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5th International Seminar on Environmental Planning and Management Urban Responses for Climate Change
Towards Urbenviron Congress Tampa 2013 Brasilia, Brazil - October 18 20, 2012
www.urbenviron.org ubenvironfau@unb.br
INCREASE OF THE IMPACTS OF RAIN AND ASPHALT EXPANSION OF COVERAGE YEARS BETWEEN 2000 AND 2010 IN THE AREA EAST OF TERESINA - PIAU - BRAZIL.
Felipe Ferreira Monteiro Undergraduate Student/ Federal University of Piau, Piau, Brazil
felipeaded@yahoo.com.br
Ncia Bezerra Formiga Leite Assistant Professor/ Federal University of Piau, Piau, Brazil nicialeite@ufpi.edu.br
The paper discusses the relation between the increase in the number of roads that were asphalted in neighborhoods Jockey Club and Fatima, in the eastern city of Teresina and the impact of increased rainfall. For the evaluation were used satellite images of high resolution of years 2000 and the year 2010 to measure each time the total tracks and total impervious area. Applications of satellite images are of great importance for recognition of the changes caused in soil coverage over time. Was made a comparative study of the impact of the increase between 2000 and 2010. The study showed an increase in the number of paved roads within the zone east of the city, as a result of the greater number of apartments and shops of great flux in the region. Some areas that showed growth in cases of flooding are in areas that have increased number of paved roads nearby.
KEYWORDS: Urban drainage, Remote Sensing, Urbanization
INTRODUCTION
The growth of cities has intensified since the second half of the twentieth century thus increasing the degree of concentration of population in urbanized areas, which has caused negative impacts to the natural environment. "The medium formed by the natural environment and the population (urban socioeconomic) is a living and dynamic that generates a set of interlinked effects that without control can lead the city into chaos" (TUCCI, 2008). In Brazilian cities, the urbanization process occurred in even faster and so chaotic, because between the years 1940 and 1991, the total population grew by 355% and urban, in particular, around 750%. (SANTOS, 2005). This urban expansion puts pressure on urban basic infrastructures, marked by the insufficiency demand, by the absence of the service and many times, by the adoption of environmentally condemnable solutions. With the expansion of cities into a faster pace than the expansion of its infrastructure, the impacts on the natural environment tend to increase, causing various problems such as: loss of plant cover in consequence of human occupation and industrial and installation of traffic routes with impermeable paving, reducing water infiltration into the soil, affecting the fauna and flora, reducing atmospheric moisture and increasing erosion. With that, urban areas pass suffer with silting of canals, reservoirs and water sources, water shortages, landslides and floods. The anthropic action with the passage time, constituting in an important modifying agent of the environment, interfering with your equilibrium, enhancing and accelerating various processes of superficial dynamics, mainly in the urban environment (CUNHA, 1991). According to Tucci (1999), the Brazilian urban planning, although it is conceived through interdisciplinary fundamentals, in practice is performed inside a more restricted scope of knowledge.
The planning of the occupation of urban space by means of urban Master Plan has not considered aspects of urban drainage and water quality, which bring great inconvenience and cost to society and the environment. Brazilian urban development has produced a significant increase in the frequency of floods, in sediment yield and deterioration of water quality. (Tucci, 1999, p. 3)
A major problem cited is the increase in the number of roads with asphalt roofing, consequently the growth of demand for automobiles. For stormwater, this change of pavement, without a proper drainage project has direct impacts on urban flooding, the new flooring leads to increased speed of storm water runoff, and consequent accumulation, causing inconvenience and loss. The study aims to determine the relationship between the increase in the number of roads that were paved in the neighborhoods Jockey Club and Nossa Senhora of Fatima, on the east side city of Teresina, PI and their reflections on the impact of increased rainfall .
METHODOLOGY
Characterization of the study area
The study was conducted in Teresina (05 05 '20 "S, 42 48' 07" W) located on north central of the state of Piaui, on the right bank of the river Parnaba, with an approximate area of 1756 km2 (Figure 01), and 284 km urban area and rural area 1472 km and a population of 814.230 inhabitants (IBGE, 2010). The urban density of the city of Teresina is of 2,386 inhabitants / km and the expansion of the urban area is continuous and, in the last two decades, the urban area practically doubled. The geological base of the city of Teresina corresponds to the Formations Piaui (Upper Carboniferous Period dated) and Pedra de Fogo (dating from the Permian Period), with basic igneous rocks (diabase) dating from the Cretaceous Period, which outcrop forms of sills and dikes South area, It features flat relief with soft undulations, with one of the lowest altitudes of the state, with average altitude of 72 m.
Figure 01. Location of the city of Teresina in relation to the state of Piaui.
Font: Adapted IBGE (2008).
The regional climate is characterized to have two distinct seasons. During the first semester the climate is hot and humid, with the average of maximum temperatures between 30-32 C and relative humidity between 75-85%. In the second semester, there is practically no rainfall, the climate is hot and dry, with average maximum temperatures between 33-36 C and relative humidity between 55-65%. The months that have the highest incidence of rains are from December to May with average between 101.1 to 334.2 mm in the months from June to November rainfall variations are between 8.7 to 53.6 mm, average rainfall year is 1367,5 mm. The districts studied in this research were Jockey Club and Nossa Senhora de Ftima, which are situated in the eastern city of Teresina (Figure 02), in a central area in the urban geographic relationship and on development and population and economic growth. The districts are contiguous and have an area of 404.43 ha, and were consolidated in 1960. The area where today is located the districts until the late 1950s was composed of farms and large
stretches of land belonging, in most cases, the people living in the city center. The site has raising the interest of new residents especially after the creation of a racetrack horse still in the 50s, considered the embryo of one of the most fashionable clubs of the time, the Jockey Club Teresina, who named the new neighborhood. Later, there was the social center of the implantation of Fatima parish in the district area continuous Jockey Club, and in conjunction with the opening of the bridge Juscelino Kubitschek in 1957, linking the city center to new neighborhoods facilitated access to the east side of town . The bridge enabled the development of neighborhood Fatima mainly regarding the investment of landowners in the area who came to subdivide the land or even reside in the neighborhood, this fact together with the social center of the parish de Ftima who took care medical education and to the place thus causing the name of the new district.
Figure 02. Location of the study area in relation to the urban area of Teresina-PI.
Methodology The application of satellite images is of great importance and assistance to a recognition of modifications in land cover over time. For the delineation of asphalt cover in the study area were used satellite images to high resolution every year. For the year 2000 were used Quickbird satellite imagery spatial resolution of 1 meter, and for the year 2010 RapidEye satellite images with spatial resolution of 5 meters. To identify and measure the areas of asphalt coverage was made the classification process the images and vectorization of roads impermeabilized the software SPRING 5.1. Was made a bibliographical survey about what are the weather systems operating in the region of the city of Teresina, and as the weather usually behaves in accordance with each season. We performed the collection, tabulation and analysis of precipitation data, obtained with the rank of CPRM in Teresina, in the period from 2000 to 2010. With these data it was can analyze, organize and generate information about the region gave up more attention to the data of maximum precipitation, because it is there that we see the extreme precipitation episodes, better known as cloudbursts. And it is during these cloudbursts that occurs most impacts in the urban environment, because the risk is greater when the impacts of heavy precipitation occurs in a short time than the same amount of water for a longer time. Through quantitative data daily rainfall, was made the selection of episodes that most stand out compared to others, ie, those extreme events most representative of the causes of impacts in the urban environment, to compare well with the qualitative data and identify problems. To analyze the qualitative data were analyzed local newspapers and civil defense, comprising the period from 2000 to 2010. These data were tabulated according to the type of weather event, date of event, venue and caused problems for the population.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the region that composes the two neighborhoods studied, there were over the years, an increase of 55.44% from paved roads (Figure 03), and as there is no draining specific to drain the large amount of water that precipitates, many areas were flooded and impassable. It was also found that some of these routes are nearby or coincide lines thalweg (Figure 04) which coupled with lack of drainage elements, transforms the way in "streams" momentary causing losses socio-economic to the region. The study showed a significant increase in the number of paved roads in the area east of city, as a consequence of the greater number of apartments and shops of great flux in the region. Some areas that had growth of cases of flooding are in places that have changed in the pattern of land use and increase the number of paved roads nearby. The increased speed of water flow and not expand the drainage system of the place led to great accumulation of water, causing financial damage and trouble to the population. Through the analysis of newspapers and Civil Defencehave been identified different impacts on urban environment, due the rainfall with passing of the years. The impacts most frequent were: the flooding of routes, flooding in homes and buildings, in the paving problems, problems with vehicles, problems with storm sewer and piping, and shortcomings in the circulation of vehicles and pedestrians. Gonalves (2003) notes that the type of surface coverage can waterproof the town, as in roofing asphalt, damaging water infiltration at levels up to 50%, which may cause a single storm certain intensity, may cause flash floods on hard surfaces and paved with sparse vegetation, raising issues related to the lack of draining, and as a consequence the urban chaos.
Figura 03. Coverage asphalt of the neighborhoods Nossa Senhora of Fatima and Jockey Club in 2000 (A) 2010 (B). A
By observing the correlation between total rainfall, paved roads and intensity of events, it is noted that the regions studied had an increase of impacts of floods routes,
flooding of buildings, undertaking of the galleries, and a longer period of time to dissipate runoff rainwater. (Figure 05)
Figure 04. Paved roads and the topography of the area studied..
Figure 05. Photos of the local newspapers, representing the impacts of rainfall in the study region.
Some authors (Nobrega & Vital, 2010; Zanella et. Al. 2,009; Tucci, 1999) report that the impermeable surfaces absorb part of the solar increasing the temperature, favoring the appearance of the calls "heat islands" in the central part of urban centers, where there is a predominance of surface coverage of concrete and asphalt. Coverage asphalt, being darker tends to absorb more energy because solar radiation, than the natural surfaces and the concrete, the measure gets older its surface tends to darken and enhance absorption of solar radiation.
The increased absorption of solar radiation by the surface increases the emission of thermal radiation back into the environment, producing heat. The increase of temperature favors conditions upward air movement may cause the increase of precipitation. As rainfall in the urban area are the most intense criticism of low duration, these conditions contribute to aggravate the flooding of urban areas, allied to lack of a drainage plan, causing the flooding of the roads. It was observed that in the area studied, the addition of asphalt roof may have contributed to the increase of more intense rainfall with low duration (Figure 06). Figura 06. Precipitation data from Teresina from 2000 to 2010.
Font: http://www.inmet.gov.br
CONCLUSIONS
The actions on the part of government so without planning that generates the soil impermeability urban roughness produces favorable, so during storm events, causing impacts of different forms, thus generating social and economic problems for the population. It is observed that the cause of these impacts is not only the atmosphere, but mainly the inadequate process of urbanization generates impediments before such events, with the main agents the process of soil sealing, lack of appropriate galleries for runoff water. So if the cause of such negative impacts is the lack of planning, it is for public agencies adjust the urban environment, through planning and construction of a better urban infrastructure, reducing the socioeconomic problems identified in this study.
REFERENCES
CUNHA, M. A. (1991). Manual de ocupao de encostas. So Paulo: IPT, 234p. ilus GONALVES, N.M.S. (2003). Impactos pluviais e desorganizao do espao urbano em Salvador. In: MONTEIRO, C.A.F.; MENDONA, F. (Org) Clima Urbano. So Paulo: Contexto. NBREGA, R. S. & VITAL, L. A. DE B. (2010). Influncia da Urbanizao sobre o Microclima de Recife e Formao de Ilha de Calor Revista Brasileira de Geografia Fsica, v.03, p. 151-156 TUCCI, Carlos E. M. (1999). Aspectos Institucionais no Controle de Inundaes. I Seminrio de Recursos Hdricos do Centro Oeste. Braslia. TUCCI, Carlos E. M. (2008). guas urbanas. Estudos Avanados, v. 22, p. 97-112,. SANTOS, M. (2005). A Urbanizao Brasileira, 5 ed. Editora da Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo. ZANELLA, M. E.; SALES, M. C. L. & ABREU, N. J. A. (2009). Anlise das Precipitaes Dirias Intensas e Impactos Gerados em Fortaleza, CE. GEOUSP - Espao e Tempo, So Paulo, N 25, pp. 53 68.

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5th International Seminar on Environmental Planning and Management Urban Responses for Climate Change

KEYWORDS: Urban drainage, Remote Sensing, Urbanization

Font: Adapted IBGE (2008).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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