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Out of Step Protection

Basics to the Static Stability Two Machine Problem, Replica, Vectors Xd UP XN UG UN


UP UG UN Xd XN Rotor voltage Voltage on generator terminals Reference voltage of network Synchronous direct-axis reactance Reactance of network

Inductive Load UP

Ohmic Load

with: X:=Xd + XN The active power is:


jX I UN

jX I

UP

UN

U 'N U 'P P= sin X


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Basics to the Static Stability Power Angle Characteristic


Point A: Deflection of rotor angle from point A Psupply = Pm + P > Pm P is taken from the stored energy in the Psupply centrifugal mass Rotor will be slow down and the machine returns to point A P Point B: Deflection of rotor angle from point B Psupply < Pm

Threshold angle of static stability

Pm
3

A 90

Rotor will be accelerate (P is going into rotor) and the machine falls out of step

Pm mechanical Power of Turbine


(Calculation is done per Phase)

Stability is always fulfilled, if the inclination of supplied power is positive


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Basics to the Transient Stability Discussion of the Areas


U 'N U ' P P= sin X'
Stiff system U= const. Tm infinite

Pbefore Pafter
3phase SC: Pm > Pduring (SC) Rotor is accelerated After the fault clearance: Pafter >Pm Rotor is braked

Pm
3

V B
before after

Pduring
perm. Limit

Transient stability is fulfilled if area V area B


Is during the SC < perml. , than the transient stability is fulfilled (can be guaranteed) Is > Limit than the machine falls out of step

t SC perm =

2 Tm S N ( perm before ) P

3 P = Pm Pduring (before ) Pduring (perm ) 2

Tm - mechanical time constant


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Measures for Improvement of Transient Stability (Warranty of Dynamic Stability) Up should be large (overexcited operation at synchronous machines) UN should be large (high voltage level in the grid) Up should be large in the case of a fault (field forcing) X should be small (high degree of meshed networks) perm. should be small (fast fault clearing time, especially at faults close to the power plant; dead time should be so optimised, that the changing of the rotor angle is very small during an unsuccessful AR at the critical machine for the stability) Pmechanical decreasing during short circuit (total or partly closing of valves (fast valving)) P increasing with additional load impedance during a short circuit (e.g. concrete resistor)
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Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Why is a Out of Step Protection necessary ? Xd XTr XN Protection 1. If the generator supplies too long to the short circuit, the rotor will be accelerates and the permissible angle perm. passes the limit. 2. Active power swings appears after the clearing of the short circuit, because the generator was fallen out of step. 3. When the out of step stress passes into the generator region, an inadmissible mechanical (torsion vibration) and thermal stress of the system (generator, turbine) is possible.
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Stiff system U= const. Tm infinite

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Example of a Power Swing


Gemessene Leiterstrme Currents
5

Strom in A

iL1

400

600

800

1000 ta

1200

1400

1600

i Gemessene Phase to Leiter-Erde-Spannungen earth voltages Zeit in ms


100

50 Spannung in V

uL1

50

100

400

600

800

1000 i Zeit in ms ta

1200

1400

1600

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Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Equivalent Circuit for the Description of the Process Xd ZG Up UR


Measuring point Protection

XT ZT

XN ZN UN
Measured Impedance:

U 'P Z ZR = ' - ZG ' UP UN


ZG Generator impedance ZT Transformer impedance ZN Network impedance

Z = ZG + ZT + Z N

U N U 'N - j = ' e ' UP UP

'

Z ZR = - ZG ' U N - j 1 ' e UP

ZR = f()

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Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Principle Impedance Trajectory during a Out of Step Condition (Power Swing)

ZR =

jX ' jX d U 'N - j 1 ' e UP

0
70

50

Example: X = 10 p.u Xd = 3 p.u. Power swing centre: Un/Up = 1 and X/2 -3 + 5 = +2

Im( Z1( ) ) Im( Z2( ) ) Im( Z3( ) ) 0

180

7 3

50

0
70 60 70 40 20 0 20 40 60 70 Re( Z1( ) ) , Re( Z2( ) ) , Re( Z3( ) )

Un/Up =.85 Un/Up = 1,15 Un/Up = 1

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Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Impedance Curves during a Power Swing


150

127.761

100

Impedanz in Ohm

Z1 R1 i

50 10 0 10

X1 i

50

72.53

100 300

400

600

800

1000 ta i Zeit in ms

1200

1400

1600

1800 1.75 .10 3

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Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Impedance Trajectory during a Power Swing


126.856 150 10 10

100

X1 i

50

Short circuit
10 0 10

Load
8.156 50 80 72.53 60 40 20 R1 i 0 20 40 60 52.638

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Impedance Trajectory during a Synchronous Power Swing


Ortskurve: Circle diagram
140 10 120

100

80 X1 i 60

40

20 10 0

20

40

60 R1 i

80

100

120

System goes back into the stability operation


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Rate of Impedance Change during a Power Swing


jX Z= - jX 'd ' U - j 1 N e ' UP

Z=

jX U 'N - j2 fpt 1 ' e UP

- jX 'd

X fP dZ (t ) dR(t) = 2 sin 2 ( f P t) dt dt = X fP in 2 sin 2 ( ) s 2


fp Power swing frequency

300

300

fp = 1Hz; X=10

250

200

dZ( ) 150

100

50

The power swing has in principle a different rate of impedance change. It has at (180 ) the minimum; (that means at the minimum of calculated Z)
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50

100

150

200 Winkel in Grad . 180

250

300

350

400 359.817

0.573

Rate of impedance change nderungsgeschwundigkeit in Ohm/s

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Measuring algorithm

1. Filtering and vector calculation

Connection: Xd XTr

iL uL

Fourier filter

IL = IrL + j IiL UL = UrL + j UiL

2. Positive and negative components

Protection

IL UL

Symmetrical components

I2 I1 U1

3. Calculation of the positive-sequence impedance

I1 U1

Positive-seq. impedance

Z1= R + jX

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Characteristics and Settings


Im(Z)

Zd
Ch 2

Setting hints:
Zb: transient direct-axis reactance Xd Zc: 0,7-0,9 Transformer reactance XT Zd-Zc: Reactance of the network + rest transformer

Power swing in the network

Alarm Zc
Power swing in generator and unit transformer

p
Ch 1

Re(Z)

Za =

Za

Z sum / 2 tan( / 2)

with = 120 o

Zsum = Zb + Zc

Power swing angle between generator and transformer Power swing angle between generator and network If Ch1 and Ch 2 is used

Trip

Zb

Zsum = Zb + Zd Inclination angle consider R-part; and the infeed of more than one generator

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Basic Structure of the Protection Function

Ch.1 I1 > I2 <

&

Release Counter 1

Alarm Ch. 1

n > n1 Measuring Z1 Ch.2

TRIP Ch. 1

Alarm Ch. 2
Counter 2

n > n2

TRIP Ch. 2

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How are the Counters increased?


Im(Z)

Rules:
+1(n2) +1(n1)

Ch.2 (n2)

1. The impedance vector must enter into the power swing polygon (Ch.1 or Ch.2) 2. The crossing of the middle line (red) is the criterion of the counter increasing 3. Increasing the counter of characteristic in which the middle line was crossed 4. The increasing of the counter is active, if the vector goes out of the power swing polygon

0
Re(Z)

+1(n1)

Ch.1 (n1)

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Settings in DIGSI
Secondary values

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Characteristics of the Competitors (ABB)

Im(Z)

Network Trip angle e.g. 120 Transformer

Direction element

Zone2 Zone1

Measuring method: U cos (Voltage, which is in phase with the current - Voltage at zero crossing of the currents)

Re(Z)

Generator

Alarm angle (e.g. 60 )

Alarm signal, possibility for control application ???

Alarm: Siemens renounced on that - this is a part of the control

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Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Characteristics of the Competitors (IEEE) Single and Double Blinder Elements


Blinders Direction Element Supervision of the impedance vector if he enters and leaves the blinders - logic and timers are than active. The double blinder principle is used in the case of a faster decision between short circuit and power swing (indirect speed measurement via the time (t) in which the vector is between the internal and external blinder) The superimposed impedance characteristic is a MHO - circle.
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Im(Z)

System

Gen Gen (Xd)

Re(Z)

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Dynamic Test of 7UM62 with Real Time Simulator (RTDS) Test Configuration
Impedance protection zones
Z2 Z1 ALF2 ALF1

G 7UM62
ALF: Actual Accuracy limiting factor of CT
Z< t=0,4 s

Network protection trips with a delay; after than a power swing occurs

Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Load

Dynamic Test of 7UM62 with RTDS Instantaneous Fault Record (RMS Curves)
Trip Network Protection Trip Out of Step

Fault

Power Swing

Power swing trip event


Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Dynamic Test of 7UM62 with RTDS RMS Fault Record (Fault Duration 300ms)

Positive Sequence Current Positive Sequence Voltage Resistance

After switching off of the short circuit a swing swing occurs. The out of step protection trips, because the power swing centre was in the generator unit.

Reactance

Power swing trip event


Copyright Siemens Australia & NZ 2007. All rights reserved.

Siemens. Innovation for generations.

Dynamic Test of 7UM62 with RTDS Vectors in the R, X - Diagram (primary impedance)
1 0.15 0.15

0.5

Primary Reactancein in Ohm Primrwiderstand Ohm

Short circuit

Load point
0.17

X1 i

0 .21

Power swing through the characteristic


0.5

1 1

0.5

0 R1

0.5

1.5 1.5

i Primrwiderstand in Ohm Primary Resistance in Ohm

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Siemens. Innovation for generations.

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