STATE- community of persons more or less numerous, occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control and possessing

an organized body of territory to which a great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience ELEMENTS: 1. PEOPLE- community of persons capable of maintaining the continued existence of community held together by common bond of law 2. TERRITORY- consists of land, waters, and air space and submarine areas 3. GOVERNMENT- institution which carries out the rules of action necessary to enable men to live in a social state PRPOSE/NECESSITY: -protect individual rights A government is a group of people that has the power to rule in a territory, according to the law. This territory may be a country, a state or province within a country, or a region.

Governments make laws, rules, and regulations, collect taxes and print money. Governments have systems of justice that list the acts or activities that are against the law and describe the punishments for breaking the law. Governments have a police force to make sure people follow the laws. Governments have diplomats who communicate with the governments of other countries by having meetings. Diplomats try to solve problems or disagreements between two countries, which can help countries to avoid war, make commercial agreements, and exchange cultural or social experiences and knowledge. Governments have a military force such as an army that protects the country if other countries attack, or which can be used to attack and invade other countries.

CLASSIFICATION: De jure- established by legitimate sovereign=the legal, legitimate government of a state and is so recognized by other states. De facto establish in defiance of legitimate sovereign=actual possession of authority and control of the state. Kinds of de facto: = one by force or voice of majority, by invading military forces, by insurrections

For example, a government that has been overthrown and has moved to another state will attain de jure status if other nations refuse to accept the legitimacy of the revolutionary government. FUNCTIONS OF GOVT: @CONSTITUENT- compulsory functions which constitute the very bonds of society Keeping of order and provide protection of persons and property against violence and robbery Fix legal relations Regulation, transmissions of property and determination of liabilities for debt or crimes Determines contract rights Define and punish crimes Administers justice in civil cases Determines political duties and privileges Dealings of the state with foreign powers-preservation and advancement of international interest @MINISTRANT- optional functions intended to achieve a better life for community - For public welfare - Private individuals @LAISSEZ FAIRE - an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights @WELFARE STATE- "concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitabledistribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. @PARENS PATRIAE- public policy power of the state to intervene against an abusive or negligent parent, legal guardian or informal caretaker, and to act as the parent of any child or individual who is in need of protection 4. SOVEREIGNTY- capacity to conduct international relations and to guarantee the best interest of the people/ legal authority - govt officials has the authority to make laws and rule given by law and such authority continues only with the consent of the people KINDS: LEGAL SOVEREIGNTY- power to adapt o alter the constitution/ resides in people but normally exercised by state agencies/ supreme power to affect legal interest either by exec, legs and judicial/ the authority which has the power to issue final commands. This is the supreme law making power.

Political sovereignty- sum total of all the influenes in a state, legal and non-legal which determines the course of law/ the power behind the legal sovereign, or the sum of the influences that operate upon it. This is legally unknown, unorganized and incapable of expressing the will of the state in the form of legal command. But it is this will that must ultimately prevail in the State. In a narrower sense, the electorate constitutes the political sovereign, and in a broader sense, the whole mass of population INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY- refers to the power of the State to control its domestic affairs. It empowers the State to make and alter its system of government, and to regulate its private affairs, as well as the rights and relations of its citizens, without any dictation, interference, or control on the part of any person or body or State outside the particular political community. EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY- is the power of the State to direct its relations with other States. With this, the State is not subject to the control, dictation, or government of any other power. It implies the right and power to receive recognition as an independent power from other powers, and to make treaties with them on equal terms, make war or peace with them, send diplomatic agents to them, acquire territory by conquest or occupation, and otherwise to manifest the freedom and autonomy-independence AUTO-LIMITATION SOVEREIGNTY- property of state force due to which it has exclusive capacity of legal self determination and self-restriction CHARACTERISTICS: Permanence - So long as the state itself exists, sovereignty continues without interruption. Exclusive - There can be but one supreme power in the state. Within the state, there is no other power that possesses equal or superior authority to it. Comprehensiveness - Sovereign power extends over all persons, associations, and things within such territorial limits except those over which the state has voluntarily consented to waive the exercise of its jurisdiction. Inalienability - An attribute of the state by virtue of which it cedes away any of its essential elements without self-destruction. Absolutism - Sovereignty is a primary power. It does not derive its power from anything, There is no other body that determines the nature and the extent of the power as a matter of legal right. Unity - Sovereignty cannot be divided without producing several wills of the people, which is inconsistent with the notion of sovereignty.