Piezoelectric Materials Background: Definitions

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Polarization is the amount of charge associated with the dipolar or free charge in a dielectric Pyroelectricity: when temperature increased, electric charges appear on the surface of the crystal (tourmaline the Ceylon magnet, 1703) Ferroelectrics: materials in which spontaneous polarization can be altered by electric field. Ferroelastics: materials in which mechanical stresses alter the spontaneous polarization. Piezoelectric: material in which application of stress generates electric charges on its surfaces; implies direct piezoelectric effect Electrostriction is a secondary coupling in which the strain is proportional to square of the electric field; frequently implies the inverse piezoelectric effect. Direct piezoelectric effect: convert mechanical energy into electrical (Pierre Currie in 1880) Inverse effect: convert electrical energy into mechanical (Lippman from thermodynamic principles; Currie experimentally in 1881)
Active Materials Lab
http://aml.seas.ucla.edu

Background: Piezoelectric Effect

!

Electric field

E=
D=

V d
q A

Electrostatic

Di = ij E j
sij = Sijkl kl

Dielectric displacement (flux)

Elastic

Constitutive equations
E sij = Sijkl kl +d ijk E k

Equilibrium

ij , j = f i
Di ,i =
!

Di =d ijk s jk + E ij j

Displacements

sij =
!

Electro-mechanical coupling: K2 = stored mechanical energy input electrical energy =

1 (ui , j + u j ,i ) 2 Ei = ,i

stored electrical energy input mechanical energy

Active Materials Lab
http://aml.seas.ucla.edu

Background: First Piezoelectrics

!

Quartz:
+ great physical and chemical stability small coupling coefficient

" applications: oscillators and resonators

!

Rochelle salt (NaKC4H4O6*4H2O):

+ great piezoelectric effect water soluble and had poor temperature characteristics

" applications: various transducers such as a phonograph pickups

Quarts crystal (from Cady, 1946) Active Materials Lab

http://aml.seas.ucla.edu

Background: Barium Titanate

! !

Perovskite structure: ABO3 The absence of center symmetry in crystal structure gives rise to spontaneous polarization Cubic above Curie temperature; tetragonal as it cools down.

Crystal structure of Barium Titanate

Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)

" the first material to be developed as a piezoceramic " available in single crystal form " Discovered independently
United States (Waigner and Salomon 1942) Soviet Union (Wul and Goldman, 1945) Japan (Miyake and Ueda, 1946).

Uchino, 1997

" Applications: detection of mechanical vibration, actuators, and for generation of acoustic and ultrasonic vibrations.

Active Materials Lab

http://aml.seas.ucla.edu

Background: PZT
!

PZT solid solution: PbTiO3 / PbZrO3

" tetragonal system (PbTiO3): 6 poling directions " rhombohedral system (PbZrO3): 8 poling directions

Phase diagram (after Jaffe, 1971)

Discovered in 1955:
" Takagi, Shirane, Sawagachi, Japan. " Jaffe, United States

Cubic Perovskite a a MPB PbZrO3 Rhombohedral 350oC

O2Pb2+ Zr4+/Ti4+
PbTiO3 Tetragonal

! ! ! !

High coupling coefficient High Currie temperature Not available as single crystal Various compositions: PZT-4, PZT-5, PZT-5A, PZT-5H (NAVY ) New devices such as ceramic filters and piezoelectric igniters
a

Ps Ps c a a a

Active Materials Lab

http://aml.seas.ucla.edu

Background: Polarization Reversal

180o polarization reversal:
D3 B -Ec A C a) A +Ec B E3 -Ec B b) E1 c Ps a s11 33 a s33 C C s33 A A B E3 a C c Ps a E c Ps

90o polarization reversal:

Ps

OR c
Ps

c/a = 1.01
c

E1 Active Materials Lab

http://aml.seas.ucla.edu

Background: Ferroelectric Domains

!

Ferroelectric domain: region with constant polarization direction Lower energy state 180o and non-180o (90o and 71o/109o) domains

! !

Literature :
!

Mathias et al (1948): " existence of domains in BaTiO3 Merz, 1952: " observed antiparallel 180o " studied nucleation and growth " the 180o wall is only one or few lattice constants thick " wall energy ~10egr/cm2 Forsbergh (1949): (101) twin planes; respond to stress Little, 1955: domain wall dynamics and interaction Berlincourt and Krueger: 1959: switching is predominantly non-180o domain reversal Jaffe, 1971 Active Materials Lab
http://aml.seas.ucla.edu

! !

Background: Ferroelectric Domains

Literature :
! ! !

Uchida and Ikeda, 1967 Gerthsen and Kruger, 1976 Kruger, 1976 " Electric fields both 180o and non180o domain walls motion " Mechanical stresses only non-180o domain wall motion " Polarization motion of both 180o and non180o domain wall " Strain motion of only non-180o domain wall

! !

Intrinsic: due to deformation of a unit cell Extrinsic: due to domain wall motion

Merz, 1952

Active Materials Lab

http://aml.seas.ucla.edu

Background: Effect of Mechanical Prestress

!

Krueger and Berlincourt (1961); Krueger (1967, 1968)

" the first extensive study " PZT-4, PZT-5, BaTiO3, PZT-5A, PZT-5H " exposure to stress, temperature, or electric field was to found to begin a new aging cycle in the ceramic " hard ceramics show better property recovery than soft ceramics " hard ceramics are superior for high-power high stress application " permittivity generally increases with stress applied parallel poling direction, and decreases with stress perpendicular to the poling direction

Meeks and Timme (1975)

" " " " comprehensive comparative study (Navy I, II, III) d33 peaks at 60 and 120 MPa for type I and III but not for type II dielectric constant peaks for all three ceramic compositions dielectric loss tangent showed peaks for types I and III at 80 and 150 MPa which coincided with the peaks in dielectric constant. " attributed peaks to a phase transition from the ferroelectric tetragonal to the ferroelectric rhombohedral

Butler et al (1994):
" extensive literatures review Navy I and III " high mechanical stress and electrical drive conditions " 0.390.59 MV/m and 69103 MPa (10-15 kpsi) Active Materials Lab
http://aml.seas.ucla.edu

Background: Effect of Mechanical Prestress

!

Lynch (1996):
" PLZT ceramic " full polarization reversal at constant prestress values up to 60 MPa " compressive stresses reduce the remnant polarization, change the piezoelectric coefficients, and decrease the coercive field

Hackenberger et al. (1999)

" " " " PZT-5H ceramics a quasi-linear regime (i.e., below coercive field); prestress up to 100 MPa observed peak in strain and polarization output attributed to non-180o domain wall motion descriptive technical reports comparison of different materials rather than physical phenomena dielectric performance rather than actuator point of view low field operating conditions there are no analytical models that predict peaks in the response have not found comprehensive study of PZT-5H under combined loading

Prestress: about 30 references, only 3-4 relevant--depends how you count

" " " " " "

There is little stress/temperature/electric field data for the PZT compositions that have been around for over forty years

Active Materials Lab

http://aml.seas.ucla.edu