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Lecture 10
Earthquake Strong Ground Motion (Reference: Kramer, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 1996)
1. Introduction 2. Seismic Hazards 3. Strong ground motion observations 4. Strong ground motion parameters 5. Ground response: transfer function
1. Introduction 2. Seismic Hazards 3. Strong ground motion observations 4. Strong ground motion parameters 5. Ground response: transfer function
Exactly 100 years ago, in April 18, 1906, at 5:13 a.m., the Great San Francisco Earthquake hit the San Francisco Bay Area. This was the first significant, and longest memorized earthquake in North America. The famous elastic rebound (Reid) hypothesis was intrigued by the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake.
Earthquake Engineering: Studies of the effects of earthquakes on people and their environment, with methods of reducing these effects.
Earthquake Engineering involves: geology, seismology, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, risk analysis with also social, economic, and political factors
Seismic Hazards: Natural hazards associated with the occurrence of earthquakes. Seismic Hazards: Ground shaking: ground failure, lateral spreading Structural hazards: damage of engineering works (buildings, bridges, highways, etc.) Liquefaction: loss shear strength of the foundation Landslides: mudflow, slope failure Retaining structure failure: retaining walls, dams, breakwater, quaywalls Lifeline hazards: fire, hazardous gas, loss of drinking/fire-fighting water. Tsunami (ocean) and seiche (lake) hazards
Body wave:
P-wave
Sv-wave
Surface wave
Rayleigh wave
Love wave
Earthquake Engineering:
Studies of the effects of earthquakes on people and their environment, with methods of reducing these effects.
Seismic Hazards:
Natural hazards associated with the occurrence of earthquakes.
1. Introduction 2. Seismic Hazards 3. Strong ground motion observations 4. Strong ground motion parameters 5. Ground response: transfer function
Lateral Spreading caused by the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake at Moss Landing, CA (USGS Professional Paper 993)
Ground failure scarp caused by the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake in Pajaro River, CA (USGS Professional Paper 993)
San Francisco in flames after the 1906 Earthquake (downtown, S. F., CA, USGS Professional Paper 993)
On April 18, 1906, the Great San Francisco Earthquake hit the Bay Area at 5:13 a.m., causing more than $2 million in damage at Stanford. The men's gymnasium, above, sustained major damage.
Louis Agassiz Statue in Stanford University after 1906 San Francisco Earthquake
Louis Agassiz (Harvard Professor,1807-1873). I have devoted my whole life to the study of Nature, and yet a single sentence may express all that I have done. ... Louis Agassiz, 1869.)
A gigantic landslide buried the Village of Yungay, Peru, after the 1970 Peruvian Earthquake. (Kramer, 1996)
Sand Blow in a Rice Field, Southeastern Missouri caused by the 1811-1812 NMSZ Earthquakes
Sand boils after the 1906 Earthquake, Milpitas, CA (USGS Professional Paper 993)
Tsunami Destruction at the Resurrection Bay, Kodiak Island after the Great Alaska Earthquake (March 27, 1964)
Tsunami Destruction at the Resurrection Bay, Kodiak Island after the Great Alaska Earthquake (March 27, 1964)
Satellite image of Banda Aceh Shore, Indonesia, before the tsunami (June 23, 2004)
Satellite image of Banda Aceh Shore, Indonesia, after the tsunami (December 28, 2004)
Kushiro (town)
Sand Boiling
Rigid Pipe
10
Toyokoro
Collapsed Embankment
11
Liquefied Soil
Liquefied Soil
Toyokoro
Modern time microseismicity in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, 3 great earthquakes occurred here in 1811-1812 winter.
1. Introduction 2. Seismic Hazards 3. Strong ground motion observations 4. Strong ground motion parameters 5. Ground response: transfer function
A model of the Zhang Heng Seismograph invented in China about 2000 years ago in the Han Dynasty
At any point the complete ground motion measured should have 3 components of translation and 3 components of rotation. Practically only the 3 translation components are measured.
1989 Loma Prieta Quake recorded at (1) Rock site (2) Soil site at the same location
1. Introduction 2. Seismic Hazards 3. Strong ground motion observations 4. Strong ground motion parameters 5. Ground response: transfer function
Earthquake Intensity Map of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake (USGS Professional Paper 993)
Duration Bracketed duration; Corner period (corner frequency); Other ground motion parameters Cumulative absolute velocity (CAV): the integration of the absolute acceleration; Spectral Intensity (SI): the integration of the pseudo-velocity (PSV) response spectrum; acceleration spectrum intensity (ASI): the integration of the acceleration response spectrum.
Gilroy 1 (bedrock)
Gilroy 2 (soil)
1. Introduction 2. Seismic Hazards 3. Strong ground motion observations 4. Strong ground motion parameters 5. Ground response: transfer function
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/geologichazards/strong-motion.htm
Recordings from the October 21, 2004 earthquake (Md2.5) at the vertical strong motion array, VSAS. (A) surface, (B) 30 m deep, (C) 260 m deep. We will discuss the transfer function.
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/geologichazards/strong-motion.htm
Transfer Function The transfer function determines how each frequency in the bedrock (input) motion is amplified or de0amplified, by the soil sediments. Thus, the transfer function can be viewed as a filter that acts upon some input signal to produce an output signal. The input is the time history of the load Q(t) in the bedrock, and the output is the displacement in the soil layer u(t), especially u(t) at the free surface.