Muscle Pectoralis minor

Origin Anterior surface of ribs 3-5 (or 2-4)

Insertion Coracoid process of scapula

Action

Innervation Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C6-8)

Serratus anterior

By a series of muscle slips from ribs 1-8 (or 9)

Subclavius Trapezius

Costal cartilage of rib 1 Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of C7 and T1-12

Levator scapulae

Transverse process of C1-4

With ribs fixed, draws scapula forward and downwards; with scapula fixed, draws ribcage superiorly Entire anterior surface of Rotates scapula so that its vertebral border of scapula inferior angle moves laterally and upwards; prime mover to protract and hold scapula against chest wall; raises point of shoulder; important role in abduction and raising of arm and in horizontal arm movements Groove on inferior surface of Helps stabilise and depress clavicle pectoral girdle Continuous insertion along Stabilises, raises, retracts acromion and spine of and rotates scapula; middle scapula and lateral third of fibres retract (adduct) clavicle scapula; superior fibres elevate scapula or can help extend head with scapula fixed; inferior fibres depress scapula (and shoulders) Medial border of the Elevates/ adducts scapula in scapula, superior to the concert with superior fibres spine of trapezius; tilts glenoid cavity downward when scapula is fixed, flexes neck to same side

Long thoracic nerve (C5-7)

Nerve to subclavius (C5-6) Accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11); C3-4

Cervical spinal nerves and dorsal scapular nerve (C3-5)

Rhomboid minor

Spinous processes of C7 and T1

Medial border of the scapula

Stabilise scapula; act together (and with middle trapezius fibres) to retract (adduct) scapula; rotates scapula so that glenoid cavity is downward Prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially; adducts arm against resistance; with scapula (and arm) fixed, pulls ribcage upward Prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibres contract simultaneously; antagonist of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, which adduct the arm; if only anterior fibres are active, can act powerfully in arm flexion and medial rotation of humerus; if only posterior fibres are active , causes extension and lateral rotation of arm Prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder; with arms fixed overhead, it pulls rest of the body forward and

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5)

Rhomboid major Pectoralis major

Spinous processes of T2-5 Sternal end of clavicle, sternum cartilage of ribs 1-6 or 7) and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

Insert into a short tendon into the intertubercular sulcus and greater tubercle of humerus

Lateral and medial pectoral nerves (C5-8 and T1)

Deltoid

Lateral third of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Axillary nerve (C5-6)

Latissimus dorsi

Indirect attachment via lumbodorsal fascia into spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, lower 3-4 ribs and iliac crest; also from

Spirals around teres major to insert in floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)

Subscapularis

scapulas inferior angle Subscapular fossa of scapula

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Supraspinatus

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Superior part of greater tubercle of humerus

Infraspinatus

Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Greater tubercle of humerus posterior to insertion of supraspinatus Greater tubercle of humerus inferior to insertion of infraspinatus Crest of lesser tubercle on anterior humerus; insertion tendon fused with that of latissimus dorsi Medial surface of humerus shaft By common tendon into olecranon process of ulna

Teres minor

Lateral border of dorsal scapular surface

Teres major

Posterior surface of scapula at inferior angle

upward Chief medial rotator of humerus; assisted by pectoralis major, helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, thereby stabilising shoulder joint Initiates abduction; stabilises shoulder joint; helps to prevent downward dislocation of humerus Rotates humerus laterally; helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilising the shoulder joint Rotates humerus laterally; helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stabilising the shoulder joint Extends, medially rotates and adducts humerus; synergist of latissimus dorsi Flexion and adduction of the humerus; synergist of pectoralis major Powerful forearm extensor (prime mover, particularly medial head); long and lateral heads mainly active in extension during resistance; long head tendon may help stabilise

Subscapular nerves (C5-7)

Suprascapular nerve

Suprascapular nerve

Axillary nerve

Lower subscapular nerve (C6-7)

Coracobracialis

Coracoid process of scapula

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-7) Radial nerve (C6-8)

Triceps brachii

Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; lateral head: posterior shaft of humerus; medial head: posterior humeral shaft distal to radial groove

Anconeus

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Lateral aspect of olecranon process of ulna

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Short head: coracoid process; long head: supraglenoid tubercle and lip of glenoid cavity; tendon of long head runs within capsule and into intertubercular sulcus of humerus Front of distal humerus; embraces insertion of deltoid muscle Lateral supracondylar ridge at distal end of humerus

By common tendon into radial tuberosity

shoulder joint and assist in arm adduction Controls ulnar abduction during forearm pronation; synergist of triceps brachii in elbow extension Flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm; these actions usually occur simultaneously; weak flexors of arm at shoulder

Radial nerve

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-6)

Coronoid process of ulna and capsule of elbow joint Base of styloid process of radius

Pronator teres

Flexor carpi radialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus; coronoid process of ulna Medial epicondyle of humerus

By common tendon into lateral radius, mid-shaft Base of second and third metacarpals; insertion tendon easily seen and provides guide to the position of radial artery at wrist Palmar aponeurosis

A major forearm flexor (lifts Musculocutaneous nerve ulna as biceps lifts the radius) Synergist in forearm flexion; Radial nerve acts to best advantage when forearm is partially flexed and semi-pronated; stabilises the elbow during rapid flexion and extension Pronates forearm; weak Median nerve flexor of elbow Powerful flexor of wrist; abducts hand; weak synergist of elbow flexion Median nerve

Palmaris longus

Medial epicondyle of

Tenses skin and fascia of

Median nerve

humerus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Medial epicondyle of humerus; olecranon process and posterior surface of ulna Medial epicondyle of humerus; coronoid process of ulna; shaft of radius

Pisiform and hamate bones and base of fifth metacarpals

Flexor digitorum superficialis

By four tendons into middle phalanges of fingers 2-5

Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus

Anterior surface of radius Distal phalanx ofthumb and interosseous membrane Coronoid process, By four tendons into distal anteromedial surface of ulna phalanges of fingers 2-5 and interosseous membrane Distal portion of anterior ulnar shaft Distal surface of anterior radius

Pronator quadratus

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Base of second metacarpal

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Base of third metacarpal

palm during hand movements; weak wrist flexor; weak synergist for elbow flexion Powerful flexor of wrist; also adducts hand in concert with extensor carpi ulnaris; stabilises wrist during finger extension Flexes wrist and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5; the important finger flexor when speed and flexion against resistance is required Flexes distal phalanx of thumb Flexes distal interphalageal joints; slow acting flexor of any or all fingers; assists in flexing wrist Prime mover of forearm pronation; acts with pronator teres; also helps keep radius and ulna together Extends wrist with extensor carpi ulnaris and abducts wrist with flexor carpi radialis Extends and abducts wrist; acts synergistically with extensor carpi radialis

Ulnar nerve (C7-8)

Median nerve (C7-8, T1)

Branch of median nerve (C8,T1) Medial half by ulnar nerve; lateral half by median nerve

Median nerve (C8, T1)

Radial nerve (C6-7)

Deep branch of radial nerve

Extensor digitorum

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Externsor carpi ulnaris

Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna Lateral epicondyle of humerus; proximal ulna

By four tendons into extensor expansions and distal phalanges of fingers 25 Base of fifth metacarpal

longus to steady wrist during finger flexion Prime mover of finger extension; extends wrist; can abduct fingers Extends wrist with extensor carpi radialis and adducts wrist with flexor carpi ulnaris Assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forearm; works alone in slow supination Abduct and extends thumb

Posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of radial nerve (C5-6) Posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of radial nerve (C5-6) Posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of radial nerve (C5-6) Posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of radial nerve (C5-6) Posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of radial nerve (C5-6) Posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of radial nerve (C5-6)

Supinator

Proximal end of radius

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis brevis and longus Enxtensor indicis

Posterior surface of radius and ulna; interosseous membrane Dorsal shaft of radius and ulna; interosseous membrane Posterior surface of distal ulna; interosseous membrane

Base of first metacarpal and trapezium Base of proximal (brevis) and distal (longus) phalanx of thumb Extensor expansion of index finger; joins tendon of extensor digitorum

Extends thumb

Extends index finger and assists in wrist extension