Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Matter
Energy
states
forms
Electrical Energy
Nuclear Energy
Chemical Energy
Properties of Matter
Properties of Energy
in the fields
Mechanics
Heat
Wave
Electronics
Properties of matter
Light
1.2
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES any quantity that can be measured by a scientific instrument. A physical quantity is .. stopwatch, metre rule balance,thermometer,ammeter Examples of scientific instruments : etc. A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities.
Base quantity 1 2 3
Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measured. The list of physical quantities : Height, 1. . mass, 2. . size, 3. . age, 4. . temperature, 5. . current 6. . Power, 7. . Thermal energy 8. .
battery
List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units. Base quantity Length Mass Time Current Temperature Symbol l m t I T S.I. Unit meter kilogram second Amppere Kelvin Symbol for S.I. Unit m kg s A K
Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are : Light intensity candela ii) . Amount of substance unit .. mol i) ..unit ..
1 < A < 10 and n = integer simplify the expression of very large and small numbers Standard form is used to ... Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following quantities in standard form : 6.37 x 106 m a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =. 1.673 x 10-27 kg b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg =... 3.0 x 10 -4 m c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m = 7.2 x 10 -8 m b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = ... 5.5 x 10-7 c. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = ..
Prefixes represent a large physical quantity or extremely small quantity in S.I 1. Prefixes are usually used to ... units. before the unit as a multiplying factor. 2. It will be written 3. The list of prefixes :
10
12
Eg : 1 x 1012 m 1 Tm = . 3.6 x 10-3A 3.6 mA = . How to change the unit ; Eg : 1. Mega to nano 1.33 MA = 1.33 x 106 A = 1.33 x 10 6-(-9) nA = 1.33 x 10 -15 nA 2. Tera to micro
1.23 Tm to unit m unit 1.23 Tm = 1.23 x 10 12m = 1.23 x 10 12 (-6)m = 1.23 x 10 18m 5456 pA to MA unit 5456 pA = 5.456 x 10 3 + (-12) pA
10 10
103 101
10 10
100 10 10 10
-3
-1 -2
kilo (k) Hekto (ha) Deka (da) desi (d) centi (s) mili (m) micro () nano (n) pico (p)
-6
10-9 10
-12
3. piko to Mega
= 5.456 x 10 -9 pA
= 5.456 x 10 -9 (6) MA
4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the quantities in standard prefixes: 9.1 x 10 1MHz a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = .
12.8 Mm = 1.28 x 10 Mm b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m =
1 2
= 5.456 x 10 -15 MA
383 Mm = 3.83 x 10 Mm c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m =
d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg =
3
6.0 x 10 12 Tm
Derived quantities 1 a physical quantity which combines several basic quantities A derived quantity is . through multiplication, division or both Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities. Derived quantity area volume density velocity momentum Formula
area = length x width volume = length x width x height
Derived unit
m x m = m2 mxmxm=m
3
density
velocity
mass volume
kg m
3
kg m 3
displacement time
m m s 1 s
kg m s-1
Acceleration
accelerati on
m s 1 m s -1 s 1 s m s 2
kg m s-2
Newton (N)
pressure
force area
power
work time
Watt (W)
Joule (J)
Joule (J)
voltage
J C-1 v A-1
resistance
resistance
voltage current
Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement, perimeter, radius and diameter are equivalent to length.
4
1.3 1
SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES Quantity which has only magnitude or size Scalar quantities are Mass, Length, Speed, volume Examples : Quantity which has magnitude or size and direction. Vector quantities are... Velocity, Force, Displacement, Acceleration Examples : Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require magnitude, direction or both to specify them. Description of events 1. The temperature in the room is 25 0C 2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the north-west of Johor Bahru 3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W 4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru to Kuala Lumpur Magnitude Direction
1.4
MEASUREMENTS
Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure 1 2 measuring instrument with different measuring capabilities. There are various types of. measure a particular quantity. We must know how to choose the appropriate instrument to ..
Examples of instrument and its measuring ability. Measuring instrument Measuring tape Meter rule Vernier caliper Micrometer screw gauge
Range of measurement Smallest scale division
incorret reading
4 0
correct
4 reading
pointer
mirror
pointer
mirror
Pointers image is behind the pointer Pointers image can be seen is use to determine the volume of liquid. 4.2 Measuring cylinder : .................... wrong position of eye Right position of eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale) wrong position of eye
water
4.3 Ruler :
wrong right wrong
10
11
12
13
14
15
Reading = cm
small object
depth of a hole
Length of vernier scale = cm Vernier scale is divided into 10 divisions Length of the divisions = . cm
0.9
0 0 5 10
0.09
Vernier scale
The differenct between the main scale and vernier 0.01 cm scale is = . cm 6
0 cm
Main scale
0.2 cm = . 0.26 cm
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Find the division of vernier scale which is coincides with any part of the main scale
10
4.5 Micrometer screw gauge. A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure : objects that are small in size a. diameter of a wire b. . diameter of small spheres such as ball bearings c. One complete turn of the thimble (50 division) moves the spindle by 0.50 mm. Division of thimble 0.5 50 = .. 0.01 mm = .. A accuracy of micrometer 0.01 mm screw gauge = ..
Example : 2.0 mm Sleeve scale : 0.22 mm Thimble scale : . 2.22 mm Total reading : ...
thermometer miliammeter ..
measuring cylinder ..
beaker
Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge 1. Write down the readings shown by the following (a) 7 8
10
(b)
(c)
(d)
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.
0 1
10
Zero error = 0.02 cm (b). The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are 40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws.
5 6
10
Reading shown
= 5.64 .cm
(a)
0 5 40
(b)
0 5 10 35
35
30
Answer: . (c)
0
Answer:.. (d)
25 20
20
15
Answer:
Answer:.
0 45
5 0
15
Reading shown
= 6.67 ..mm
Corrected reading = 6.64 ..mm 5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (a) (b)
0 5 40
0 5 10 35
35
30
25 20
15
Answer:4.71 mm
Answer:
9.17 mm
5 0
15
Reading shown
= .6.67..mm
Accuracy and consistency in measurements. The ability of an instrument to measure nearest to the actual value 1. Accuracy : The ability of an instrument to measure consistently with little or no relative 2. Consistency : deviation among readings. The ability of an instrument to detect a small change in the quantity measured. 3. Sensitivity :
target
consistent but inaccurate consistent and accurate inaccurate and not consistent ..
target
Accurate but not consistent inaccurate but consistent inaccurate but not consistent .. .. Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical book to determine the sensitivity of some measuring instruments.
Errors in measurements
of approximation only. 1. All measurements are values how close the measurement is to the actual value. 2. In other word, it is a matter of error exist in all measurements. 3. This is because 4. Two main types of errors: Systematic errors 4.1 Occurs due to : a weakness of the instrument a) the difference between reaction time of the brain and the action. b) zero error is when the pointer is not at zero when not in use. c) Examples : Range of the measuring instrument absolute error . a) Reaction time of the brain. b) Initial reading is not at the zero scale zero error c)
11
Absolute error : Refer to the smallest reading that can be measured by an instrument. . . Example : If, the smallest reading = 0.1 cm Then, Absolute error = 0.1 / 2 = 0.05 cm
It occurs because the position of the eye is not perpendicular to the scale of Parallax error : the instrument. wrong right position of the eye (no error) wrong
cm
cm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Zero error =
+0.03 cm
Zero error =
0.04 cm
where the pointer is not at zero when not in use Zero error : ... Correct reading = observed reading zero error Positive zero error negative zero error
Horizontal reference
Horizontal reference
12
Random error 4.2 .. Occurs due to carelessness in making the measurement. a) parallex error , incorrect positioning of the eye when taking the readings. b) sudden change of ambient factors such as temperature or air circulation. c) Example : Readings are close to the actual value but they are not consistent. a) .. Can be minimized by consistently repeating the measurement at different places in b) .. an identical manner. .....................................................................................................................
1.5
Gather all available information about the object or phenomenon to be studied. Using the five senses, sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell.
A conclusion from an observation or phenomena using information that already exist.
Variables are factors or physical quantities which change in the course of a scientific investigation. There are three variables : i. Manipulated variables physical quantity which changes according to the aim of the experiment. ii. Responding variables physicals quantity which is the result of the changed by manipulated variable. iii. Fixed variables physicals quantities which are kept constant during the experiment.
Statement of relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable those we would expect. Hypothesis can either be true or false. i. Conduct an experiment includes the compilation and interpretation of data. ii. Making a conclusion regarding the validity of the hypothesis.
13
Plan and report an experiment Situation : A few children are playing on a different length of swing in a playground. It is found that the time of oscillation for each swing is different. Steps
1 2 3 4
Example : refer to the situation above The period of the oscillation depends on the length of the pendulum. When the length of the pendulum increases, the period of the oscillation increases. Investigate the relationship between length and period of a simple pendulum. Manipulated variable : the length of the pendulum. Responding variable : Period Fixed variable : the mass of the pendulum and the displacement. Retort stand withbob, clamp, 100 cm of thread, bob, Retort stand, metal thread, stopwatch, protractor, metre rule,
Retort stand
protractor
ll
bob
Procedures
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure above. 2. Measure the length of the pendulum,l = 60.0 cm by using a meter rule. 3. Give the pendulum bob a small displacement 300.Time of 10 oscillations is measured by using a stop watch. 4. Repeat the timing for another 10 oscillations. Calculate the average time. Period = t10 oscillations 10 5. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 using l = 50.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 30.0 cm and 20.0 cm
14
Length,l / cm 6 0 .0 5 0 .0 4 0 .0 3 0 .0 2 0 .0
Time for 10 oscillations / s 2 1 Average 15.8 15.0 13.1 11.9 9 .9 1 5 .7 1 5 .0 1 3 .1 1 1 .9 9.9 15.8 15.0 13.1 11.9 9 .9
Period/ s (T = t10/10) 1 .5 8 1 .5 0 1 .3 1 1 .1 9 0 .9 9
10
20
30
40
50
60 l / cm
10 Discussion
Precautions : 1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady state. 2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy. 3. Discussion (refer to given questions) The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases. Hypothesis accepted. 1. avoid from strong wing blowing 2. use small amplitude 3. time taken at the equilibrium position
11 Conclusion
Precautions 12 step
15
Reinforcement Chapter 1 Part A :Objective Question 1. Which of the following is a base SI quantity? A Weight B Energy C Velocity D Mass 2. Which of the following is a derived quantity? A Length B Mass C Temperature D Voltage 3. Which of the following is not a basic unit? A Newton B kilogram C ampere D second 4. Which of the following quantities cannot be derived? A Electric current B Power C Momentum D Force 5. Which of the following quantities is not derived from the basic physical quantity of length? A Electric charge B Density C Velocity D Volume 6. Initial velocity u , final velocity v, time t and another physical quantity k is related by the equation v - u = kt. The unit for k is A m s-1 B m-1 s C m s-2 D m2 s-2 7. Which of the following has the smallest magnitude? A megametre B centimetre C kilometre D mikrometre 8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is A 4.328 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10 -6 m C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 10 9 m 9. Which of the following measurements is the longest? A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dm C 0.12 mm D 1.2 x 10 -11 km 10. The diameter of a particle is 250 m. What is its diameter in cm? A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10 -4 C 2.5 x 10-6 D 2.5 x 10 -8 11. Which of the following prefixes is arranged in ascending order? A mili, senti, mikro, desi B mikro, mili, senti, desi C mili, mikro, desi, senti D desi, mikro, mili, senti 12. Velocity, density, force and energy are A basic quantities B scalar quantities C derived quantities D vector quantities 13. Which of the following shows the correct conversion of units? A 24 mm3 =2.4 x 10-6 m3 B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10 -7 m3 C 800 mm3=8.0 x 10 -2 m3 D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10-4 m3 14. Which of the following measurements is the shortest ? A 3.45 x 10 3 m B 3.45 x 10 4 cm C 3.45 x 10 7 mm D 3.45 x 10 12 m 15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in the north region. What is the frequency of the radio wave in Hz? A 9.28 x 10 4 B 9.28 x 10 5 7 C 9.28 x 10 D 9.28 x 10 10 16. An object moves along a straight line for time, t. The length of the line, s is 1 given by the equation s gt 2 . The 2 SI unit of g is A m2 s2 B m s-2 -1 C s D s-2 m
16
Part B : Structure Question 1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the two towns. P Q
Figure 1 (a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective SI units. Distance : m and time : s (ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit. Speed m s-1 (b) Convert the value
= 0.2 x 10 m = 2.0 x 102 m
3
10 10 10 10
-9 -6 6 9
Table 1 (d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in terms of its basic units. work Force displacement kgms 2 m Power = = Unit = = kg m2 s-3 time time s (e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12 cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form.
Volume = (7 x 10 ) (5 x 10 ) (12 x 10 ) -6 = 420 x 10 -4 3 = 4.20 x 10 m
-2 -2 -2
17
Figure 2 Mirror (a) (i) Name component X. ... To avoid parallax error (ii) What is the function of X? . (b) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.
Table 2 No (i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ... (ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i). 3 rd readings obtained by student 2 and 3 are out of the meter range. 3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye positions while measuring the volume of the water. (a) (i) Which of the eye positions is correct while taking the reading of the volume of water? L .
Figure 3 (b) The water in the measuring cylinder is replaced with 30 cm3 of mercury. (i) In Figure 4, draw the meniscus of the mercury in the measuring cylinder. Figure 4 (ii) Explain why the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as drawn in (b)(i). The cohesive force is larger than the adhesive force
18