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GEOIMAGE
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GEOIMAGE GEOIMAGE
Specialists in Satellite Imagery and GeoSpatial Solutions
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Comparing the accuracy and availability of stereo satellite imagery to SRTM and GDEM
FRONT COVER The images on the front cover are a WV-1 derived DSM on the top with a 2m contour and an ALOS derived DSM on the bottom with a 5m contour. The area is adjacent to the Superpit at Kalgoorlie and includes the tailing dams to the east of the town. As reported on page 9 of this brochure the PRISM DSM has an error of 2m LE90 compared to the WV-1 DSM. Note the high frequency noise in the WV-1 DSM corresponding to healthy trees. DigitalGlobe 2009
SRTM
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) collected Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) data over land between 60 degrees North and 56 degrees South latitudes in February 2000 from the Space Shuttle Endeavour. The mission was co-sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National GeoSpatialIntelligence Agency (NGA). NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) processed the raw C-band radar data into a preliminary, partially finished version of terrain elevations and related products. These were subsequently finished by NGA contractors and conform to the NGA SRTM Data Products Specification and the NGA Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) Specification.
Consequently, the ASTER GDEM is available at no charge to users worldwide via electronic download from the Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) of Japan and from NASAs Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC).
The methodology used to produce the ASTER GDEM involved automated processing of the entire 1.5-million-scene ASTER archive, including stereo-correlation to produce 1,264,118 individual scene-based ASTER DEMs, cloud masking to remove cloudy pixels, stacking all cloud-screened DEMs, removing residual bad values and outliers, averaging selected data to create final pixel values, and then correcting residual anomalies before partitioning the data into 1 by 1 tiles. Each GDEM file is accompanied by a Quality Assessment file, either giving the number of ASTER scenes used to calculate a pixels The SRTM DEM is a uniform matrix of elevation values with a resolution of 3 arc second value, or indicating the source of external DEM data used to fill the ASTER voids.It took (approximately 90 m at the Equator) and available in 5 by 5 tiles in GeoTiff format. The approximately one year to complete production of the beta version of the ASTER GDEM horizontal datum is the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) and the vertical datum is using a fully automated approach. mean sea level as determined by the WGS84 Earth Gravitational Model (EGM 96) geoid. The elevation values represent the reflective surface (DSM), which may be vegetation, The ASTER GDEM covers land surfaces between 83N and 83S and is composed of 22,600 man-made features or bare earth. A 1 arc second (30m) grid of the Continental US is 1 by 1 tiles. Tiles that contain at least 0.01% land area are included. The ASTER GDEM is in GeoTIFF format with geographic lat/long coordinates and a 1 arc-second (30m) also available. grid of elevation postings. It is referenced to the WGS84/EGM96 geoid. Pre-production estimated accuracies for this global product were 20 metres at 95 % confidence for vertical data and 30 metres at 95% confidence for horizontal data. Initial studies to validate and characterize the ASTER GDEM confirm that pre-production accuracy estimates are generally achieved for most of the global land surface, although results do vary and true accuracies do not meet pre-production estimates for some areas. In addition, Version 1 of the ASTER GDEM does contain certain residual anomalies and artifacts that affect the accuracy of the product and may be impediments to effective utilization for certain applications. Consequently, METI and NASA acknowledge that Version 1 of the ASTER GDEM should be viewed as experimental or research grade. Nevertheless, they are confident that the ASTER GDEM represents an important contribution to the global earth observation community. It is suggested that prior to using the data, users obtain a copy of the ASTER Global DEM Validation - Summary Report. http://www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/ASTER_GDEM_Validation_Summary_Report
SRTM Version 2 was extensively edited by NGA contractors. Spikes and wells in the data were detected and voided out if they exceed 100m compared to surrounding elevations. Small voids (16 contiguous posts or less) were filled by interpolation of surrounding elevations. Large voids which are left in the data may be due to shadows, layover, poor reflective properties of the Earths surface, or excessive noise in the data. Water bodies are depicted in the SRTM DTED and ocean elevations are set to 0 metres. Lakes of 600m or more in length are flattened and set to a constant elevation. Rivers that exceed 183m in width are delineated and monotonically stepped down in height. Islands are depicted if they have a major axis exceeding 300m or the relief is greater than 15m. The data is currently distributed free of charge by USGS and is available for download from the National Map Seamless Data Distribution System, or the USGS ftp site.
A reprocessed version of the Continental 90m SRTM DEM (Version 4) is available from the CGIAR-CSI GeoPortal . Dr. Andy Jarvis and Edward Guevara of the CIAT Agroecosystems Resilience project, Dr. Hannes Isaak Reuter (JRC-IES-LMNH) and Dr. Andy Nelson (JRC-IESGEM) have further processed the original DEMs to fill in the no-data voids. This involved the production of vector contours and points, and the re-interpolation of these derived contours back into the raster DEM. These interpolated DEM values are then used to fill in the original no-data holes within the SRTM data. These processes were implemented Greyscale GDEM image showing the latitude limits of 83N to 83S. using Arc/Info and an AML script. The DEM files have been mosaiced into a seamless near-global coverage (up to 60 degrees north and south), and are available for download as 5 degree x 5 degree tiles, in geographic coordinate system - WGS84 datum. These files are available for download in Arc-Info ASCII format and GeoTiff. In addition, a binary Data Mask file is available for download, allowing users to identify the areas within each DEM which has been interpolated. Note: These data are provided free for non-commercial use however commercial users are asked for a contribution towards the development of the product. http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/
The SRTM has been compared to other independent sources of elevation data to evaluate the accuracy of the SRTM data. The absolute height accuracy appears to be significantly better than the 16 metre (90% confidence) specification for the mission, and the horizontal accuracy meets the corresponding 20 metre specification. The results of an extensive ground campaign conducted by NGA and NASA to collect ground-truth to validate the SRTM result are summarised in the Table below with all quantities representing 90% errors in metres.
Continent
Horizontal Accuracy Absolute Vertical Relative Vertical
GDEM
The Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) of Japan and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) jointly released Version 1 of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometre (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) on June 29, 2009. Previously, METI and NASA had announced their intent to contribute the ASTER GDEM to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).
(A) SRTM image from an area in central Asia and (B) GDEM for the same area. The artifacts in the GDEM are presumably due to areas of inaccurate masking of cloud and shadow and can be edited out if they are not too frequent. GDEM is of particular importance in areas outside the latitude limits of SRTM i.e. above 60 deg N and below 56 deg south.
SATELLITE STEREO-PAIRS
Most of the current push-broom satellite sensors have a stereo capability whether it is in-track stereo such as the ALOS PRISM and ASTER, cross-track stereo such as the SPOT satellites, or a combination of in-track and cross-track stereo as is the case with the agile Very High Resolution (VHR) sensors. The methodology for creating the DEM is independent of the sensor and involves the following processing steps: Selection of several accurate GCPs or tie points in the stereo pairs, from the centre view that a stereo pair has. For instance, a stereo pair with an asymmetry of 0 will have parallax due to elevations that appear equivalent in the left and right images. An asymmetrical collection is preferred as it gives a different look angle to discern ground features more accurately but should be under 20 deg. The BIE angle is the angle between the horizontal plane and the epipolar plane and defines the amount of parallax that will appear in the vertical direction after alignment. The angle should be between 60 and 90 degrees.
Computation of a 3-D stereo model based on the sensor parametres and refined Radiometric quality of the imagery. using the GCPs, Projection of the original imagery as epipolar images in which the left and right Since the panchromatic band used in the stereo pairs is invariable a combination of the images have a common orientation and the height distortion is maximised in an visible spectra, the imagery is subject to haze problems in tropical areas. In the case of PRISM, the imagery is characterised by significant digital compression noise due to JPEG east-west direction, compression for transmission from satellite to ground autocorrelation between the stereo pairs on a pixel by pixel basis and computation of XYZ cartographic coordinates from the elevation parallaxes in a regular grid spacing, Ground cover. Large areas of no texture - examples are playa lakes, ocean, rivers and lakes, area and of low albedo - examples are forested areas or imagery with low sun angles, and reprojection of the epipolar dem back to real world coordinates. repetitive textured areas e.g stripped paddocks, all produce problems during the image The stereo extracted elevation model is a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and includes the correlation. height of natural and man made features such as vegetation and buildings. The quality Relief in the area. and accuracy of the DSM will be dependent on many factors including Very steep area such as coastal cliffs, edges of tablelands, incised river valleys, benches in Pixel size of the imagery. open pits, etc, will often be missing in one of the stereo pair images because the slope is The finer the resolution of the sensor obviously the higher resolution and detail of the steeper than the angle of capture. Steep area will also contribute to correlation problems resultant DEM. as the features of the landscape which are being correlated will look different. Base to height ratio of the stereo pair. In the case of aerial photos, the base to height (B/H) ratio is used to assess the potential accuracy of a stereo pair to generate DEMs. The ratio is defined by the separation of the pair divided by the height of the sensor. In the case of satellite sensors with fixed telescopes, a similar ratio can be used and gives ratios of 0.6 for ASTER, 0.85 for SPOT HRS and for ALOS PRISM 1.0 for forward - backward view and 0.5 for the individual offnadir - nadir view. Hasegawa et al (http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXIII/congress/ part4/356_XXXIII-part4.pdf) have shown that DEM accuracy increases rapidly in proportion to the B/H ratio up to 0.5 and gradually decreased at ratios higher than 1.0. They conclude that a B/H ratio between 0.5 and 1.0 is best for DEM creation. In the case of the VHR satellites with their pointable telescopes, the B/H ratio is not appropriate as a measure of the effectiveness of the stereo pair for DEM generation. In such cases, three angular measures of convergent stereo imaging geometry: the convergence angle, the asymmetry angle, and the bisector elevation angle (BIE) are used. These measure the geometrical relationship between two rays that intersect at a common ground point, one from the fore image and one from the aft image as shown in the diagram. The most important of the three stereo angles is the convergence and is the angle between the two rays in the convergence or epipolar plane. An angle between 30 and 60 degrees is ideal. Asymmetry describes the apparent offset Quality of the ground control points. GEOIMAGE provides a guide to its clients on how to collect the GCPs needed for accurate control. Time difference between stereo images. For cross-track stereo pairs, the greater the time difference between the images, the higher the probability of spectral and spatial differences in the images. Changes in cloud cover, fires, vegetation , glints on water bodies, etc will all contribute to correlation problems.
DSM NOISE
High frequency, relatively low amplitude noise is commonly seen in DSMs created directly from stereo imagery by auto-correlation. It has been reported from a number of satellite sources used for DSM creation, including PRISM, ASTER, SPOT and Shuttle Topographic Mapping (SRTM). Most commonly the noise manifests as small irregularly located pits and spikes. Its presence is often reflected in lower measured absolute and relative accuracies of resultant surfaces in areas where the surfaces are flat and approach horizontal. In areas where there is more topographic relief this noise tends to become insignificant. It is not possible to remove this noise completely. Filtering techniques generally also result in removal of high-frequency detail from the satisfactory areas of the generated surface, and/or reducing the amplitude of the noise spikes and pits, but spreading their areal extent. They are applied carefully and used sparingly. Geoimage routinely use two techniques to reduce the effects of the noise. these include preprocessing of the raw imagery to reduce compression effects and reinforce edges and in the case of PRISM DSMs producing DSMs from all stereo pairs and averaging of the results - a technique similar to stacking in seismic processing which is based on the assumption that the noise is random whereas signal is not.
C A A
The paddock marked B is best see n in the right image where it is much darker than the surrounding paddocks and the change can only be attributed to a fire. The areas marked C are wisps of cloud on the right and the associated cloud shadow on the left. Such cloud is difficult to see in such a busy image. This image also produced correlation problems in some of the paddocks with contour plowing, which had variable visibility in the two images based on the particular aspect of the paddock.
Initial processing of this DSM was done in Socet Set using a combination of the RPC and about 10 accurate ground control points however after extensive experince with other WV stereo pairs the processing reported here is for a completely systematic processing of the stereo pair and the geometic checking of the DSM and orthoimage against +50 surveyed ground control points. THE DSM was generated at one metre cell size using NGATE. Correlation between the pair was good and there was approximately 95% correlation at the highest confidence level. The DSM was then used to systematically orthorectify the most vertically captured image using just the DigitalGlobe supplied ephemeris information. The location of the ground control points were checked on this orthoimage and the results are summarised in the table below.
Easting mean Standard deviation ce90 absolute ce90 relative 1.284906 0.213312 1.331957 0.350898 Northing -2.88691 0.251523 2.916405 0.413755 Elevation -9.10648 0.342912 Le90 absolute 9.123933 Le90 relative 0.56409
Special promotion
DigitalGlobe currently have a special promotion for stereo imagery which offers areas smaller than the normal 210 sq km and available until 31st December 2010. Conditions of this promotion are:1. Minimum order size is 100 sq km. Normal criteria for minimum sized vector surrounds applies. 2. A 2km by 2km cloud free area based on a coordinate supplied by the client. 3. Offer only open to Australasian based clients although the area of capture is not restricted. 4. Discounted stereo imagery pricing applies (Contact Geoimage for a quotation). 5. The offer is based on the supply of standard scenes of Basic Level Stereo data by DigitalGlobe and DEM generation/ortho imagery processing by Geoimage. Geoimage will then supply these products over the actual area ordered by the client.
Differences in the Easting and Northing of the GCPs between the surveyed coordinates and their location in the systematically orthorectified image. The difference in the elevations is after the adjustment of the systematic DSM by 1.28m in Easting and -2.89m in Northing.
In summary these results show that after a block adjustment in the orthoimage and the DSM of 1.28m in Easting and -2.89m in Northing, the location of an object in the orthoimage will be within 0.4m at CE90 and the elevation will be within 0.56m LE90. Similar results have been obtained from several WV-2 stereo projects where we have had accurate surveyed ground control and/or accurate vector information from the client. It should be remembered however that the DSM gives the height of surface features such as vegetation, buildings etc and not the ground surface. In the Kalgoorlie area, the vegetation is mainly low scrub however in the drainage swales, there are often tall trees which do show in the DSM (see also the cover graphic).
Image 1 Image 2 Convergence Angle Asymmetry Angle Bisector Elevation Angle (BIE)
Detailed view of the Kalgoorlie WV-1 orthoimage (A) showing the location of tall eucalypt trees in the swale area which show up in the raw DSM (B) which has a range of elevations from 388 to 410m. Geoimage has used a semi-automated method to edit out the vegetation in image (C). The black contours in B and C are at 2m intervals. DigitalGlobe 2009
Image 1 Image 2 Convergence Angle Asymmetry Angle Bisector Elevation Angle (BIE)
Unfortunately there was cloud over the area of interest during the capture and as this (A) Positively skewed histogram of the difference between the WV-2 and PRISM DSMs. was under the cloud threshold of 15% and was not over the designated 2km by 2km (B) Normal distribution when vegetation is excluded. cloud free area, the image had to be purchased. Geoimage was able to offer the client a solution based on infilling the cloud-affected areas with an ALOS PRISM DSM generated from a PRISM triplet that had been collected on 29 July 2008.
For the non-vegetated areas, the difference between the WV-2 DSM and the PRISM DSM has a mean of 0.094, a standard deviation of 1.685 and an LE90 value of 2.77m. This LE90 value is considered to be a better measure of the accuracy of the ALOS DSM than that which includes the vegetated areas.
Since the ALOS PRISM imagery was controlled using the systematic corrected WV-2 DSM and orthoimagery, a comparison of the two DSMs should reveal the accuracies that might be expected of an ALOS PRISM DSM in a low slope terrain. A histogram plot of the difference between the DSMs gives a positively Integration of the WV-2 and PRISM DSMs. (A) WV-2 DSM with null areas. (B) WV-2 DSM infilled skewed histogram. When the DSM images are compared in detail and with the orthimage, with raw PRISM DSM. (C) WV-2 DSM with local area matched PRISM DSM. (D) WV-2 DSM and
matched PRISM DSM with averaging over joins.
Coloured ALOS PRISM DSM over a 35km by 35km area and with the WV-2 DSM generation outlined in black.
The client was able to provide the surveyed location of 36 lease corners with elevations. These points could not be identified on the imagery however their heights could be used to check the accuracy of the systematic generated DSM. After the original raw DSM was block shifted in E and N, the heights of the corners in the DSM were subtracted from the surveyed RLs. It was immediately obvious that three of the points had incorrect RLs and after exclusion of these points, the 33 remaining points had a mean difference of -0.07m, a standard deviation of 0.41m and an LE90 error of 0.69m. No adjustment or block-shift was required to the WV-2 DSM.
CONCLUSION
The accuracy of the E and N location of the final orthoimage coupled with the accuracy of the DSM lead to the conclusion that in relatively low slope areas, stereo pairs with low BIE angles or high off-nadir angles, do produce good DSMs. The only possible drawback of the imagery is that at such angles, there will probably be some smearing of the imagery during the orthorectification and this may affect spectral processing of the multispectral imagery.
Image 1 Image 2 Convergence Angle Asymmetry Angle Bisector Elevation Angle (BIE)
Enhanced natural colour 0.5m resolution WV-2 pan sharpened orthoimage after block adjustment showing the perfect correlation between the client supplied vectors and the orthoimage.
Enhanced natural colour 0.5m resolution WV-2 pan sharpened orthoimage over a section of the old mine workings with a 2m DSM contour.
Natural colour WV-2 orthoimage over the full extent of the stereo capture showing the location of the client supplied vectors used to adjust the location of the imagery.
Coloured DSM of the area with some vertical shading showing the location of the client supplied lease corner location used to check the accuracy of the DSM.
DigitalGlobe 2010
PRISM DSMS
INTRODUCTION
The Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM) is a panchromatic radiometre with 2.5m spatial resolution launched aboard the JAXA ALOS satellite on January 24, 2006. PRISM has three independent optical systems for viewing nadir, forward and backward and producing along track stereo. Each telescope consists of three mirrors and several CCD detectors for push-broom scanning. The nadir-viewing telescope covers a width of 70km while the forward and backward telescopes cover 35km each. The forward and backward telescopes are inclined +24 and -24 degrees from nadir to realize a base-to-height ratio of 1.0. PRISMs wide field of view (FOV) provides three fully overlapped stereo (triplet) images of a 35km width without mechanical scanning or yaw steering of the satellite. The PRISM sensor has several modes of operation of which Mode 1 - Triplet observation mode using Forward (F), Nadir (N), and Backward (B) views (Swath width of 35km) and Mode 2 - Nadir (70km) + Backward (35km) are the main ones used. In Mode 2, the backward view can be either side of the satellite track.
1359 1037 984 930 886 835 773 726 689 661 631
Mode 1 Mode 2
Since the PRISM sensor began routine collection of imagery in May 2006, JAXA has adopted a systematic observation strategy to provide a global archive of data. Unfortunately this does not allow user requests for coverage of specific areas, however for most of the worlds land masses archive coverage does exist.
Top PRISM DEM for the project area. Bottom PRISM DEM with 5m contours compared to SRTM DEM. Archive of ALOS PRISM triplets with less than two percent cloud from start of collection until April 29, 2010.
The following is taken from a report prepared by the clientTo test the vertical accuracy of the model, the PRISM DEM was compared with drill hole collar elevations. Results are shown in Figure 3 below: for 534 drill holes, out of 537 drill holes included, or 99.3% of the drill holes, elevations varied from the PRISM DEM by less than 5m. The maximum variation between the model and the drill collars was 35m, and the mean difference was 0.13m. The two collar RLs which varied from the DEM model by 30m or more require validation. Note that the drill collar heights were not used in the image orthorectification process, as they did not present features which could be recognised in the satellite images.
Difference between the DEM generated from PRISM stereoscopic imagery, and drill hole collar elevations.
A C D
B
(A) ALOS PRISM 5m DSM - area of WV-1 DSM outlined in red. (B) ALOS PRISM 2.5m resolution nadir orthoimage. JAXA/RESTEC
The PRISM DSM was generated using a Landsat 7 ETM+ Pan scene for E and N control and the SRTM for Z control and was produced at a cell size of 5m. An initial visual comparison of the PRISM and WV-2 DSMs showed major difference over the Superpit and the tailings areas and this is to be expected with the difference in dates of the imagery. When these areas are excluded from the comparison, the difference between the DSMs has a mean of 3.6m and a standard deviation of 1.195m. The 3.6m difference is believed to be mainly a result of the use of the SRTM control and after adjusting the PRISM DSM by the 3.6m, the error in the DSM was 2.0m at LE90. The DSM comparison also reinforced the observation seen at Capella (Page 6) that while the WV-1 DSM picked up isolated and clumps of trees, the ALOS DSM either saw through the vegetation or averaged it out over the 5m cell size.
(A) Initial WV-2 DSM with null areas being areas of poor correlation during the DSM generation in Socet Set. (B) Composite image with well correlated WV-2 DSM in greyscale, Green areas are areas not seen from the North looking image, and Red areas are terrain with slopes over 45deg in any direction. (C) ALOS PRISM 5m DSM. (D) WV-2 natural colour Orthoimage. DigitalGlobe 2010
Initial ground control supplied by the client was not sufficiently accurate and so the DSM was generated from the WV-2 stereo pair in Socet Set with no ground control and at a pixel spacing of 1m. The DSM produced showed approximately 53% well correlated points with several large areas which did not correlate well at all. It was obvious from the results that the steep slopes in the area and the large off-nadir angle of the north looking image were combining to give poor correlation predominantly in the north and east facing slopes and it was decided to obtain an ALOS PRISM triplet over the area and use the DSM generated from this to infill the holes in the WV-2 DSM. It was considered that with a combination of the F-N and N-B stereo pairs that there would not be any missing areas. The Z accuracy of the DSM was checked against 376 gravity stations for which the client was able to provide accurate X, Y and Z locations. These points could not be accurately located on the imagery to use as ground control points but were available to check the Z accuracy at the points. Approximately 300 of the points fell on the well correlated DSM and the differences between the measured elevation and the DSM value had a mean of 0.02, a standard deviation of 2.4 and an LE90 of 3.9m. This result was considered very good considering the location of the DSM was probably only accurate to about 4m. RESTEC/JAXA kindly provided Geoimage with a PRISM triplet collected on 26 May 2008, over the same area as the WV-2 stereo pair. A 5m DSM was produced from the triplet using a combination of the F-N and N-B stereo pairs with the X, Y and Z control based on the systematically produced WV-2 orthoimages and DSM. After deleteing several areas of bad correlation in the WV-2 DSM, the difference between the WV-2 and PRISM DSMs gave a mean of zero, an SD of 1m and an LE90 of 1.7m. These statistics appears almost too good however it must be remembered that this did not include the steepest terrains where the WV-2 stereo did not correlate. A combine WV-2 and ALOS DSMs was used to orthorectify the most vertical WV-2 image.
(A) ALOS PRISM 5m DSM. (B) WV-1 1m DSM showing the high frequency noise corresponding to both single trees and groups of trees.
Linear Infrastructure
The acquisition of terrain data is a mission critical component of any infrastructure project. From the preliminary investigations, right though to construction, it is paramount that the project team has access to appropriately scaled elevation data. A design team has the greatest ability to influence the overall cost of a project during the early phases of the project. Inaccurate (too coarse) data can easily be obtained over a larger area, but can lead to the poor decision making, potentially resulting in costly revisions to preliminary alignments. Highly detailed data can be acquired but at much greater expense. Such costs can only be mitigated through tightening the project area, introducing the risk of moving an alignment off the map and creating further expense through the requirement for subsequent data capture missions. A DEM derived from satellite imagery offers a competitive compromise between accuracy and extent, for feasibility and preliminary design work. Once an alignment starts to become more stable, the capture of higher resolution data can be undertaken in a more strategic manner, at a much reduced cost than a speculative approach over a larger area. Elevation data can also be used to great effect in a route selection process to more accurately predict costs associated with number of crossings to avoid areas that present unmanageable construction safety hazards (slope >15-20) or to assist in locating suitable sites for key infrastructure (pump stations, balance tanks) in water pipelines. Elevation data can also be highly useful in geomorphologic investigations along a corridor. The identification of ephemeral watercourses or indicators regarding unmapped geological structural elements can inform a design team of possible erosion hazards, assist in stratifying field investigations to identify stable geological units to construct upon or identify potential extraction material sources.
Ephemeral watercourses identified from DSM and hillshade are verified in VHR imagery and added as environmental constraint on road selection criteria.
Hillshade layer allows geomorphic interpretation of area. Ephemeral watercourses visible in image that are not mapped, but present erosion risks to road development
Proposed alignment amended to minimise regional ecosystems protected under the Vegetation Management Act (2009)
Regional Ecosystem mapping refined using GEOBIA of WV-2 imagery allows further adjustment to alignment and minimising the time needed for field survey
The visualisation of these layers and analysis outputs in 3D (based on DSM height) gives the user further power to interrogate the outputs and increase their understanding of the resultant information.
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