in.) ~ L (ft.)
Ex.) 30 ft. span -> h
b
~ 30 in.
May be a little large, but okay as a start to
calc. DL
Another Rule of Thumb:
w
DL
(web below slab) ~ 15% (w
SDL
+ w
LL
)
Note: For design, start with maximum
moment for beam to finalize depth.
Select b as a function of d
b ~ (0.45 to 0.65) (d)

Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients
Approximate moments and shears
permitted for design of continuous
beams and one-way slabs
Section 8.3.3 of ACI Code
Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients -
Requirements:
Two or more spans
Approximately Equal Spans
Larger of 2 adjacent spans not greater than
shorter by > 20%
Uniform Loads
LL/DL 3 (unfactored)
s
Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients -
Requirements: ( cont.)
Prismatic members
Same A, I, E throughout member length
Beams must be in braced frame without
significant moments due to lateral forces
Not state in Code, but necessary for
coefficients to apply.

** All these requirements must be met to use the
coefficients!**
Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems










|
.
|

\
|
=
=
2
) (
2
n u
v u
n u m u
l w
C V
l w C M
w
u
= Total factored dead and live
load per unit length
C
m
= Moment coefficient
C
v
= Shear coefficient
l
n
= Clear span length for span in
question for M
u
at interior
face of exterior support, +M
u

and V
u
l
n
= Average of clear span length
for adjacent spans for M
u
at
interior supports
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients Methodology:
Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and
Shear
Coefficients

See Section
8.3.3 of ACI
Code

Example
Design the eight-span east west
in figure. A typical 1-ft wide
design strip is shaded. A
partial section through this
strip is shown. The beams are
assumed to be 14 in. wide.
The concrete strength is 3750
psi and the reinforcement
strength is 60 ksi. The live
load is 100 psf and dead load
of 50 psf.
Example One-way Slab
Use table 9.5(a) to determine the minimum
thickness of the slab.
12 in
15 ft 180 in
ft
l
| |
= =
|
\ .
180 in.
min. h = 7.5 in.
24 24
l
= =
End bay:
180 in.
min h = 6.43 in.
28 28
l
= =
Interior bays:
Use 7.5 in.
Example One-way Slab
Compute the trial factored loads based on thickness.
D
3 2
1 ft lb lb
7.5 in 150 93.75
12 in ft ft
w
| |
= =
|
\ .
( ) ( )
u D L
1.2 1.6 1.2 50 psf + 93.75 psf 1.6 100 psf
332.5 psf
w w w = + = +
=
Factored load
L D
3 w w s
Check ratio for 8.3.3
OK!
Example One-way Slab
Compute factored external moment.
( )
2
2
U
U
332.5 psf 15 ft
6801. lb-ft/ft
C 11
81.61 k-in/ft
w L
M = = =
=
U
N
81.61 k-in/ft
90.68k-in/ft
0.9
M
M
|
= = =
Nominal moment
Example One-way Slab
The thickness is 7.5 in. so we will assume that the bar
is located d = 7.5in 1.0 in. = 6.5 in. (From 3.3.2 ACI
318 0.75 in + ~0.25 in( 0.5*diameter of bar) = 1.0 in
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
N s y
2
N
s
y
0.9
2
90.68 k-in/ft
0.258 in /ft
0.9 60 ksi 0.9 6.5 in
a
M T d A f d
M
A
f d
| |
= ~
|
\ .
= = =
Assume that the
moment arm is 0.9d
Example One-way Slab
Recalculate using A
s
= 0.2 in
2

( )
( )( )
( )
s y
c
N
N s y s
y
s
2
0.258 in. 60 ksi
0.405 in.
0.85 0.85 3.75 ksi 12 in
2
2
90.68 k-in/ft
0.405 in.
60 ksi 6.5 in.
2
0.240 in /ft
A f
a
f b
M a
M A f d A
a
f d
A
= = =
| |
= =
|
| |
\ .

|
\ .
=
| |

|
\ .
=
Example One-way Slab
Check the yield of the steel
1
t cu
0.405 in.
0.476 in.
0.85
6.5 in. 0.476 in.
0.003
0.476 in.
0.038 0.005
a
c
d c
c
|
c c
= = =

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
= >
Steel has yielded so
we can use | = 0.9
Example One-way Slab
Check to minimum requirement for every foot
( )( )
s
y
min min
c
y
0.24 in.
0.00301
12 in. 6.5 in.
200 200
0.00333
60000
0.00333
3
3 3750
0.0031
60000
A
bd
f
f
f

= = =

= =

= =

= =

Problem!
Example One-way Slab
What we can do is rework the spacing between the bars
by change b Use a #4 bar A
s
= 0.2 in
2

( )( )
2
s s
0.2 in
9.23 in.
0.00333 6.5 in.
Use b = 9 in.
A A
b
bd d

= = = =
Example One-way Slab
Check for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement for

min
= 0.0018 A
s
=
min
bh from 7.12.2.1 ACI
( )( )
( )
2
s min
2
2
0.0018 12 in. 7.5 in. 0.162 in /ft
0.2 in
spacing = 12 in. =14.8 in.
0.162 in
A bd = = =
Use 1 # 4 bar every 9 in.
Pattern Loads
Using influence lines to determine pattern
loads

Largest moments in a continuous beam or
frame occur when some spans are loaded
and others are not.

Influence lines are used to determine which
spans to load and which spans not to load.
Pattern Loads

Influence Line: graph of variation of
shear, moment, or other effect at one
particular point in a structure due to a unit
load moving across the structure.
Pattern
Loads
Quantitative
Influence
Lines
Ordinate are
calculated
(exact)

MacGregor (1997)
Pattern Loads
Qualitative Influence Lines
Mueller-Breslau Principle

Used to provide a qualitative guide to
the shape of the influence line

Pattern Loads
Qualitative Influence Lines (cont.)
For moments
Insert pin at location of interest
Twist beam on either side of pin
Other supports are unyielding, so
distorted shape may be easily drawn.
For frames, joints are assumed free to
rotate, assume members are rigidly
connected (angle between members
does not change)

Qualitative Influence Lines
The Mueller-Breslau principle
can be stated as follows:
I f a function at a point on a
structure, such as reaction, or
shear, or moment is allowed to
act without restraint, the
deflected shape of the structure,
to some scale, represents the
influence line of the function.
Pattern Loads
Qualitative Influence Lines
Fig. 10-7 (b,f) from MacGregor (1997)
Pattern Loads
Frame Example:
Maximize +M at point B.
Draw qualitative
influence lines.

Resulting pattern load:
checkerboard pattern

Pattern Loads
Arrangement of Live Loads (ACI 318-
02, Sec. 8.9.1)
It shall be permitted to assume that:
The live load is applied only to the floor
or roof under consideration, and
The far ends of columns built integrally
with the structure are considered to be
fixed.


Pattern Loads
Arrangement of Live Loads ACI 318-
99, Sec. 8.9.2:
It shall be permitted to assume that the
arrangement of live load is limited to
combinations of:
Factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on two adjacent
spans.
Factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on alternate spans.