REMOVAL OF THIONINE DYE USING PEANUT SHELL AS A BIOSORBENT

Minor Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Masters Of Technology In Chemical Engineering

Submitted by ALPANA SAINI (Roll No.:601111001)

Under the guidance of Dr. SANGHAMITRA BARMAN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Department of Chemical Engineering THAPAR UNIVERSITY PATIALA-147004, INDIA December 2012

2 |Page

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the seminar report entitled Removal of Thionine Dye from its aqueous solution using Peanut Shell as a Biosorbent is an authentic record of my study carried out as requirement for the award of degree of M.Tech. (Chemical Engineering) at Thapar University, Patiala, under the supervision of Dr. Sanghamitra Barman during 3rd semester, July 2012 to December 2012.

Date: 13/12/2012

ALPANA SAINI Roll No 601111001

It is certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Date:13 /12/2012

Dr. Sanghamitra Barman Assistant Professor, CHED Thapar University, Patiala

3 |Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At first, my heartfelt thanks to the almighty for his abundant blessing showered on me throughout this endeavor to complete this work of mine. I am thankful to my guide for a great support throughout the work .

My honourable guide Asstt. Professor Dr.Sanghamitra Barman, Department of Chemical Engineering, THAPAR UNIVERSITY, is a person to whom I will always remain grateful for his excellent guidance, valuable discussions, encouragement, constructive criticism and his insights have strengthened this study significantly. He gave me a complete freedom to use my opinion, correcting whenever necessary in my dissertation.

I would like to thank my Head of Department Dr. RAJIV MEHTA, who has at all times been very supportive and accommodating. I thank Dr. RAJ KUMAR GUPTA my P.G Coordinator for his terrific guidance regarding the project report writing and providing adequate time to write project report . I would like to thank all the faculty members of the department of chemical engineering for helping me in all possible ways towards successful completion of this work.
4 |Page

I would like to thank all my colleagues at Thapar University Patiala to carry out my research smoothly.

II

ABSTARCT
5 |Page

Pollution of water due to presence of colorants is a severe socio-environmental problem caused by the discharge of industrial wastewater. In view of their toxicity, non-biodegradability and persistent nature, their removal becomes an absolute necessity. The aim of the present study is to remove Thionine dye from aqueous solution using peanut hull, under optimized conditions. The concentration of dyes, amount of adsorbent and agitation time were optimized. Spectrophotometric technique is adopted for the measurement of concentration of dyes before and after adsorption. The adsorption data will be fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich adsorption isotherm equations. Thermodynamic parameters of the system will also be calculated by using Langmuir constant k. The adsorbent will be characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to study the surface morphology of the adsorbent and the bands in the FTIR spectrum indicates that functional groups responsible for dye biosorption.

III

6 |Page

NOMENCLATURE C0 initial dye concentration in aqueous solution (mg/dm3) Ce equilibrium dye concentration in liquid phase (mg/dm3) D adsorbent dosage (g/dm3) dp particle size (m) K2 pseudo-second order rate constant (g mg-1 min-1) KF Freundlich constant (mg g-1)(dm3/ mg) KL Langmuir adsorption constant (dm3 mg-1) 1/n Freundlich parameter qe equilibrium dye concentration in solid phase (mg g-1) qm maximum dye adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent (mg g-1) R the gas universal constant (8.314 J/mol K) RL Langmuir separation or equilibrium parameter (dimensionless) RPM speed of agitation, min-1 t time (min) G free energy of adsorption (kJ mol-1) H change in enthalpy (kJ mol -1) S change in entropy (kJ mol -1 K -1)

7 |Page

IV INDEX

8 |Page

S.No.

Title

Page No.

CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT NOMENCLATURE AND ABBRIVATIONS INTRODUCTION 1.0 CHAPTER 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS GAPS IN LITRATURE RESEARCH PROBLEM OBJECTIVES OF PRESENT WORK LITRATURE REVIEW

I II III IV 1 3

10 10 11

11 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 CHAPTER 3 3 3.1 3.1.1 METHODOLOGY BATCH ADSORPTION EXPERIMENTS EFFECT OF AGITAION TIME AND DYE 13 13 13 MATERIALS METHODS PREPARATION OF ADSORBENT PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION 11 12 12 12

CONCENTRATION 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2

9 | P a4 ge

EFFECT OF ADSORBENT DOSAGE EFFECT OF pH ADSORPTION KINETICS RESULT REFERENCES

13 14 15 16 18

INTRODUCTION The release of dyes into wastewaters from textile, biomedical, cosmetic, paper and coloring industries poses serious environmental problems. The coloration of the water by the dyes causes inhibitory effect on photosynthesis affecting aquatic ecosystems. The role of dyes in connection with variety of skin, lung and other respiratory disorders has been reported worldwide. Color removal from textile effluents is a major environmental problem and the most popular treatment methods electro flocculation, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis and adsorption. Among these methods, adsorption is widely used method because of its ease of operation. Adsorption with activated carbon is very popular, but its high cost restricted its use. There is a constant search for cheaper substitutes. Many efforts have been made to use low cost agro-waste materials as a substitute for commercial activated carbon. For removal of dyes some agro waste materials were used such as Peanut Shell (Aadil Abbas et.al,2012), coir pith (Namasivayam and Kavitha, 2002), leaf biomass of Calotropis procera Bom bom(Overah,,2011), tamarind fruit shell (Somasekhara, 2006), rice husk (Malik, 2003), orange peel (H. Benassa.,2005, wall nut shell (Sumanjit et al., 2008) etc. The present investigation is an attempt to remove Thionine dye from its solution by

10 | P a g e

adsorption using a low cost adsorbent made from peanut-shell. Peanut shell which is an agricultural wastes are discarded or set on fire can be used as a potential adsorbent. Thionine is a strongly staining metachromatic dye that is widely used for biological staining of DNA. Thionin is useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS (central nervous system). (Budavari, 1996; Gurr.E, 1971). It can also be used to mediate electron transfer in microbial fuel cells(biosensors) and used for studying kinetics of heavy metals (Bagheri et.al, 2011). Mostly it is used in the biomedical laboratories all over the world. The waste water containing thionine coming out from the medical and microbial laboratories and hospitals causes several harmful effects to the environment. When it is in touch with the human skin can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and gastritis. It also affects photosynthesis of the aquatic plants and thus disrupt the ecosystem. As it has strong affinity (10 5/mol) with ds, ss - DNA and RNA (Begonaet.al, 2012), so aquatic animals which consume thionine containing waste water may have thionine intercalation ((Paul et.al,2012) in their genetic sequence and as a result may further produce genetically altered DNA to successive generation.

Fig 1: Thionine 3,7-Diamino-5-phenothiazinium acetate

11 | P a g e

LITERATURE REIEW It has been found from many literatures that biosorbents have the potential to remove a wide variety of dyes. There is a need to develop biosorbents in a simple, inexpensive way and have a high biosorption capacity. The effectiveness of biosorption depends on the characteristics of the adsorbent, adsorbate, process variables and solution chemistry. The differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the adsorbent and their dependence on process variables and solution chemistry make it difficult to compare between one another.

S.NO

TOPIC

AUTHOR

YEAR

Adsorption capacities(mg/l)/ % removal congo red 15.09 brilliant 19.92 mg/g. mg/g

1.

Comparative

study

of

adsorptive Aadil Abbas et.al

(2012)

was and green

removal of Congo Red and Brilliant Green dyes from water using Peanut Shell 2. Adsorptive removal of Methylene Sharma.A.K Blue Dye From An aqueous solution et.al using water hyacinth root powder as a low cost adsorbent 3. Biosorption of Cr (III) from aqueous Overah, l.c solution by the leaf biomass of Calotropis procera Bom bom 4. Cocoa Shell as Adsorbent for the Theivarasu et al. Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous
12 | P a g e

(2012)

8.04 mg/g

(2011)

36.14 mg/g

(2011)

37.03 mg/g

Solution:

Kinetic

and

5.

Equilibrium Study Removal of dyes

from

aqueous Alau K.K.

(2010)

high adsorption for remazol blue. 20.32 mg/g. turquoise

solution using Neem (Azadirachta et.al Indica) Husk as activated carbon.

6.

Adsorption of methylene blue onto V. gulmohar Equilibrium, plant leaf kinetic, powder: et.al and

Ponnusami, (2009) 25.3 mg/g

thermodynamic analysis

7.

Textile Dyes: Techniques and their Goetz.C effects on the environment with a recommendation for dyers Concerning the green effect

(2008) Direct Scarlet -13.00(mg/g) , Everdirect Orange3GL 29.98(mg/g) , Direct Blue 67 (mg/g) Direct Red 31 -57.88 (mg/g), Direct Orange26 -36.14(mg/g) , 37.92 F.

13 | P a g e

Crystal Violet43.00 (mg/g)

8.

Removal of Methylene Blue by using Atay.U.A, et.al Biosolid.

(2006)

57.88 mg/g

9.

Removal of acid dyes From aqueous H. Benassa solutions using Orange Peel as a sorbent material.

(2005)

64.14 mg/g

10.

Adsorption of metal complex dyes Ozacaret.al from aqueous solutions by pine sawdust

(2005) Metal Blue Complex Complex and Metal Yellow

280.3 and 398.8 mg dye per g adsorbent 11. Considerations for application of Atkinson.B.W, ( 2004) finding

biosorption technology to remediate et.al metal-contaminated effluents. ( 2004) 12. A comparative adsorption study with Bhatnagar A. and (2004) different industrial wastes as Jain A.K, adsorbents for removal of cationic 13. dyes from water, Removal of Congo Red from water by adsorption prepared onto from activated coir pith, an Namasivayam.C (2002) 99.34% efficiency removal 80-90% efficiency removal industrial

carbon et.al

agricultural solid waste,

14 | P a g e

14. 15.

Removal of direct dye using tamarind Somasekhara, fruit shell Removal of Rhodamine-B by Sumanjit et.al

(2006) ( 2008)

83% efficiency 187 mg/g

removal

Adsorption on Walnut Shell.

Abbas et al. (2012) studied adsorptive removal of Congo Red and Brilliant Green dyes from water using Peanut Shell. They studied the effect of various factors on biosorption process such as contact time, pH, agitation speed, biosorption dose, particle size was studied. Study revealed that peanut shell adsorbs dyes by both chemisorptions and physiorption. Removal efficiency of congo red was found to be 15.09 mg/g and that of brilliant green 19.92 mg/g.

Alau et al., (2010) studied the adsorption of xylenol orange, remazole turquoise blue and procion red by neem (Azadirachta indica) husk carbon treated with ZnCl 2, H3PO4 and KOH at different concentrations, particle size, shaking time and adsorbent dosage. Adsorption studies were carried out using carbonized neem carbon, activated neem carbon and commercial adsorbent from coconut shell on xylenol orange, remazole turquoise blue and procion red. The study showed a high adsorption for remazol turquoise blue.

Atay et al., (2006) studied the mechanism of Methylene Blue adsorption on biosolid. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as pH, biosolid dosage, contact time and initial dye concentration were investigated. The results showed that the dye removal increased with increase in the initial concentration of the dye and also increased in amount of biosolid used and initial pH. Adsorption data was modeled using the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.

Atkinson et.al, (2004) investigated the application of biosorption technology to remediate metalcontaminated industrial effluents. It described the factors that must be considered when selecting bioremediation as a cleanup technology for inorganics. Biosorption technology, utilizing any natural

15 | P a g e

form of biomass to passively adsorb and immobilize solubilised heavy metals or radionuclides, offers such an alternative. Bhatnagar et al., (2004) in their studied the comparative adsorption with different industrial wastes as adsorbents for removal of cationic dyes from water. They carried over the experiments over four adsorbents prepared from industrial wastes for removal of cationic dyes. This study showed that the adsorbents prepared from carbonaceous waste- adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry are of good porosity and appreciable surface area and also adsorbs dyes to an appreciable extent. The adsorption of two cationic dyes, viz., rhodamine B and Bismark Brown R on carbonaceous adsorbent conforms to Langmuir equation, is a first-order process and pore diffusion controlled. It was found that prepared carbonaceous adsorbent exhibits dye removal efficiency that is about 80-90% of that observed with standard activated charcoal samples. Thus, it can be fruitfully used for the removal of dyes and is a suitable alternative to standard activated charcoal in view of its cheaper cost. Goetz , et al., (2008) investigated the techniques and their effects on the environment. It showed a different classes of dyes and their use on different textiles, and their potential effects on the environment is studied. Additionally, experiments with natural dyes were conducted and documented. Natural berries, roots, and other dyestuffs were collected and used to dye both natural and synthetic textiles. Each type of dye has benefits and disadvantages. Every system of dyeing produces waste along with the finished product Benassa et al., (2005) studied the removal of Acid Dyes From aqueous solutions using Orange Peel As A sorbent material. In laboratory-scale studies, the data showed that Orange peel has a considerable potential for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions over a wide range of concentrations. The dyes sorption performances are strongly affected by parameters such as: contact time, initial dye concentration and dyes type. The amount of dye sorbed by this material increased with the increase of these parameters at a specific time. The results also showed that the kinetics of dyes sorption was described by a pseudo-second order rate model. A good fitting of dyes sorption equilibrium data is obtained with Langmuir model in all the range of dyes concentrations studied. From these results, maximum dyes adsorption capacities are observed using this material. It may be concluded that orange peel may be used as a low-cost, natural and abundant source for the removal of dyes and it may be an
16 | P a g e

alternative to more costly materials. For Nylosane Blue, a maximum sorption capacity about 65.88 mg/g was obtained followed by Erionyl Yellow (64.14 mg/g), Nylomine Red (62.07 mg/g) and Erionyl Red (40.72 mg/g), respectively.

Overah, et al., (2011) studied the biosorption of Cr (III) from aqueous solution by the leaf biomass of Calotropis procera Bom bom. The reaction conditions such as biomass dosage, initial metal ion concentration and temperature were also found to influence the biosorption process. However, Langmuir gave a better fit with an R-Squared value of 0.967 (closer to unity than that of freundlich), FT-IR studies of the biosorbent before and after the biosorption process indicated that carboxylate, amino and nitro functional groups were involved in the sorption of Cr (III) onto Calotropis procera leaf biomass. These findings indicate that the leaf of biomass of Calotropis procera could be employed in the removal of Cr (III) from aqueous solutions and industrial effluents.

Sharma, et al.,

(2012) carried over adsorption for the removal of Methylene Blue dye from an

aqueous solution using water hyacinth root powder as a low cost adsorbent. In this study adsorbent prepared from roots of water hyacinth was used to remove the Methylene blue from an aqueous solution. The batch adsorption study was carried out by varying the parameters such as pH adsorbent dose, initial concentration of dye, and contact time to obtained removal kinetic data. At optimum experimental condition maximum 95% removal of dye was achieved. Equilibrium data were best represented by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum dye uptake was found to be 8.04 mg/g. The adsorption kinetic data are adequately fitted to the pseudo second order kinetic model. On the basis of experimental results it is found to be an excellent adsorbent for the MB removal from wastewater. Theivarasu, et al,. (2011) investigated the adsorption over Cocoa Shell as adsorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption from an aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) shell has been studied experimentally using batch adsorption method. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium were investigated as a function of initial dye concentration and contact time, pH and adsorbent dosage. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to examine the experimental data of different initial
17 | P a g e

concentrations. On the basis of experimental results and the model parameters, it can be inferred that the activated carbon prepared from cocoa shell was effective for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. Ponnusami et al., (2009) carried out adsorption of methylene blue onto gulmohar plant leaf powder. The effects of pH, initial dye concentration, particle size, dosage, agitation speed, and temperature were studied. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to test the equilibrium data. The reported adsorbance was 25.3 mg/g. Ozakar et al., (2005) studied adsorption of metal complex dyes from aqueous solutions by pine saw dust. They made an attempt to alleviate the problem caused by the presence of metal complex dyes, in the textile effluents. The effects of adsorbent particle size, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial dye concentrations on the adsorption of metal complex dyes by pine sawdust was investigated. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The equilibrium data fit well the Langmuir isotherm. The monolayer adsorption capacities are 280.3 and 398.8 mg dye per g of pine sawdust for Metal Complex Blue and Metal Complex Yellow, respectively.

GAPS IN LITERATURE Since the past few decades, with the advent of biosorption techniques several biosorbents and contaminant or dyes have been studied but no work has been done on the removal of thionine dye even though it is a novel contaminant found in waste water coming out from biomedical and microbial industries. Moreover, very scarce literature is available on the use of peanut shell as adsorbent.

18 | P a g e

The complex structure of dye molecules influences biosorption and further research is needed to establish the relationships between dye molecule structure and biosorption (Fu &Viraraghavan, 2001et. al). Although considerable information is available on biosorption but the nature of mechanism and the extent of competition have been inadequately understood. It is very helpful for the biosorption practical application. The technology needs to effectively compete both on a cost and performance basis with existing methods before industry will accept and implement it. No detailed economic and market analyses are available. although advantages of these systems are well established.

PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH The challenge with biosorption as with many in the biotechnology industry is to move this process to an industrial scale. It is relatively less difficult to demonstrate it in a laboratory; it is a little more challenging to demonstrate it at a pilot scale, but to really scale it up to a large scale would call for a significant financial and technological effort. This mismatch between scientific progress in biosorption research (biosciences) and stagnation in industrial biotechnology innovation needs to be corrected through translational research and technology transfer with a push for commercialization of research. Universities can play an active role in this process through more formalized approach to technology transfer and protection of intellectual property.

19 | P a g e

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY The objectives of the present study are: To remove the Thionine dyes from its solution using peanut shell and eucalyptus leaves To find the best adsorbent for the removal of thionine dye. Characterization of the best adsorbents by SEM and FTIR. Thermodynamic study of the adsorption of dye Study of adsorption kinetics of Thionine dye over the adsorbent Fitting of adsorption data into various adsorption isotherms

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials: The Thionine dye is obtained from Liechem Laboratories Limited (India) and the Peanut shell was collected from local region. 2.2. Methodologies: 2.2.1 Preparation of adsorbent

The peanut shell obtained was washed with distilled and was removed from excess dirt. Then it was air dried in sunlight. The resulting product was kept in electric oven maintained at 50C for 24 hr. The carbonized material was taken out, grounded to fine powder and sieved to 150 m size and stored in vacuum desiccators. 2.2.2 Preparation of dye solution Stock solution of Thionine dye (Chemical formula: C12H9N3S C2H4O2, M.W.: 287.34, C. CASNo.: 78338-22-4) was prepared by dissolving 50mg of dye in 1L of distilled water to give concentration of 50 mg/L. The serial dilutions say 10 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/L were made by diluting

20 | P a g e

the dye stock solution in accurate proportions. Calibration curve for dyes was prepared by measuring the absorbance of different concentrations of the dyes. 3.3 Batch adsorption experiments Adsorption experiments were carried out in mechanical shaker (temperature control) at a constant speed of 300 rpm at 25C using 1000 mL beakers containing 100 mg of dye with 250 mL of dye solutions. All the experiments (except the study of pH effect) were carried out at pH of 7.0. After agitating the flasks for predetermined time intervals, samples were withdrawn from the flasks. The adsorbents were separated from the solution by filtration using whatman paper no.1 and centrifugation (REMI make) at 2000 rpm for 10 min (preferred in case of eucalyptus leaves). The absorbance of the supernatant solution was estimated to determine the residual dye concentration, measured at max = 598 nm spectrophotometrically using Perkin Elmer UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Adsorption data obtained from the effect of initial concentration and contact time will be employed in testing the applicability of isotherm and kinetic equations, respectively. For further studies, Characterization of the adsorbent The surface structure of the adsorbed and -unabsorbed biosorbents analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).

Figure 2. Unadsorbed peanut hull particle size 20 m

21 | P a g e

Figure 3 adsorbed peanut hull 4. ADSORPTION KINETICS The amount of dye sorbed at equilibrium, qe (mg/g) which represents the dye uptake, was calculated from the difference in dye concentration in the aqueous phase before and after biosorption. The uptake of dye by unit mass of biosorbent at any time (q) was determined from the following equation: qe = (Ci- C0)/ C0 where Ci is the initial dye concentration (mg/l), Co is the residual (unadsorbed) dye concentration at any time(mg/l), Equilibrium data commonly known as adsorption isotherms are basic requirements for the design of adsorption systems. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are to be used to describe the equilibrium characteristics of adsorption in the present study. The Langmuir isotherm basically assumes homogenous surface energy distribution. The Langmuir isotherm assumes that the adsorption rate is proportional to the number of vacant sites on the adsorbent and fluid phase concentration, while the desorption rate is proportional to the number of sites covered with adsorbate molecules. The study of adsorption kinetics describes the solute uptake rate and this rate controls the residence time of adsorbate uptake at the solid-solution interface. A Suitable kinetic model will be developed to find out the mechanism of adsorption. The experimental data and the predicted values will be compared by the correlation coefficients.

22 | P a g e

3. RESULT The adsorption capacity at equilibrium increases from 9.48 to 36.08 mg/g with an increase in initial thionine concentration from 10 to 80 mg/l. More than 90% of thionine dye adsorbed with initial concentrations ranging from 10-80mg/L for 2hr equilibrium time. The rate of percent removal and adsorption capacity are higher in beginning due to larger surface area of the asorbents available for the adsorption of the dye. The percentage removal, however, decreased with increase in initial concentration of the Thionine Dye. This may be attributed to lack of available active sites required for the high initial concentration of the dye. The adsorption sites took up the available solute more quickly at low concentrations.

3.1. Concentration measurement and calibration In order to calculate the concentration of the sample from each experiment, a calibration curve of each dye was first prepared. For each dye, five different concentrations were prepared and absorbance measured using a PerkinElmer UV-VIS Spectrophotometer Lambda 18 over a range from 400 to 700 nm. Calibration checks were carried out in duplicate and the maximum absorbance of each dye was plotted against concentration. From these results, the concentrations of the dye samples was calculated with the following equations and constants.

23 | P a g e

Figure: 4 3.2. Effect of initial dye concentration on dye adsorption The effect of the initial Thionine dye concentration on the adsorption over peanut hull at adsorbent dosage of 0.20 g and mixing speed of 200 rpm is shown in the Figure 4. It can be seen that the adsorption at different concentrations is rapid in the initial stages and gradually decreases with the progress of adsorption until the equilibrium is reached. The amount of thionene adsorbed at equilibrium (qe) increased from 30.42 to 65.55 mg/g as the concentration was increased from 50 to 500 mg/L. The initial concentration provides an important driving force to overcome all mass transfer resistances of the Thionine Dye between the aqueous and solid phases. Hence a higher initial concentration of dye will enhance the adsorption process. The removal decreased from 57% to 13% as the Thionine Dye concentration was increased from 10 to 50 mg/L. The equilibrium conditions were reached within 34 h for high concentrations (more than 20 mg/L)

( Why?) while the rate of adsorption was faster for

concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 mg/L (approximately 5 h).

24 | P a g e

Figure 5 3.3. Effect of solution pH on dye adsorption Effect of pH on adsorption was studied using 10 mg/L dye concentration, pH 212 at 30 C as given in Figure. 4. The dye adsorption was significantly changed over the pH value of 210. The dye adsorption was nearly constant at pH 1012. The lowest dye adsorption was recorded at pH 2 (13 mg/g). The equilibrium adsorption (qe) was found to increase with increasing pH. The qe increases from 13 to 85 mg/g for an increase in pH from 2 to 10. Wang et al. [29] reported that Thionine Dye adsorption usually increases as the pH is increased. Lower adsorption of Thionine Dye at acidic pH is probably due to the presence of excess H+ ions competing with the cation groups on the dye for adsorption sites. At higher pH, the surface of Peanut hull particles may get negatively charged, which enhances the positively charged dye cations through electrostatic forces of attraction. The complex nature of the adsorbent as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 may indicate the possible involvement of some functional groups on the surface of Peanut hull in sorption process.

25 | P a g e

Figure 6
The effect of varying meal dose, ms, For a fixed initial adsorbent concentration, the percentage of dye removal increased with the increasing amount of adsorbent which provides greater surface area and increased number of active sites. (1) The biosorption capacity curve in Fig. 5 indicates that biosorption capacities decreased from 8.20 to 2.29 mg/g when the copra meal dose was increased from 5.0 to 30 g/dm 3. The relationship between biosorption capacity, qe, and the meal dose, ms, was also found to have an extremely high coefficient value.

26 | P a g e

Figure 5 Effect of solution Temperature on dye adsorption Effect of solution Temperature on dye adsorption was studied in the temperature range from 20 to 60C. The diagrams in this Figure 6 bring the result for the initial concentration of dye and the smallest quantity of ash, 1 g. It was deduced that higher temperature simplifies dye removal with adsorption on an adsorbent. The data also shows that the temperature effect is not so significant because the changes were inconsiderable, in comparison with the adsorption at 20 and 60C. The amplification of the adsorption with temperature can be assigned to the increased number of active surface locations that are available for adsorption on every adsorbent, porosity and the overall cubage of the pores of the adsorbent. The intensity of the adsorption can also derive from the decreased thickness of the limiting layer, which surrounds the adsorbent with the temperature when the resistance, against transmission of adsorbent mass in the limiting layer, is reduced. This can also be the result of an increase in dye-molecule mobility with an increase of their kinetic energy and increased diffusion speed inside of the particles of adsorbents due to the temperature increase [Aksu and Tatil et.al].

27 | P a g e

Figure 6 Effect of agitation on dye adsorption In a liquid adsorption system, the transfer rate of a solute to a particle is affected by liquid film thickness surrounding the particle and the film thickness depends on agitation speed. A series of experiments at difference of 50 degrees of agitation (from 100 to 300 rpm) were undertaken and shown in Fig. 7 for the adsorption of Thionine Dye on Peanul hull. Figure 7 indicates that the degree of agitation influences the sorption rate as the agitation rate increases from 100 to 300 rpm. At agitation rates higher than 250 rpm the sorption rates only differ to a quite small extent, indicating that the film thickness has insignificant effect when the agitation rate is higher than 300 rpm. Hence, an agitation rate of 200 rpm was selected for all the experiments.

28 | P a g e

Figure 7 Adsorption Thermodynamics Thermodynamic parameters for adsorption systems were calculated using the following equation:

where: k2 - the rate constant of adsorption of the second order [g/mgmin]; T temperature [K], kb - Boltzmanns constant (1.380651023 J/K); h - Planck's constant (6.6261034 Js); S - change in entropy [J/Kmol]; R - universal gas constant (8.314 J/Kmol); H change of enthalpy [J/mol]; G - change of Gibbs free energy [J/mol].

29 | P a g e

Graph of ln(k2/T) versus 1/T gives a straight line with a slope - H/R and intercept [ln(kb/h) + S/R], from which the change in enthalpy and entropy was calculated. Figures 2 is based on slope and intercept which are determined the basic thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption, and based on those determined the change of Gibbs's free energies.

The entropy increases with increasing initial concentration of adsorbate and is generally decreased with ncreasing amount of adsorbent. Reorientation or restructuring of water around the molecules of a dye is very unhelpful as far as the entropy is concerned, since it disturbs the existing water structure and imposes a new, ordered structure at the nearby water molecules. Energy released during the adsorption process compensates for the loss of entropy of adsorbed molecules, the stronger the forces, the more energy is released. As it can be stated that entropy can be thought of as a measure of linked energy of a closed material system, ie energy which is in contrast to free, it can not be converted into work, the change of the negative entropy correspond to the reduction of degrees of freedom of the adsorbed dyes, ie suggests that disordered system is decreased at the interface solidyl - solution during the adsorption of a dye . Free energy decreases continuously with an increasing temperature, whereas an increase concentration of adsorbent grows from 250mg to 1000mg per 0.25ml Since the adsorption reaction is feasible only if the overall Gibbs free enthalpy change is negative, then minus values of free energy indicate the feasibility and
30 | P a g e

spontaneous nature of the process, ie favours the adsorption of the applied paint at 20, 40 and 60C. This is to confirm the feasibility of the process and spontaneous nature of adsorption at the applied temperatures with high affinity of the molecules for the surface of the adsorbents. Small negative values of enthalpy change (between 2 to 6 kJ/mol) indicate physical nature the adsorption, mostly, including weak exothermic attractive force, and that the process is energy-stable. An enthalpy change continuously rises from the concentration of adsorbent increases ranging from 2 g/100 cm3. With the increased concentration of dye, enthalpy change mainly rises from adsorbate concentration.These phenomena can be explained with the fact that in the adsorption process the break of the link between adsorbate molecules and adsorbent surface occurred. Energy released during adsorption is manifold during the measuring in the range of energies that originate from adsorption by different forces, for example - Van der Waals 410 kJ/mol, hydrophobic connection 5 kJ/mol, hydrogen bond 240 kJ/mol, coordinating ties about 40 kJ/mol, dipole connection 229 kJ/mol, chemical bond about 60 kJ/mol. In our case the change of enthalpy during adsorption on the ashes of dye, suggests that the adsorption reaction system of the dye largely excludes the Van der Waals connections, hydrophobic interactions and, to a lesser extent, dipolar forces, since these interactions carry smaller amounts of energy [15].

Adsorption Kinetics Most of the sorption/desorption transformation processes of various solid phases are time-dependent. To understand the dynamic interactions of pollutants with solid phases and to predict their fate with time, knowledge of the kinetics of these processes is important (Sparks and Suarez, 1991; Sparks, 1989). Various kinetic models have been used by various researchers, whereas in this study the pseudo-firstorder and pseudo-second-order models were studied. Pseudo-First Order Model Pseudo-first order equation or Lagergren's kinetics equation (Lagergren, 1898) is widely used for the adsorption of an adsorbate from an aqueous solution.

31 | P a g e

After integration and applying boundary conditions t = 0 to t = t and qt = 0 to qt = qt, the integrated form of equation (11) becomes:

where qt is the amount of metal adsorbed per unit of adsorbent (mg/g) at time t, k1 is the pseudo-first order rate constant (L/min), and t is the contact time (min). The adsorption rate constant (k1) were calculated from the plot of ln(qe - qt) against t. In our Model Psedo First Order . isnt showing a satisfactory result.

Pseudo- Second Order Model Ho and McKay, (1999) presented the pseudo-second order kinetic as:

For the boundary conditions t = 0 to t = t and qt = 0 to qt = qt, the integrated form of Eq. (13) becomes:

where k2 is the pseudo-second order rate constant (g/mg.min). The initial adsorption rate, h (mg/g.min) at t0 is defined as:

The h, qe and k2 can be obtained by linear plot of t/qt versus t. Pseudo second order kinetic plot of (t/qt) versus (t) gave the perfect straight line for the adsorption of all metal ions onto kaolinite indicating that adsorption reaction can be approximated with pseudo-second order kinetic model. The values of model parameters k1, k2, h, qe and correlation coefficients (r2) are obtained from the plots.

32 | P a g e

Figure 7 The qe values calculated from the second order kinetic model agree well with the experimental values.

Figure 8 4.1. Langmuir isotherm Langmuir [28] proposed a theory to describe the adsorption of gas molecules onto metal surfaces. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm has found successful applications in many other real sorption processes of monolayer adsorption. Langmuirs model of adsorption depends on the assumption that
33 | P a g e

intermolecular forces decrease rapidly with distance and consequently predicts the existence of monolayer coverage of the adsorbate at the outer surface of the adsorbent. The isotherm equation further assumes that adsorption takes place at specific homogeneous sites within the adsorbent. It is then assumed that once a dye molecule occupies a site, no further adsorption can take place at that site. Moreover, the Langmuir equation is based on the assumption of a structurally homogeneous adsorbent where all sorption sites are identical and energetically equivalent. Theoretically, the sorbent has a finite capacity for the sorbate. Therefore, a saturation value is reached beyond which no further sorption can take place. The saturated or monolayer (as Ct) capacity can be represented by the expression:

where qe is solid phase sorbate concentration at equilibrium (mg/g), Ce is aqueous phase sorbate concentration at equilibrium (mg/dm3), KL is Langmuir isotherm constant (dm3/g), L is Langmuir isotherm constant (dm3/mg).Therefore, a plot of Ce/qe versus Ce gives a straight line of slope aL/KL and intercept 1/KL, where KL/aL gives the theoretical monolayer saturation capacity, Q0. The Langmuir equation is applicable to homogeneous sorption where the sorption of each sorbate molecule onto the surface has equal sorption activation energy. The Langmuir equation obeys Henrys Law at low concentration; when the concentration is very low, aLCe is far smaller than unity, it implies qe =KLCe, hence, it is analogous to Henrys Law. Therefore, a linear expression of Langmuir equation is:

The sorption data were analysed according to the linear form figure (8) of the Langmuir isotherm. The plots of specific sorption Ce/qe against the equilibrium concentration, Ce. The isotherms dye, namely, Thionine was found to be linear over the whole concentration range studies and the correlation coefficients were extremely high. These values of the correlation coefficients strongly support the fact that the dyes-chitosan sorption data closely follow the Langmuir model of sorption. The isotherm constants, aL, KL and equilibrium monolayer capacities, Q0. The plots in Fig. 8 demonstrate that the Langmuir equation provides an accurate description of the experimental data, which is further confirmed by the extremely high values of the correlation coefficient.

34 | P a g e

Figure 8 The RL values indicate the type of adsorption as either unfavorable (RL >1), linear (RL=1), favorable (0<RL<1), or irreversible (RL= 0).

4.2. Freundlich isotherm The Freundlich [29] equation is an empirical equation employed to describe heterogeneous systems, in which it is characterised by the heterogeneity factor 1/n. Hence, the empirical equation can be written: qe = KFC1/n where qe is solid phase sorbate concentration in equilibrium (mg/g), Ce is liquid phase sorbate concentration in equilibrium
35 | P a g e

(mg/dm3), KF is Freundlich constant (dm3/g) and 1/n is the heterogeneity factor. A linear form of the Freundlich expression can be obtained by taking logarithms of Equation (9). ln qe = lnKF +1/n(ln Ce) Therefore, a plot of ln qe versus lnCe enables the constant KF and exponent 1/n to be determined. This isotherm is another form of the Langmuir approach for adsorption on an amorphous surface. The amount adsorbed material is the summation of adsorption on all sites. The Freundlich isotherm describes reversible adsorption and is not restricted to the formation of the monolayer. The Freundlich equation predicts that the dye concentrations on the adsorbent will increase so long as there is an increased in the dye concentration in the liquid. By plotting the linear transformation of the Freundlich equation, shows the logarithmic plot of the Freundlich expression for the acid dye AR18 and shows the deviation from linearity on the Freundlich linear plot for the whole concentration range. However, if the whole concentration range is divided into regions, i.e. region 1, region 2, and region3, excellent fits to the experimental data can be observed, especially at the lower concentration region 1 and 2. Region 3 does not fit the Freundlich equation well. Table 3 shows the Freundlich sorption isotherm constants, bF and KF , and the correlation coefficients, R2 for the different concentration regions.

4.3. RedlichPeterson isotherm Redlich and Peterson [30] incorporate three parameters into an empirical isotherm. The RP isotherm model combines elements from both the Langmuir and Freundlich equation and the mechanism of adsorption is a hybrid and does not follow ideal monolayer adsorption.

36 | P a g e

where qe is solid phase sorbate concentration in equilibrium (mg/g), Ce is liquid phase sorbate concentration in equilibrium (mg/dm3), KR is RP isotherm constant (dm3/g), aR is RP isotherm constant (dm3/mg) and is the exponent which lies between 1 and 0. The application of this equation has been discussed elsewhere and its limiting behaviour is summarised here:where =1

It becomes a Langmuir equation.Where =0

i.e. the Henrys Law equation This equation can be converted to a linear form by taking logarithms:

Three isotherm constants, A, B, and g can be evaluated from the linear plot represented by nusing a trial and error procedure, which is applicable to computer operationwas developed to determine the isotherm parameters by optimization routine to maximize the coefficient of determination, r2, for a series of values of A for the linear regression of ln(Ce) on ln[A(Ce/qe)1] and to obtain the best value of A which yields a maximum optimized value of r2 using the solver add-in with Microsofts spreadsheet, Microsoft Excel. The different isotherms were tested for their ability to correlate with the experimental results by comparing theoretical plots of each isotherm with the experimental data for the biosorption.

37 | P a g e

4.4 Temkin Isotherm Equation The Temkin isotherm equation assumes that the heat of adsorption of all the molecules in layer decreases linearly with coverage due to adsorbent-adsorbate interactions, and that the adsorption is characterized by a uniform distribution of the bonding energies, up to some maximum binding energy (Temkin, 1940). The Temkin isotherm is represented by the following equation:

Equation (9) can be expressed in its linear form as: Where, T is the absolute temperature (K), R is the universal gas constant (8.314J/mol.K), KT is the equilibrium binding constant (L/mg), and bT is the variation of adsorption energy (kJ/mol). BT is Temkin constant related to the heat of adsorption (kJ/mol). The Temkin adsorption isotherm model was chosen to evaluate the adsorption potentials of the adsorbent for adsorbates.

38 | P a g e

. 4.5 The Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm This isotherm is generally expressed as follows (dubinin, 1960):

Radushkevich (1949) and dubinin (1965) have reported that the characteristic Sorption curve is related to the porous structure of the sorbent. The constant, bd, Is related to the mean free energy of sorption per mole of the sorbate as it is Transferred to the surface of the solid from infinite distance in the solution and this Energy can be computed using the following relationship (hasany and chaudhary, 1996):

39 | P a g e

s 3.8. Cost-estimation of Peanut Hull waste sorbent The Peanut Hull waste accumulates in the agro-industrial yards, has no significant industrial and commercial uses, but becomes an issue and contributes to serious environmental problems. Hence, the utilization of such agriculture solid waste for wastewater treatment is most desirable. The cost of this waste as a dye sorbent is only associated with the transport and process expenses which are approximately US$ 50/ton whereas the average price of activated carbon used in Malaysia is US$ 1000 1100/ton. Thus the proposed PH sorbent is more than 20 times cheaper than activated carbon. Although the adsorption capacity of PH may be lower than commercial activated carbons, the adsorbent is renewable material, abundantly available and, therefore, low-cost adsorbent. The PH would be an economical alternative for the commercially available activated carbon in removal of basic dye from aqueous solutions.

40 | P a g e

REFERENCES Aadil A, Shahzad M, Kashif S, Muhammad M, Rabia Ay; Comparative Study of Adsorptive Removal of Congo Red and Brilliant Green Dyes from Water Using Peanut Shell(2012) Aksu, Z., Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: a review. Process Biochem. 2005) Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology1 Vol 1 70-78 Aksu Z., Tatli A. and Tunc O.: Chem. Eng. J., 2008, 142, 23-39.

Alau, K.K., Gimba C.E. and Kagbu J.A; Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Neem (Azdirachta Indica) Husk as Activated Carbon. (2010) Bioresource Technology 125, 138144 Atay .U.A, Sarioglu.M , Removal of Methylene Blue by using Biosolid(2006) Atkinson.B.W, Bux.F and Kasan.H.C, Considerations for application of sciences volume 1, no 6, Bagheri .H, Shahvazian. M, Tabatabaee.M; Application of Thionine Dye for Highly Sensitive and selective Catalytic Kinetic Determination of Osmium(2010) Journal of Hazardous Materials B92 263274 Begona G, Lozano. Hctor, Busto.N, and Leal.M..J ; Interaction of Thionine with Triple, Double and Single stranded RNAs.( 2012) J. Surface Sci. Technol., Vol 50, No. 3-4, pp. 1334-1937 Bhatnagar A. and Jain A.K, A comparative adsorption study with different industrial wastes as adsorbents for removal of cationic dyes from water. (2004) Bioresource Technology 895-997 Budavari.S (1996) The Merck Index, Ed. 12 Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA Crini,G., Badot, P.M ., Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide,for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature. (2008.) Fu, Y., Viraraghavan, T. Fungal decolorization of dye wastewaters: a review. Bioresource Technology 125 (2012) 138144 Goetz.C, Textile Dyes: Techniques and their Effects on the Environment with a Recommendation for Dyers Concerning the Green Effect(2008) International Journal of Environmental Sciences and ResearchVol. 1, No. 4, 2012, pp. 109-113 Gurr.E (1971) Synthetic dyes in biology, medicine and chemistry Academic Press, London, England. biosorption technology to remediate metal-contaminated industrial effluents. ( 2004) international journal of environmental

41 | P a g e

H. Benassa, Removal Of Acid Dyes From Aqueous Solutions Using Orange Peel As A Sorbent Material. (2005). Sustain. Environ. Res., 22(1), 45-51 (2012) Namasivayam.C, Kavitha.D (2002); Removal of Congo Red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith, an agricultural solid waste, Volume 54, Issue 1, Pages 4758 Overah, L.C, Biosorption of Cr (III) from aqueous solution by the leaf biomass of Calotropis procera Bom bom(2011) Bioresource Technology 125 (2012) 138144 Ozacar. Mahmut, Sengil.Ayhan (2005) Adsorption of metal complex dyes from aqueous solutions by pine sawdust. Bioresource Technology96(7):791-5. Paul. Puja & Gopinatha. K. S. Thionine Interaction to DNA: Comparative Spectroscopic Studies on Double Stranded Versus Single Stranded DNA.(2012) Bioresource Technology 138144 Sharma.A.K, Soni. Meena, Srivastava.J.K, Yadav. J. S, Adsorptive Removal Of Methylene Blue Dye From An Aqueous Solution Using Water Hyacinth Root Powder As A Low Cost Adsorbent Bioresource Technology 125 (2012) 138144 Sumanjit, Singh. T.P, Kansal.I,( 2008); Removal of Rhodamine-B by Adsorption on Walnut Shell. J. Surface Sci. Technol., Vol 24, No. 3-4, pp. 179-193 Theivarasu C., 1Mylsamy S. and Sivakumar(2011) N.,Cocoa Shell as Adsorbent for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic and Equilibrium Study J. Phys. Chem. B, p307840c Vijayaraghavan, K., Yun, Y.S., Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption. Biotechnol. 2008. Volesky, B., Detoxification of metal-bearing effluents: biosorption for the next century. Hydrometallurgy (2001) Bioresource Technology 125 (2012) 138144 S.Wang, L. Li, H.Wu, Z.H. Zhu, Unburned carbon as a low-cost adsorbent for treatment of methylene blue-containingwastewater, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 292 (2005) 336343.

42 | P a g e

43 | P a g e

44 | P a g e

APPENDIX 5. NOMENCLATURE C0 initial dye concentration in aqueous solution (mg/dm3) Ce equilibrium dye concentration in liquid phase (mg/dm3) D adsorbent dosage (g/dm3) dp particle size (m) K2 pseudo-second order rate constant (g mg-1 min-1) KF Freundlich constant (mg g-1)(dm3/ mg) KL Langmuir adsorption constant (dm3 mg-1) 1/n Freundlich parameter qe equilibrium dye concentration in solid phase (mg g-1) qm maximum dye adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent (mg g-1) R the gas universal constant (8.314 J/mol K) RL Langmuir separation or equilibrium parameter (dimensionless) RPM speed of agitation, min-1 Babsolute temperature (K) t time (min) G free energy of adsorption (kJ mol-1) H change in enthalpy (kJ mol -1) S change in entropy (kJ mol -1 K -1)

45 | P a g e

46 | P a g e

47 | P a g e