ANALOGUE 1 PROJECT: POWER SUPPLY WITH SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION LECTURER: ASSOC. PROF.

DR TANG TONG BOON

GROUP MEMBERS: LEE SHENG SIANG (17110) YEE KANG YUNG (17215) NOOR AIMAN BIN NOOR RASHID (17117) KHAIRUNNISA BINTI HJ KHAIRUDDIN (17093)

INTRODUCTION In electrical and electronic engineering, constant direct current (DC) signals as a power supply for various devices are often needed especially for electronic devices. Incoming signals from mains are usually in the form of alternating current (AC) signals. One characteristic of AC signal is the current is bidirectional compared to DC signal which is unidirectional. Most electronic devices require input signal current of one direction, or else the circuit might not be functional. Therefore it is essential to have a DC power supply that is able to convert AC signals into DC signals. OBJECTIVE The objective of this project is to convert alternating current (AC) signals into direct current (DC) signal while having short circuit protection features. THEORY Power Supply

Figure (1): Power Supply Schematic Diagram The schematic of the dc power supply is shown above. This circuit consists of 9 V step down centertapped transformer, bridge rectifier, filter capacitor, adjustable voltage regulator and variable resistor. It has double outputs which can vary from 1.25V to 6V.

As indicated, the power supply is fed from the 240V 50Hz ac line and connects to the transformer. Since the transformer is center-tapped, it will supply positive and negative voltages simultaneously and alternates its output voltages. When the upper output voltage of the transformer is positive cycles, diode D1 will be forward biased and diode D3 will be reverse biased. At the same time, the lower output voltage of the transformer is negative cycles, thus current is conducted through diode D4 and diode D2 will be reverse biased. In the next cycle in which the upper output voltage of the transformer is negative cycles, current is conducted through diode D3 and diode D1 will be reverse biased. In the same cycle, the lower output voltage of the transformer is positive cycles, diode D2 will be forward biased and diode D4 will be reverse biased. This means that only positive cycles will pass through adjustable positive voltage regulator (LM317K) whereas only negative cycles will pass through adjustable negative voltage regulator (LM337K). Capacitors C1 and C2 serve as filter capacitors where they are used to reduce substantially the variations in the rectifier output voltage. The voltage at the input nodes of voltage regulators will be reduce to approximately 16.97V (positive) or -16.97V (negative) since there is a voltage drop across the rectifier diode which is around 0.7V during forward biased. LM317 which is adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulator is capable of supplying in excess of 1.5A over a 1.2V to 37V output range. However in this design, the input voltage is only up to 16.97V, thus the output voltage will definitely less than 16.97V. In operation, LM317 develops a nominal 1.25V reference voltage, , between the output and adjustment terminal. The reference voltage is impressed across resistor

R1 and since the voltage is constant, a constant current then flows through the output variable resistor R2, giving an output voltage of ( ) is the current that flows out from adjustment

where R1 equals to 500, R2 ranging from 0 to 2k and terminal which is usually in the range of 50A to 100A.

LM337 which is adjustable 3-terminal negative voltage regulator is capable of supplying in excess of -1.5A over an output voltage range of -1.2V to -37V. However in this design, the input voltage is only up to -9V, thus the output voltage will definitely less than -9V. In operation, LM337 develops a nominal -1.25V reference voltage, , between the output and adjustment terminal. The reference voltage is impressed

across resistor R3 and since the voltage is constant, a constant current then flows through the output variable resistor R4, giving an output voltage of ( )

where R3 equals to 500, R4 ranging from 0 to 2k and terminal which is usually in the range of 50A to 100A.

is the current that flows out from adjustment

The capacitors C3, C4, C5 and C6 are used to provide improved output impedance and rejection of transients. The diodes D5, D6, D7 and D8 act as protection diodes for preventing the capacitors from discharging through low current points into the regulator where D5 protects against C3, D6 protects against C2, D7 protects against C6 and D8 protects against C5. Short Circuit Protection Circuit

Figure (2): Short Circuit Protection Circuit Transistors 2N3905 and 2N3904 are used to derive the secondary output of around 1.2-12v (O/P2) from the main 1.2-12v supply (O/P1). Working of the short circuit protection circuit is simple. When the 1.2 to 12V DC output from regulator IC 7805 is available, transistor 2N3905 conducts through resistors R1 and R3 and LED1. As a result, transistor 2N3904 conducts and short-circuit protected 1.2 to 12 v DC output appears across O/P2 terminals. The green LED (LED2) glows to indicate the same, while the red LED (LED1) remains off due to the presence of the same voltage at both of its ends. When O/P2 terminals short, 2N3904 cuts off due to grounding of its base. As a result, 2N3905 is also cut-off. Thus during short-circuit, the green LED (LED2) turns off and the red LED (LED1) glows. Capacitors C2 and C3 across the main 5V output (O/P1) absorb the voltage fluctuations occurring due to

short-circuit in O/P2, ensuring disturbance-free O/P1. The positive and negative terminals for short circuit protection are the same. The only difference is the transistor 2N3905 is connected to the ground and 2N3904 is shorted to negative terminal. The design of the circuit is based on the relationship given below: RB = (HFE X Vs)/(1.3 X IL) where, RB = Base resistances of transistors of 2N3904 and 2N3905 HFE = 200 for 2N3905 and 350 for 2N3904 Switching Voltage Vs = 5V 1.3 = Safety factor IL = Collector-emitter current of transistors COMPONENTS Power Supply 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Transformer Diodes (1N4004 x8) Capacitors (1000 F x2, 10 F x4) Voltage Regulators (LM317K x1, Lm337K x1) Resistors ( 500 x2) Variable Resistors ( 2 K x2) Pin Connectors

Short Circuit Protection 1) LEDs (Red x2, Green x2) 2) BJTs (NPN 2N3904 x2, PNP 2N3905 x2) 3) Resistors (470 x2, 1 K x2, 270 x2, 10 K x2, 470 x2)

PROCEDURES 1) Circuit of power supply was first tested on a breadboard to ensure the circuits functionality. 2) Then the circuits schematic diagram was designed using computer-aided design software called EAGLE. The PCB diagram of the circuit was translated from the schematic diagram using the same software. 3) Design was submitted to the lab technician to fabricate the power supply design. 4) The finished printed circuit board was collected and assembled with components and soldered. The fabricated board is shown in Figure (3). 5) A short-circuit protection circuit was integrated to the power supply circuit to prevent power surge caused by any short circuits that might damage it. The circuit was obtained from a website. 6) Finally the entire project was encased in a plastic cover and tested.

Figure (3): Fabricated Printed Circuit Board

DESIGN

Figure (4): Schematic Diagram of Power Supply

Figure (5): PCB Diagram of Power Supply

RESULTS

Figure (6): Finished Power Supply Design

CONCLUSION With safety features in mind, short circuit protection was included so that the power supply will be more reliable than other power supplies that came without any protection feature to prevent any power surge due to short circuits. In addition to that, the switch function can make the power supply function more intelligently, which means the user can define which mode they prefer so that the unselected part will be in 'hibernate' mode. Therefore it is an ECO-FRIENDLY function to save more power and maintain longer usage period of the power supply.

REFERENCES Short Circuit Protection Circuit. Retrieved from Apowersupply.com.