4.3 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and Solids Part 4 (pg.

199 205)
Ionic Crystal: An array of ions, arranged at regular positions in a crystal lattice. Ionic crystals can have different and distinct arrangements depending on the ions (charge and size) Crystal lattice made up of identical repeating unit cells that give crystal shape In ionic crystals, anion larger than cation so packing of anions determines arrangement of ions in crystal lattice Two types of arrangements found in sodium chloride, NaCl, and cesium chloride, CsCl: ClCl-

Na+

Na+

NaCl: Face-centered cubic structure The main atom (Na+) can be seen at the face of the cube or crystal Each Cl- is surrounded by six Na+ and each Na+ is surrounded by six Cl-

ClCs+

ClCs+

CsCl: Body-centered cubic structure The main atom (Cs+) is located at the center of the crystal with the other ions facing the main atom Each Cs+ surrounded by eight Cl-

Particles Involved

Atoms

Primary Forces of Attraction Between Particles Dispersion

Other Physical Properties of Crystals Very soft

Examples

Models

All group (VIIIA) atoms

Nonpolar molecule s or polar molecule s

Dispersion, dipoledipole, hydrogen bonds

Non-polar: very soft; soluble in non-polar solvents AND polar: somewhat hard, but brittle; many are soluble in water

Non-polar: Br2, Ch4, CO2, N2 Polar: H2O, NH3, ChCl3, Ch3COOH, CO, SO2, many organic compound s

Atoms

Covalent Bonds

Hard Graphite, crystals diamond, that are SiO2 insoluble in most liquids Hard and brittle; many dissolve in water NaCl, CaF2, Cs2S, MgO, MgF2

Cations and Anions

Electrostati c attraction between oppositely charged ions

Atoms

Metallic bonds

All have a luster, are malleable and ductile, and are good electrical and thermal conductors ; they dissolve in other metals to form alloys

Hg, Cu, Fe, Ca, Zn, Pb

Allotropes: Different forms of the same element that have different physical and chemical properties. Graphite is a soft, two-dimensional solid that conducts electricity It has a high melting point, therefore it has strong bonds, but softness indicates weak bonds Carbon forms three covalent bonds in trigonal planar pattern, gives stability to graphite The non-bonding pair of electrons is delocalized and can move within layers, this gives graphite ability to conduct electricity Diamond, each carbon forms four covalent bonds with four carbons The three-dimensional array make the diamond hard The valence electrons are highly localized bonds between carbon atoms which does not allow diamond to conduct electricity The planes of atoms in the diamond reflect light, making the diamonds sparkle Amorphous Solids: Solids composed of molecules not arranged in orderly, crystalline structure. Glass = Heating silica sand + limestone + soda ash Glass is used in window glass and bottles Pyrex is glass + B2O3; Pyrex beneficial because it is ovenproof, it expands very little when heated, used in laboratory glassware Charcoal is amorphous form of carbon When sulfur is heated and cooled, amorphous for called plastic sulfur forms Metal alloys amorphous Liquidmetal Alloy = amorphous zirconium + nickel + titanium + copper + beryllium Liquidmetal Alloy is used in golf club heads