Chapter 1

Digital Signal Processor
The Heart of Modern Real-Time Control Systems
Mohammed Yousef Abd El ghany, Faculty of Eng., Comm. Dep. , 3rd year.
CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Learning Objectives

What is Digital Signal Processing? Why process signals digitally? Definition of a real-time application. Why use Digital Signal Processing processors? What are the typical DSP algorithms? Programmable vs. ASIC DSP. A DSP system design flow. Selecting the DSP device. Texas Instruments TMS320 family.
What Is Digital Signal Processing ?
The Digital Signal Processing can be defined as:
First detect your signal by an electronic sensor. Convert it into digital signal using a A/D
converter. Pass it to a Digital Computer or a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). Make the desired processing operations using the digital processor. Convert it again to an analogue signal using a D/A converter. Finally pass the converted signal to an actuator.
A/D Converter
DSP
D/A Converter
A Simple Digital Signal Processing System
Why Go Digital?
Digital signal processing techniques are now so powerful that sometimes it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for analogue signal processing to achieve similar performance. Examples:
FIR filter with linear phase. Adaptive filters.
Why Go Digital?
Analogue signal processing is achieved by using analogue components such as:
Resistors. Capacitors. Inductors.
The inherent tolerances associated with these components, temperature, voltage changes and mechanical vibrations can dramatically affect the effectiveness of the analogue circuitry.
Why Go Digital?
With DSP it is easy to:
Change applications. Correct applications. Update applications.

Noise susceptibility. Chip count. Development time. Cost. Power consumption.
Additionally DSP reduces:
Why Not Go Digital?
High frequency signals cannot be processed digitally because of two reasons:
Analog to Digital Converters, ADC cannot
work fast enough. The application can be too complex to be performed in real-time.
Real-Time Processing
DSP processors have to perform tasks in real-time, so how do we define real-time? The definition of real-time depends on the application. Example: a 100-tap FIR filter is performed in real-time if the DSP can perform and complete the following operation between two samples:
Real-Time Processing
Processing Time Waiting Time
n Sample Time
n+1
We can say that we have a real-time application if:
Waiting Time 0
Why Do We Need DSP Processors?
Why not use a General Purpose Processor (GPP) such as a Pentium instead of a DSP processor?
What is the power consumption of a
Pentium and a DSP processor? What is the cost of a Pentium and a DSP processor?
Why Do We Need DSP Processors?
Use a DSP processor when the following are required:
Cost saving. Smaller size. Low power consumption. Processing of many high frequency signals in realtime.
Use a GPP processor when the following are required:
Large memory. Advanced operating systems.

What Are The Typical DSP Algorithms?
The Sum of Products (SOP) is the key element in most DSP algorithms:
DSP In Space
-Space photograph enhancement.
-Data compression.
-Intelligent sensory analysis by remote space probes.
DSP In Medical
-Medical-Diagnostic
imaging (CT, MRI, ultra-
sound, and others).

-Electrocardiogram
-Medical
analysis.
image storage/retrieval.
DSP In Commercial
-Image
and sound compression for multimedia
presentation.
-Movie
special effects.
-Video
conference calling.
DSP In Telephone
-Voice
-Echo
and data compression.

reduction.
-Signal
multiplexing.
-Filtering.
DSP In Military
-Radar.
-Sonar.
-Ordnance
guidance.
-Secure
communication.
DSP In Industrial
-Oil
and mineral prospecting.

monitoring & control.
-Process
-Nondestructive -CAD
testing.
and design tools.
DSP In Scientific
-Earthquake -Data
recording & analysis.
acquisition.
analysis.
-Spectral
-Simulation
and modeling.
Hardware vs. Microcode Multiplication
DSP processors are optimized to perform multiplication and addition operations. Multiplication and addition are done in hardware and in one cycle. Example: 4-bit multiply (unsigned).
Hardware
1011 x 1110 10011010
Microcode
1011 x 1110 0000 1011. 1011.. 1011... 10011010 Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle 1 2 3 4 5
Floating vs. Fixed Point Processors
Applications which require:
High precision. Wide dynamic range. High signal-to-noise ratio. Ease of use.
Need a floating point processor. Drawback of floating point processors:

Higher power consumption. Can be higher cost. Can be slower than fixed-point counterparts and larger in size.
Floating vs. Fixed Point Processors
It is the application that dictates which device and platform to use in order to achieve optimum performance at a low cost.
General Purpose DSP vs. DSP in ASIC
Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) are semiconductors designed for dedicated functions. The advantages and disadvantages of using ASICs are listed below:
Advantages High throughput Lower silicon area Lower power consumption Improved reliability Reduction in system noise Low overall system cost Disadvantages High investment cost Less flexibility Long time from design to market
A DSP System Design Flow

Application
Define systems requirements
Software
Code writing Debug code
Select DSP device
Hardware
Schematic Prototype
System integration
System test and debug

Selecting The DSP Device
The processing requirements of the system you are to design, which select the DSP device. Many devices can be eliminated from consecration at an early stage due to lack of power, insufficient resolution, cost and so on. Texas Insturmants TMS320 Family DSPs have a wide range of applications and seems to be a practical solution for many design issues.
Texas Instruments TMS320 Family
Different families and sub-families exist to support different markets.

C2000 C5000 C6000
Lowest Cost
Control Systems Motor Control Storage Digital Ctrl Systems
Efficiency
Best MIPS per Watt / Dollar / Size Wireless phones Internet audio players Digital still cameras Modems Telephony VoIP
Performance & Best Ease-of-Use
Multi Channel and Multi Function App's Comm Infrastructure Wireless Base-stations DSL Imaging Multi-media Servers Video
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Digital Signal Processor

The Heart of Modern Real-Time Control Systems

CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

What Is Digital Signal Processing ?

The Digital Signal Processing can be defined as:

A Simple Digital Signal Processing System

FIR filter with linear phase. Adaptive filters.

Analogue signal processing is achieved by using analogue components such as:

Resistors. Capacitors. Inductors.

With DSP it is easy to:

Change applications. Correct applications. Update applications.

Additionally DSP reduces:

Why Not Go Digital?

High frequency signals cannot be processed digitally because of two reasons:

Analog to Digital Converters, ADC cannot

We can say that we have a real-time application if:

Why Do We Need DSP Processors?

What is the power consumption of a

Why Do We Need DSP Processors?

Use a DSP processor when the following are required:

Use a GPP processor when the following are required:

Large memory. Advanced operating systems.

What Are The Typical DSP Algorithms?

-Space photograph enhancement.

imaging (CT, MRI, ultra-

sound, and others).

and sound compression for multimedia

and data compression.

and mineral prospecting.

and design tools.

recording & analysis.

Hardware vs. Microcode Multiplication

Floating vs. Fixed Point Processors

Applications which require:

Need a floating point processor. Drawback of floating point processors:

Floating vs. Fixed Point Processors

General Purpose DSP vs. DSP in ASIC

A DSP System Design Flow

Select DSP device

System test and debug

Selecting The DSP Device

Texas Instruments TMS320 Family

Different families and sub-families exist to support different markets.

Performance & Best Ease-of-Use

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