Sialkot Solid Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan

TA 7321 PAK Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program
Government of Punjab The Urban Unit
Sialkot Solid Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan
Draft Final
December 2010
(J40252334)
GHK Consulting Ltd.

Draft Final
December 2010
(J40252334)
GHK Consulting Ltd.
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5 2.0 EXISTING PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES ......................................................... 9 2.1 Sialkots Municipal Waste ....................................................................................... 9 2.2 Existing Municipal System .................................................................................... 10 2.3 Summary of Constraints and Challenges .............................................................. 14 3.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ....................................................... 19 4.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN .................................................. 23 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 23 4.2 Tranche 1 SWM Investment Package (2010-12) .................................................. 23 4.3 Tranche 2 SWM Investment Package (2013-15) .................................................. 26 4.4 Implementation Schedule ..................................................................................... 27 4.5 Cost Estimates ..................................................................................................... 28
ANNEXURE
Annex A1: Annex A2: Annex A3: SIALKOT WASTE ASSESSMENT SURVEY .............................................. 31 IMPACTS OF UNCONTROLLED WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................... 34 Solid Waste Management Facility Design Concepts................................... 39
FIGURES
Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Current Status of Solid Waste Management ........................................................ 5 Sialkots Municipal Waste Generation ................................................................. 9 Municipal Waste Composition ........................................................................... 10 TMA Waste Collection Vehicles ......................................................................... 11 Municipal Waste Collection Methods ................................................................. 11 Waste Collection Sample Results ...................................................................... 12 Burning Wastes at a Sialkot Dumpsite ............................................................... 12 Recycler Bicycles .............................................................................................. 13 Sialkot Waste Incinerator ................................................................................... 14 Outlines the tentative implementation schedule ............................................. 27
TABLES
Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Sialkot Solid Waste Management Establishment ............................................... 10 Sialkot Solid Waste Management: Key Constraints and Challenges.................. 15 SWM Sector Performance Indicators................................................................. 20 The Sialkot Recycling Initiative .......................................................................... 24
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Acronyms & Abbreviations
ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS

ADB CDM EPA GCL IWM I&S kg km LFG m MFF MWM PAK Q Rs. SWM SWSC TMA TO TPD US Asian Development Bank Clean Development Mechanism Environmental Protection Agency Geosynthetic Clay Liner Industrial Waste Management Infrastructure & Services Kilogram Kilometer Landfill Gas Cubic Meter Multitranche Finance Facility Medical Waste Management Pakistan Quarter (Of A Calendar Year) Rupee Solid Waste Management Sialkot Water and Sanitation Company Tehsil Municipal Administration Tehsil Officer Tons Per Day United States
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Executive Summary
December 2010
(J40252334)
GHK Consulting Ltd.
Executive Summary
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Sialkots solid waste management (SWM) system is in a state of disarray. Of the 125,000 tons per year of municipal solid waste generated, only 25 percent enters the municipal waste system, leaving 75 percent of the population without waste collection. Practically all municipal waste is either burned, dumped or buried illicitly on vacant land throughout the city, causing significant environmental damage and threatening human health. Worse, there are no SWM systems for potentially hazardous industrial waste; systems dealing with medical waste are also inadequate. Sialkots municipal waste generation is destined to accelerate to 300,000 tons per year by 2030, resulting in an estimated total of 4.3 million tons of municipal waste being generated during 2010-30. Solutions are needed urgently. The SWM Strategy directly addresses the needs, striking a balance between the current constraints and capacity limitations on one hand, and the urgency to transform the sector and provide a basic level of service on the other. It is guided by the following principles, (i) waste is a resource, (ii) individuals must accept responsibility for and cost of their own waste, (iii) resource recovery and recycling is a priority, (iv) source (household) segregation must be maximized, (v) the informal sector plays a critical role in recycling, (vi) public participation is essential, (vii) residual waste must be properly handled, treated and disposed, (viii) the system must be run on incentivized, performance based principles, and (ix) all stakeholders have different responsibilities and each should be effectively integrated. The SWM Action Plan is designed to rapidly transform SWM sector functions, operations and implementing institutions. Under the plan, by 2016 the SWM system will provide a reliable, sustainable house-to-house municipal waste collection service to every waste generator in the city, achieve a recycling efficiency of 30 percent, ensure that all residual waste is transported and disposed of in an environmental safe and socially responsible manner, and in conjunction with other implementing stakeholders, make progress in initiating and improving the citys industrial and medical SWM systems. The plan has two distinct investment tranches; Tranche I (2010-12), and Tranche 2 (2013 onwards) Tranche I includes the following three components; 1. Development and implementation of a recycling system support and public awareness program in order to promote public awareness and support development of the private sector led recycling industries in Sialkot. Installation of a new waste collection and transfer system to provide waste collection for every waste generator in Sialkot, and consisting of direct vehicle collection and manual community collection methods. The siting, permitting, final design and contract procurement for a new SWM facility for Sialkot.
2.
3.
Tranche 2 (2013-15) includes, (i) construction and operation of the SWM facility, (ii) further support for recycling and SWM public awareness initiatives, and (iii) support to develop medical and industrial waste management strategies and action plans Outline capital costs for Tranche 1 investments are estimated at US$ 4.364 million, and Tranche 2 investments are estimated at US$ 12.328 million. The SWM Department of the SWSC will be responsible to develop and operate the Sialkot SWM system.
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Executive Summary
Sialkot Solid Waste Management Strategy (2010)

SWM Generators Served 1 Population Households Commercial/Institutional Establishments Per Capita Waste Generation High Income Medium Income Low Income
2
0.809 Million 0.119 Million 0.010 Million
0.35 kg/capita/day 0.31 kg/capita/day 0.28 kg.capita/day
Annual Municipal Waste Generation 2010 2030 2010-30 Total Generation Sialkot Existing Municipal System (2010) Recycling Efficiency Collection Efficiency Collection Method Engineered Disposal Sites Disposal Methods Annual TMA Expenditure (2008) Hazardous Waste Management System SWM Strategy Performance Indicators (2018) Recycling Efficiency Waste Generator Awareness of SWM Issues Population Served by Regular Waste Collection Number of Missed/Late Daily Collection Cycles Residual Waste Reaching Disposal Facility Hazardous Waste Processed and Disposed SWM Action Plan Tranche 1 (2010-12) Estimated Cost Duration Components
0.125 Million Tons 0.300 Million Tons 4.3 Million Tons
>10 Percent 25 Percent Tractor Trailer/Manual Transfer None Open Dumping US$ 1.65 Million None
30 Percent (Minimum) 100 Percent 100 Percent >3 Percent 100 Percent 25 Percent
US$ 4.364 Million 2010-12 Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program Waste Collection and Transfer System Solid Waste Management Facility (Siting, Design and Procurement) US$ 12.328 Million 2013-15 Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program Solid Waste Management Facility (Construction and Operation) Strategy Development and Action Plan: Industrial and Medical Waste Management
Tranche 2 (2013-15) Estimated Cost Duration Components
1 2
Urban Unit 2010 GHK Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey. 2010
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Section 1
Introduction
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Section 1 Introduction
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Sialkots urban infrastructure sectors vary markedly. On one hand, the functioning sectors of civil aviation (with a privately developed international airport), the improving road network (with upgraded arterials),the developed telecommunications networks and to some extent, its water supply systems. On the other hand however are its municipal waste management systems, both solid waste and wastewater, which are in a state of disarray. In fact a solid waste management (SWM) system does not even exist for the majority of the population of Sialkot, or for its over 5,000 industrial and commercial waste generators. All of Sialkots 350 tons per day (TPD) of municipal solid waste and all its industrial waste are dumped sporadically on vacant land throughout the city. If Sialkot is to further industrialize and urbanize, if it is to continue as the Punjabs third largest economic hub and Pakistans second highest foreign exchange earner, it will need to dramatically transform the way in which it deals with solid waste (Figure 1). By 2030, Sialkots population is destined to double to over 1.6 million and its industrial base is set to further expand; it is essential that SWM systems are put in place now to support this growth going forward. This strategy provides a roadmap to completely transform Sialkots SWM sector; transitioning it to an integrated, fully functioning and sustainable system which will serve the city for the coming decades. The strategy is divided into three easy-tounderstand parts. The first part (Section 2) summarizes the current SWM situation and practices in Sialkot, and the implications on the city of these practices over the long term. The second part (Section 3), presents the proposed SWM improvement strategy, outlining its guiding principles, vision and performance indicators. And the third part (Section 4) presents the SWM action plan, including a high priority, phased investment program for immediate implementation. Figure 1: Current Status of Solid Waste Management
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Section 2
Existing Practises and Challenges

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Section 2 Existing Practices and Challenges
2.0
2.1
EXISTING PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES

Sialkots Municipal Waste
Sialkot currently generates about 350 tons of municipal solid waste daily, or about 125,000 tons per year. Due to its population growth and increases in its economic activity, Sialkots daily generation is destined to accelerate to about 195,000 tons per year by 2020, and then to about 300,000 tons per year by 2030 (Figure 2). Cumulatively, from 2010 to 2030, Sialkot will generate about 4.3 million tons of municipal waste. To put this in perspective, if all this waste were placed in a line of stationary waste trucks, the length of the line of trucks would be about 25,000 km long, extending over half way round the earth. Or looking at it another way, if this waste was laid out in a 3 meter thick blanket, it would extend over an area of about 2 square kilometers (km). This is, therefore, a significant amount of waste. Figure 2: Sialkots Municipal Waste Generation
Sialkots waste generation is set to increase from about 125,000 tons per year (2010) to over 300,000 tons per year in 2030
If all of Sialkots municipal waste to 2030 was placed in a stationary line of waste trucks, it would extend over half the way round the world
About 40 percent of Sialkots household waste is food and organic waste (Figure 3 overleaf)3. This is followed by plastics and paper (each around 13 percent), glass (8 percent), leather, wood and metals (3-4 percent each) and electronic waste (2 percent); with the balance (14 percent) being other wastes. Surveys indicate there is little variation in the composition of waste from Sialkots high, medium and low income residential communities; variations are generally less than two percent for a given waste component. Although the composition of municipal wastes from commercial and institutional establishments are more difficult to estimate, samples indicate that they are also high in organic and food waste (about 40 percent), and in paper/cardboard (16 percent) and plastics (13 percent); with smaller fractions of wood (4 percent), glass (3 percent), metals (2 percent) and leather (1 percent).
Appendix A: Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey. (Asian Development Bank, May 2010)
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Figure 3:
Municipal Waste Composition
40.00 Percent
20.00
0.00 Plastics Wood Paper/Cardboard Leather/Rubber Food/Organic Electronics Glass Metals Other
Household Waste Commercial/Institutional Waste
Source: GHK Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey. 2010
2.2
Existing Municipal System

The responsibility for Sialkots municipal SWM collection, transfer, treatment and disposal rests with the Infrastructure & Services Department of the Sialkot Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMA). Currently, the Solid waste management unit of I&S department has a staff of about 1,156 employees, of whom about 470 are full time regular employees, the balance being hired on a daily, as-needed basis. The details are shown in Table 1. Tehsil Officer I&S and Chief Officer HQ are incharge of overall sanitation services. A Chief Sanitary Inspector, with the help of sanitary inspectors, and sanitary supervisors implement the overall SWM operations. The balance of staff includes machine drivers; with the balance being unskilled and semi-skilled waste collectors, road sweepers and labourers. Records infer that in 2008, the TMA apportioned Rs. 137.20 million (US$ 1.65 million) for SWM operations, representing about 15 percent of the TMAs total budget. A significant 87 percent (Rs. 119.30) of the SWM budget was spent on salaries, leaving only Rs. 17.90 million (US$ 0.22 million) for all other expenditures, such as fuel, equipment maintenance and other operations. The departments existence therefore is limited to supporting its large manual labour pool, and operating a few basic pieces of equipment4. Indeed, it operates only 28 Table 1: Sialkot Solid Waste Management Establishment
Total Post 1 6 29 28 1047 45 1156 Regular 1 2 29 14 379 45 470 Temporary 0 0 0 0 511 0 511 Contract 0 0 0 1 155 0 156 Vacant 0 4 0 13 2 0 19
Position Chief Sanitary Inspector Sanitary Inspectors Sanitary Supervisors Tractor Drivers Sanitary Workers Maskhi cum Sanitary Workers Total
Source: Schedule of Establishment TMA Sialkot

4
The SWM Departments asset base includes 36 tractor units, 28 trolleys, 7 front end loaders, 1 mechanical sweeper, 3 water tankers, 70 pumps and 1 jetting machine. It has an office located at the TMAs Fort headquarters, and a small, dilapidated equipment yard and storage area near the fire station in Sialkots center.
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rudimentary tractor-trailer vehicles for its waste collection (Figure 4), which traverse parts of the city to pick up wastes piled daily at 146 designated collection points. As there is no properly designed disposal site, these wastes are dumped in open areas and waste grounds on the outskirts of the city. Figure 4: TMA Waste Collection Vehicles
Currently, the SWM Department only collects about 25 percent of Sialkots municipal waste. The balance, which is a startling three quarters of the citys waste (Figure 5), is therefore being dumped, burned or buried illicitly by private individuals and haulers throughout Sialkot. Figure 5: Municipal Waste Collection Methods
Private Disposal, 75
SWM Department of TMA, 25
Source: GHK Assessment
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A survey of about 300 households in Sialkot5, which are not serviced by the SWM Department, revealed that about half of the households have assigned a private waste collector (picker) to collect their waste (Figure 6). An additional 39 percent dump their waste themselves, and 15 percent dispose of it through other methods, such as burning it. The waste of only one percent of households surveyed (three households) is collected by private truck or trolley. As these methods mostly involve manual handling and collection, it infers that the majority of Sialkots municipal waste is dumped in nearby localities to where it is generated Figure 6:
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 -
Waste Collection Sample Results

45 39
15
1 Private Waste Picker Self Dumping Other (Such As Burning) Directly by Private Truck or Trolley
Percent Source: Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey 2010
All the municipal waste, whether being collected by the SWM Department, self disposed, or picked up by private waste workers, ends up filling old depressions, river banks, drainage channels, flood plains, vacant lots or other such areas throughout the Sialkot urbanized area. Many of the dumping grounds utilized are not that noticeable to most people, due to their small size, and hidden and dissipated locations. The damage that they cause to the environment and to nearby communities however is serious. Figure 7 shows a Sialkot dumping site, which in this case includes waste which has been set on fire, releasing harmful contaminants into the atmosphere.6 Figure 7: Burning Wastes at a Sialkot Dumpsite
5 6
Appendix 1: Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey Further information is provided in Appendix B: Impacts of Uncontrolled Waste Disposal
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Although many components of Sialkots waste stream are potentially recyclable, there are very few recycling practices in the city. Public awareness of environmental issues is relatively low, especially relating to recycling and waste management issues. As a result, the primary (household) segregation of recyclable components is correspondingly low. Downstream markets for recycled fractions are not yet developed in Sialkot; the recycling of specific components can only flourish when there are viable and sustainable markets. Informal waste recyclers do operate within the city however; their number is estimated at several hundred by the SWM Department. These individuals, operating alone or in small groups, scour the waste piles of Sialkot, eking out higher-value recyclable materials to be sold on to consolidators, who package the materials for transport to Lahore and other major cities. Prices paid per kilogram (kg) by consolidators to the local recyclers in Sialkot are highly variable; plastic bottles and electrical cable (Rs, 10-12 per kg), paper and cardboard (Rs.6 per kg), and glass and other metals (Rs. 4 per kg). Overall however, the amount of materials currently being recycled in Sialkot is likely to be small, possibly less than 5 percent of total waste. Figure 8: Recycler Bicycles
Recycler bicycles, with specially designed cloth containers for the storage of different recycled materials
Despite the success of its vibrant industrial and manufacturing base, Sialkot currently lacks any industrial solid waste collection, treatment and disposal systems. Virtually all industrial solid wastes are being comingled with general municipal wastes and dumped in the same manner throughout the citys outer lying areas. Sialkot has over 5,000 businesses registered with the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce & Industry (SCCI), and many of them generate significant quantities of industrial waste. The SCCI and many of its members are keen to address their industrial waste issues.
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Regarding medical waste management (MWM), the Sialkot TMA has installed a medical waste incinerator at one of the Government hospitals, the Alama Iqbal Hospital (Figure 9). The incinerator is supposed to accept the medical waste of all of Sialkots Government and private medical facilities for thermal destruction. Site inspection however revealed that the incinerator was not functioning, and according to local reports, had not functioned for some time. Figure 9: Sialkot Waste Incinerator
Although national policies and a regulatory framework are in place for the SWM sector, including functioning Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), there is no city level policy framework to provide specific guidance and regulation of SWM sector development. 7 Currently, the enforcement of regulatory policy is virtually impossible in Sialkot, as there is no viable or sustainable SWM system in place, and until now, no strategy to put one in place.
2.3
Summary of Constraints and Challenges

The key constraints facing the sector are summarized in Table 2. On every count there are significant challenges; in fact the entire sector is really still in its infancy. One thing is clear however, and that is that a lot of waste is to be generated in Sialkot over the coming decades; estimated to 2030 at 4.3 million tons of municipal waste, and in addition, a significant quantity of hazardous industrial and medical waste. As is, the current municipal system will collect progressively less and less of the total percentage of municipal waste, currently conjectured at a poor 25 percent; forcing households, commercial and institutional establishments to dispose of more and more of their own waste. To 2030, the equivalent of a carpet of waste equivalent to 3 m in thickness and 2 square km in area is to descend on Sialkot, whether it be in small discrete waste piles scattered within communities, or larger scale dumping grounds in selected locations.
National policies include the (i) Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (1992), (ii) Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (1997), and (iii) National Environment Policy of Pakistan (2005).
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There are also significant missed opportunities in recycling; valuable materials are being thrown. Through the initiation of a simple and coordinated recycling approach, recycling efficiencies can be vastly improved, healthy working conditions can be instituted, and sustainable livelihoods strengthened for hundreds if not thousands of recyclers, many of which are relatively poor and marginalized. Table 2: Sialkot Solid Waste Management: Key Constraints and Challenges
Sialkot Solid Waste Management: Key Constraints and Challenges Implementing Institutions The TMAs SWM Department is poorly resourced and unable to meet its responsibilities. It is significantly understaffed in the management and skilled labour categories. Its budget allocation is only sufficient to cover salaries and basic equipment operations for an estimated 25 percent of municipal waste demand. Waste Collection TMA only collects an estimated 25 percent of the municipal waste. The balance is being burned, dumped or buried by private individuals and collectors. Waste generation is increasing; communities will endure increasing waste volumes. Waste Dumping All municipal waste is dumped on vacant lots, flood plains, drainage channels, river banks and other open areas throughout the city. These practices consume, degrade and devalue vast areas of land within the urbanized area, cause significant environmental damage and threaten the health and safety of nearby communities. Industrial Waste Management There are no industrial waste management (IWM) systems in Sialkot. Industrial wastes are being comingled with municipal wastes and dumped in the same manner, greatly elevating environmental and public health risks. There is little evidence that the existing medical waste incinerator is operable, or that appropriate MWM procedures are being followed. There is a strong possibility that hazardous medical waste is being comingled and dumped in the same manner as municipal waste. Recycling Valuable recycled materials are being thrown away due to the lack of a coordinated, sustainable approach to primary segregation and recycling. Employment opportunities are being lost, especially for lower income, marginalized groups. Public Awareness Public awareness of environmental and solid waste management issues is low. The primary segregation of recycled materials in Sialkot is largely undeveloped. Regulation A national framework is in place; local provisions are not. Current practices cannot meet even a basic level of compliance
Medical Waste Management
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Government of Punjab The Urban unit
Section 3
Solid Waste Management Strategy

December 2010
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GHK Consulting Ltd.
Section 3 Solid Waste Management Strategy
3.0
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

The Sialkot SWM strategy strikes a balance between the existing SWM status, constraints and capacity limitations on the one hand, and the urgency to transform the sector and provide a basic level of service on the other. It is driven by the following guiding principles; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Waste is a resource, All individuals must assume responsibility for the waste they generate, Prevention, reduction and recovery for recycling and reuse is a priority focus, Source (household) segregation is essential to any sustainable solution, The informal sector plays a critical role in recycling, Active public participation is essential, Residual waste must be properly handled, treated and disposed, The system has to be run on efficient, performance based commercial principles. Private sector participation should be prioritized and an enabling environment created, Economic incentives need to be established, All stakeholders have different roles and responsibilities in ensuring effective SWM, and they should be effectively integrated.
Based on these principles, the strategy is designed to transform the existing SWM system into a fully integrated, transparent and efficient system; which meets internationally recognized standards and practices. The vision includes; 1. An effective regulatory framework for the environmentally safe and healthy management of all municipal and hazardous solid wastes generated in Sialkot, Efficient, coordinated, integrated and transparent institutions, able to effectively manage the citys waste over the long term, An educated, involved and environmentally-aware Sialkot public, able and willing to; reduce waste generation, maximize source segregation, comply with waste collection requirements, pay for SWM services, improve community health conditions, and help eliminate illicit waste dumping, A sustainable, regularized and equitable house-to-house waste collection and transfer system serving all areas of Sialkot, using motorized vehicles wherever possible, and a highly organized system of manual collection and community storage where it is not; gradually eliminating waste scavenging in the streets and waste burning and illicit dumping in vacant areas, A vibrant and sustainable private sector-led recycling system building on primary source segregation, where the recycling of wastes is maximized within a healthy and safe working environment, Environmentally safe and socially responsible collection, transfer and disposal of all residual municipal wastes, Environmentally safe and socially responsible storage, collection, transfer, treatment and disposal of all of Sialkots (industrial and medical) hazardous wastes, Creating an enabling environment and supporting private sector involvement in the segregation, recycling, collection, transfer, treatment and disposal of wastes, and prioritizing the involvement of lower income recycler groups wherever possible,
2. 3.
4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
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Section 3 Solid Waste Management Strategy
In this context, Table 3 provides outline performance indicators for the SWM sector, with indicative targets for 2018 and 2025 milestones. Table 3: SWM Sector Performance Indicators
Indicator Waste Reduction and Recycling Recycled waste as a percentage of total municipal waste generated Number of Sialkot residents aware of and involved in SWM issues as a percentage of total population. Waste Collection, Transfer and Disposal Number of municipal waste generators regularly and reliably serviced by municipal collection (residential and commercial) as a percentage of total number of generators. Residual waste reaching disposal site as a percentage of total residual waste generation Number of missed/late house-to-house collection cycles as a percentage of total cycles Hazardous (Industrial and Medical) Waste Management Amount of hazardous waste processed and disposed of as a percentage of total residual hazardous waste generation 25 Percent 100 Percent 100 Percent 100 Percent 30 Percent 100 Percent 40 Percent 100 Percent Performance Target Q1, 2018 Q1, 2025
100 Percent 3 Percent
100 Percent 1 Percent
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Government of Punjab The Urban unit
Section 4
Solid Waste Management Action Plan

December 2010
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GHK Consulting Ltd.
Section 4 Solid Waste Management Action Plan
4.0
4.1
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN

Introduction
The proposed SWM action plan will rapidly transform the SWM sector; its functions, operations, and implementing institutions. Under the plan, the SWM system will provide a reliable, sustainable house-to-house municipal waste collection service to every waste generator in the city, achieve a recycling efficiency of at least 30 percent, ensure that all residual waste is transported and disposed of in an environmental safe and socially responsible manner, and in conjunction with other implementing stakeholders, make progress in initiating and improving the citys IWM and MWM systems. The municipal SWM system will be managed and implemented by the Sialkot Water and Sanitation Company (SWSC), a Government owned corporation to be established under the principles of efficient, accountable and transparent infrastructure service provision. The SWM system will be established in two distinct phases. The first phase (Tranche 1, 2010-12) will focus on establishing three key system components, (i) waste segregation and recycling, (ii) a city-wide municipal waste collection and transfer system, and (iii) the detailed siting, permitting, design and contract procurement for development of a single SWM facility (including a sanitary landfill facility), which will serve the needs of the city until 2030 and beyond. The second phase (Tranche 2, 2013-15) will include (i) construction and commissioning of the SWM facility, (ii) acceleration of waste segregation and recycling initiatives, and (iii) assisting industrial groups to develop and implement an IWM strategy and action plan8; and the Sialkot TMA to further evaluate Sialkots MWM sector to develop an MWM strategy and action plan. The two recommended development phases are presented as follows.
4.2
4.2.1
Tranche 1 SWM Investment Package (2010-12)

Component 1: Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program This component includes a program of activities to support the fledgling recycling industry in Sialkot in order to promote public awareness and household recycling, and accelerate recycling efficiencies. The program is envisioned to include (i) review and inventory of existing Sialkot recycling practices, (ii) national and regional evaluation of recycling initiatives being implemented in other cities for potential replication in Sialkot, (iii) formulation and implementation of a recycling strategy for Sialkot, (iv) mobilization of and support to recycling communities in Sialkot, and (v) piloting waste segregation and recycling innovations. It will also include a targeted public awareness program in order to, (i) raise awareness of environmental and SWM issues, (ii) provide public education and information campaigns on waste segregation and recycling, and (iii) solicit public support to eliminate the illicit dumping of wastes. The program is to be designed and directed by SWM specialists engaged under the SWSC Management Contract, and implemented under contract by national consultants and NGO groups active in the Sialkot SWM sector. Table 4 provides additional information regarding the potential for recycling in Sialkot.
The Chamber of Commerce has expressed interest to evaluate disposal options for the industrial wastes generated from their 5,400 member organizations. This will include surveys and analysis of all of Sialkots industrial waste and development of an IWM strategy and action plan for future implementation by the private sector.
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Table 4:
The Sialkot Recycling Initiative

The Sialkot Recycling Initiative
The value of recoverable materials in Sialkots waste to 2030 could well exceed US$ 50 million. Added to this are the cost savings from not having to pay to transfer and dispose of these materials, potentially another US$ 15 million. Recycling is responsible; it saves valuable resources and reuses them; it cuts down on pollution, and if properly organized, can create a new industry in Sialkot and provide hundreds of jobs. Recycling is therefore a priority focus. The aim for Sialkot is to continue to build the fledgling system in the private sector, where recyclers directly purchase materials from waste generators (households and commercial and institutional establishments), on selling them to the recycling industries, while working in a safe and hygienic manner. To achieve this, primary (household) segregation must be rapidly improved through ongoing public awareness. Existing informal recyclers need to be properly trained to improve efficiency and assure more healthy working practices. Downstream markets have to be identified, as do the mechanisms necessary to reach these markets. Innovative recycling methods need to be researched and piloted. Component 1 is therefore designed to evaluate these key issues, and develop and implement an overall strategy.
4.2.2
Component 2: Waste Collection and Transfer System A new municipal waste collection and transfer system is to be introduced in Sialkot in Tranche 1, providing door-to-door collection services for all household and commercial waste generators in Sialkot. It will completely replace the existing sporadic systems operated currently by the TMAs SWM Department, private individuals and private waste collectors. Due to access and other physical constraints, two different collection systems are proposed, described as follows; 1. System 1 - Direct Vehicle Collection System: This system consists of the direct collection of municipal waste from the generator source by waste truck, the waste then being transferred directly to the waste disposal facility. This is a system which is common in developed countries, where a waste truck follows a specific routing and time window to collect waste from households and commercial and institutional establishments in a certain collection zone. Due to vehicle access constraints, it is estimated that initially, only 30 percent of waste generators in Sialkot can be served by this collection method. It is proposed that vehicles with waste carrying capacities of 5 cubic meters (m) and 10 m be used for this system; the larger trucks being used where access permits. Each waste truck will be operated by a driver, and include four waste workers who walk alongside the truck and lift the waste into the truck. All waste truck personnel will be provided with protective equipment, and training in health and safety protection. The waste trucks will also be designed with slidable vertical separation panels, to allow recyclable materials to be stored separately from general waste. Preliminary projections for Sialkot indicate that on average, a 5 m truck can service up to 415 households and corresponding commercial and institutional establishments on a single collection round; while a 10 m collection truck can service twice this amount. The system is to be operated on a two day collection frequency; that is, waste collection is every other day. Household, commercial and institutional waste generators of this system are also to be provided with specially designed waste collection containers under
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Tranche 1. Constructed from resilient, lightweight high density polyethylene or similar material, the containers will have compartments to allow separate storage of recycled materials from general waste. Containers supplied to commercial and institutional establishments will be larger than household containers due to the additional volume of waste generated by the former. 2. System 2 - Manual Community Collection System: This system consists of the manual door-to-door collection of wastes from households, commercial and institutional establishments for transfer by hand cart to designated collection containers, strategically located within a given community9. Each container will be placed at a designated location for a 24-hour period, after which time it will be collected by a container truck for transfer to the waste disposal facility, and replaced each day with an empty container. It is estimated that 70 percent of waste generators in Sialkot will be served by this collection method, and both 5 m and 10 m volume collection containers will be utilized depending on vehicle access. Projections indicate that on average, a 5 m container of this system can service up to 485 households and corresponding commercial and institutional establishments per day; while a 10 m collection truck can service twice this amount10. Collection will be daily. As in System 1, each container will also include slidable vertical separation panels, to allow recyclable materials to be stored separately from general waste. Each container will be serviced by up to four community waste collectors. They will collect waste door-to-door from the nearby communities designated for that container and manually transfer the waste to the container. Each collection truck used for the collection and transfer of the containers to the waste disposal facility will include a driver and one helper. All waste management personnel will be provided with protective equipment, and training in health and safety protection. Similar to System 1, waste collection containers will also be provided to each waste generator of this system. Sliding partitions will be included in the containers to provide the separate collection of recyclable materials from general waste. The design phase of each waste collection and transfer system will involve discussions with and analysis of individual communities in order to refine the system design for each community. In certain cases it may be advantageous to modify the collection system; for example, to utilize an even larger container, or in certain circumstances, to use small mechanized waste collection vehicles to replace manual house-to-house collection methods. At this stage of feasibility, the following vehicle and equipment compliment is recommended for the Sialkot waste collection and transfer system.
There are several community container systems being used locally; one known as the arm -roll system where a truck pulls a wheeled conta iner onto the flat bed of the truck, and one known as the skip system, where the truck has a specially designed hoist to lift the container onto the flat bed of the truck. The reason that the containers of System 2: Manual Community Collection System can accommodate the waste of more generators than the equivalent sized waste trucks of System 1; Direct Vehicle Collection System is that the (lower income) per capita generation rate of the former is less than that of the (higher income) per capita generation rate of the latter.
10
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1. 2.
Direct Vehicle Collection System (System 1): Total of eighteen 5 m collection trucks and nine 10 m trucks. Manual Community Collection System (System 2): For the 5m capacity trucks, a total of 21 trucks and 147 waste collection containers; and for the 10 m capacity trucks, a total of 5 trucks and 35 waste collection containers.
4.2.3
Component 3: Solid Waste Management Facility (Siting, Design and Procurement) A multi-use, integrated solid waste management facility (facility) is to be developed*11, which will serve the municipal SWM needs of Sialkot to at least 2030. Design concepts of the facility are attached (Appendix C). The 70- hectare facility is envisioned to contain the following components; 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Site office. Research and development center. Parking and maintenance facility for all waste collection vehicles. Designated area for pilot recycling initiatives. Sanitary landfill, complete with engineered environmental control systems, including leachate and landfill gas collection and treatment systems. Earth material excavation areas to provide materials for landfill construction and to be used an after-use buffer zone.
Landfill siting, permitting, detailed design, and construction procurement for the facility will be completed during Tranche 1 (2010-12), leading immediately to facility construction and operation in Tranche 2 (2013-15)12. The landfill will initially be constructed in Tranche 2 to provide disposal volume for the first two to three years of operation; following this, it will be progressively expanded over a number of phases, with a total life capacity to 2030 and beyond.
4.3
Tranche 2 SWM Investment Package (2013-15)

At this stage is it envisioned that Tranche II (2013-15) will include the following three primary initiatives, (i) construction and operation of the SWM facility, including the sanitary landfill, (ii) additional assistance for the recycling sector through extension of the Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program, and (iii) assistance to the Sialkot TMA to further evaluate Sialkots MWM sector to develop an MWM strategy and action plan; and to industrial groups in the development and implementation of an IWM strategy and action plan. Following completion of the Tranche 2 investments, the Sialkot municipal SWM system will essentially be in place, with active primary waste segregation and recycling, a fully functioning waste collection and transfer system, and environmentally and socially responsible waste disposal which has the capability to accept Sialkots residual waste to beyond 2030
11
In the interim period up to commissioning of the new facility,the government plans to continue to utilize the existing disposal practices while trying to reduce their environmental impacts.
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4.4
Implementation Schedule
Figure 10: Outlines the tentative implementation schedule
ADB PAK-7321: Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE COMPONENT 2010 2011 2012 YEAR 2013 2014 2015 2016
TRANCHE 1 1 Component 1: Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program 2 Component 2: Waste Collection and Transfer System 3 Component 3: Solid Waste Management Facility (Siting, Design, and Procurement) TRANCHE 2 1 Component 1: Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program 2 Component 2: Solid Waste Management Facility (Construction and Operation) Component 3: Strategy Development and Action Plan: 3 0 Industrial and Medical Waste Management
Legend Feasibility Assessment Detailed Design and Procurement Construction Operation TRANCHE 1 TRANCHE 2
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4.5
Cost Estimates
Figure 11 presents the outline capital costs for SWM system development, divided into Tranche 1 and Tranche 2 investments. As shown, the capital costs for Tranche 1 investments are estimated at US$ 4.364 million, whereas Tranche 2 investments are estimated at US$ 12.328 million. Figure 11: Outline Cost Estimates
OUTLINE COST ESTIMATES Sialkot Solid Waste Management System Tranches 1 and 2: ADB TA PAK 7321: Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program
System Component
Number
Unit
Unit Cost (US$)
Amount (US$)
Total (US$)
TRANCHE 1 1.0 Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program 1.1 2.0 Recycling System Support and Public Awarenss Program 200,000 3,582,103 200,000
Waste Collection and Transfer System 2.1 Collection Containers 2.1.1 Household 2.1.2 Commercial/Institutional 2.1.3 Community Pushcarts System 1 Direct Vehicle Collection 2.2.1 Waste Collection Truck (5 Cubic Meter Capacity) 2.2.2 Waste Collection Truck (10 Cubic Meter Capacity) System 2 Manual Community Collection 2.3.1 Arm Roll Truck and Superstructure (5 Cubic Meter Capacity) 2.3.2 Arm Roll Container (5 Cubic Meter Capacity) 2.3.3 Arm Roll Truck and Superstructure (10 Cubic Meter Capacity) 2.3.4 Arm Roll Container (10 Cubic Meter Capacity) Waste Equipment Storage Area 2.4.1 Storage Area Renovation System Design (5 Percent of 2.1 to 2.4)
118,704 10,000 692 18 9 21 147 5 35 146
each each each each each each each each each each
6 12 181 36,000 45,000 32,000 1,700 45,000 3,000 1,000
715,084 120,482 125,060 648,000 405,000 672,000 249,900 225,000 105,000 146,000 170,576 581,406 581,406
2.2
2.3
2.4 2.5 3.0
SWM Facility: Siting, Design and Procurement 3.1 SWM Facility: Siting Design and Procurement (5 Percent of Tranche 2 Capital Cost)
TOTAL
4,363,509
TRANCHE 2 1.0 SWM Facility Construction 1.1 Land 1.1.1 11,628,119
Land
70
hectare
38,675
2,707,229
1.2
General 1.2.1 Site Mobilization 1.2.2 Site Clearing 1.2.3 Entry Road Improvements 1.2.4 Fencing 1.2.5 Gate/Guardhouse 1.2.6 Surface Drainage 1.2.7 Access Roads 1.2.7.1 Paved 1.2.7.2 Unpaved 1.2.8 Hardstanding Surface 1.2.9 Weighbridge/Office 1.2.10 Site Office 1.2.11 Research and Development Center 1.2.12 Utilities 1.2.13 Wheel Wash 1.2.14 Lighting 1.2.15 Landscaping 1.2.16 Signage 1.2.17 Workshop and Fuel Storage 1.2.18 Contractor Office Landfill Facility 1.3.1 Earthworks 1.3.1.1 Excavation/Deposition (Site Internal) 1.3.1.2 Compaction 1.3.2 Composite Liner/Leachate Collection System 1.3.3 Leachate Treatment System 1.3.4 Landfill Gas Collection and Treatment System 1.3.4.1 Landfill Gas Collection System 1.3.4.2 Landfill Gas Flaring System 1.3.5 Environmental Instrumentation 1.3.5.1 Groundwater Monitoring Wells 1.3.5.2 Gas Emission Testing Equipment 1.3.6 Landfill Equipment 1.3.6.1 Sheepsfoot Compactor/Tractor 1.3.6.2 Bulldozer 1.3.6.3 Excavator 1.3.6.4 Dumptruck 1.3.6.5 Pick Up Truck
1 70 1 5,007 1 4,312 450 1,910 79,200 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
sum hectare sum lin m sum lin m lin m lin m m sum sum sum sum sum sum sum sum sum sum
25,000 5,000 50,000 50 15,000 20 150 30 5 150,000 35,000 50,000 20,000 10,000 15,000 30,000 1,000 200,000 30,000
25,000 350,000 50,000 250,350 15,000 86,240 67,500 57,300 396,000 150,000 35,000 50,000 20,000 10,000 15,000 30,000 1,000 200,000 90,000
1.3
500,000 450,000 62,500 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 3 3
m m m sum sum sum each sum each each each each each
3.00 2.00 35 750,000 200,000 100,000 12,000 2,000 100,000 450,000 350,000 30,000 15,000
1,500,000 900,000 2,187,500 750,000 200,000 100,000 48,000 2,000 400,000 450,000 350,000 90,000 45,000 200,000 200,000 500,000 500,000
2.0
Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program 2.1 Recycling System Support and Public Awarenss Program
3.0
Medical/Industrial Waste Management Assessment and Strategy 3.1 Medical/Industrial Waste Management Assessment
TOTAL
12,328,119
Page 28

Annexure
December 2010
(J40252334)
GHK Consulting Ltd.
Annex A1 Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey
ANNEX A1:
SIALKOT WASTE ASSESSMENT SURVEY
A week-long solid waste survey was conducted in Sialkot between 30 April 2010 and 6 May 201013. The survey assessed the amount and characteristics of waste from individual generators of four representative target groups, (i) a higher income residential community (Model Town), (ii) a medium income community (Shahbpura), (iii) a lower income community (Bonkan), and (iv) a selected number of commercial and institutional establishments (establishments). A total of 100 households were surveyed in each of the three residential community samples, and 34 establishments in commercial and institutional samples.14
Methodology
The methodology used included; (i) selection of sample areas, (ii) door-to-door surveys of individual households and establishments to introduce the program and collect basic data, (ii) daily distribution and collection of two color-coded plastic bags for each generator, one for wet waste and one for dry, (iii) waste transfer and storage at the processing facility, (iv) waste segregation, weighing, and recording, and (v) disposal of the waste. Figure A1.1: Waste Sample Transfer
13
14
The survey was performed by a group of Sialkot-based NGOs under contract through ADB PAK-7321: Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program. These included samples from schools, mosques, hospitals, government institutions, offices, shops, restaurants and markets.
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Figure A1.2:
Waste Processing Center
Results
Table A1.1: Household Generation Rates
High Income Model Town 0.16 0.07 0.36 0.33 1.02 0.11 0.10 0.04 0.27 2.46 0.35 Medium Income Shahabpura 0.17 0.07 0.27 0.27 0.88 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.30 2.15 0.31 Low Income Bonken 0.16 0.08 0.26 0.26 0.72 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.36 1.99 0.28
Component Glass Metals Paper/Cardboard Plastics Food/Organic Wood Leather/Rubber Electronics Other Average (Per Household) Average (Per Capita)
The average daily household generation was found to be 2.46 kg/household/day for the high income group, 2.15 kg/household/day for the medium group, and 1.99 kg/household/day for the low income group. Converting these to an average per-capita generation rate15 reveals that the daily per capita generation for the high, medium and low income groups are 0.35 kg/person/day, 0.31 kg/person/day and 0.28 kg/person/day respectively. The weighted percapita generation assuming a 10-60-30 distribution for high-medium-low income is 0.30
15
Assuming an average household size of seven.
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kg/person/day. Being a relatively well developed industrial-based city, this compares favourably with a similar waste assessment performed in Karachi in 2007, where the weighted average per-capita generation rate was found to be 0.33 kg/person/day16. Figure A1.4 summarizes the waste composition for the high, medium and low income groups. As shown, about 40 percent of household waste is food and organic waste, followed by plastics, paper (around 13 percent each), glass (8 percent), leather, wood and metals (34 percent each) and electronic waste (2 percent); As shown, there is little variation between the groups for each waste component. Figure A1.4: Household Waste Composition
Figure A1.5 presents the average weighted household composition alongside the average composition of the commercial and institutional establishments. As shown, the composition of both groups are similar, both with high organic/food waste content, followed by paper and plastics, and to a lesser extent, glass, wood, metals, leather/rubber and electronic waste Figure A1.5: Municipal Waste Composition
40.00 35.00 30.00 Percent 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00
Household Waste
16
Commercial/Institutional Waste
ADB 4753-PAK: Preparing the Mega City Sustainable Development Project
Page 33
Annex A2 Impacts of Uncontrolled Waste Management
ANNEX A2:
IMPACTS OF UNCONTROLLED WASTE MANAGEMENT
Without a functioning SWM system, Sialkots urban population and its environment will continue to endure significant environmental and human health impacts. This appendix briefly summarizes these impacts, described in terms of three primary issues; direct waste contact, uncontrolled waste dumping and social impacts.
Direct Waste Contact

Anyone exposed to solid waste without adequate protection faces potential health risks. This is of concern in Sialkot, due to the large amount of uncollected waste, illicit dumping, waste scavenging, and the potential that dangerous hazardous wastes (industrial and medical) are present in the general waste stream. Asian health surveys of workers and scavengers who are exposed to waste without proper protection tell a grim story (Figure A2.1): many suffer from illnesses and health effects17 Poor working conditions and a lack of protective clothing also result in excessive accident rates: worker populations commonly suffer from lacerations, wounds, and bites from dogs, rats and other disease vectors. Figure A2.1: Communities in Danger
Surveys showing percentages of waste workers with illnesses and health complaints at Asian dumpsites
Particulate and dust levels can be high where waste is piled, and can include asbestos, silicotic and other dangerous dusts. Decomposing wastes also produce gases, including methane, carbon monoxide, and volatile organics containing toxic and carcinogenic compounds. Waste burning, which is a practice in Sialkot, releases hazardous compounds into the atmosphere.18 Organic materials in waste provide a perfect feeding and breeding ground for insects and vermin; exposed waste piles can quickly become infested by flies, insects and mosquitoes (elevating malaria and dengue risks)
17
18
Including diarrhea, fever, chronic coughs and phlegm, colds, shortness of breath, skin infections, skin ulcers, respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments and visual problems. Other afflictions include dysentery, bronchitis, asthma and pneumonia, as well as the prevalence of parasites and malnutrition. These can include dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are known mutagens and teratogens (causing fetal defects), and are suspected human carcinogens (causing cancer).
Page 34
Figure A2.2: Vermin Breeding Ground
Waste Dumping
From the small scattered waste piles in the outer communities of Sialkot, to the larger dumping grounds within Sialkots urban area, solid waste dumping is causing acute environmental damage and threatens public health. Whether by truck, cart or by hand, waste is almost always uncovered when it arrives at its intended dumping destination, unnecessarily exposing nearby humans to direct contact with the waste as it decomposes. Many dumpsites in Sialkot are located in low-lying, often waterlogged areas, developed with the misconception that the waste provides a suitable, inert foundation for future development, when in fact all it does is seriously pollute and degrade the land. This is especially relevant in Sialkot, due to its high groundwater table. Waste is normally dumped directly onto the natural land surface, without any engineered containment systems. It is then left uncovered, sometimes picked through by recyclers, sometimes set on fire to remove metals, and then left permanently exposed to the elements, grazing animals and vermin. Waste piles can quickly build up in the dumping grounds, resulting in the potential for large scale sliding; waste can also block natural and artificial drainage pathways causing flooding. As waste piles decompose and degrade, and rainfall penetrates the exposed waste, contaminated liquids form inside. These liquids, known as leachate, can contain cocktails of organic and inorganic contaminants, which can be dangerous to humans and the environment. Worse, leachate can percolate through the sides of waste piles, flowing onto and polluting adjacent lands, rivers, other waterways and drainage channels. Any downstream uses of these waters can affect humans directly, such as the consumption and use of river and surface water which is polluted with leachate. Leachate can also percolate through the base of the waste and into the underlying rocks. Here, it may also mix with and contaminate the groundwater within the rocks.
GHK Consulting Limited J40252334 Page 35
Figure A2.3: Waste Piles
Rodent populations can flourish, causing outbreaks of leptospirosis (causing fever and nerve inflammation), bubonic plague (a lymphatic infection spread by rodent fleas) and hanta virus (a lethal infectious respiratory disease). Human feces and pumped septage, often present in waste, can also contain dangerous pathogenic organisms; this can inadvertently be ingested by domestic animals grazing on waste and re-enter the food chain. Added to this are the industrial and medical wastes which can enter the municipal waste stream in Sialkot; these can be toxic, infectious, reactive, ignitable, radioactive or corrosive.
This polluted groundwater can later be extracted through groundwater wells, resulting in the direct contamination of humans from the polluted well water. Waste decomposition can also generate large amounts of gas, known as landfill gas. These gases contain significant quantities of methane, followed by carbon dioxide, and traces of many other gases and contaminants. Landfill gas is potentially toxic, explosive, and is a potent greenhouse gas; it contributes significantly to global warming. Figure A2.4 shows the contaminant pathways for leachate and landfill gas, and a summary of the dangers of uncontrolled dumping are shown on Figure A2.5 overleaf.
Page 36
Figure A2.4: Contaminant Pathways
Social Impacts
Many of Sialkots residents are familiar with the illicit dumping of waste within the city; a problem which has existed for many years. Whether a community endures the dumping of its own waste, or is accepting vast quantities of waste from other areas, there are many social impacts caused. Dumped waste is unsanitary, visually ugly and potentially threatens nearby communities and environs. It can devalue surrounding land and asset prices, restricting their future use. Dumpsite operations can also exact a toll on communities from noise, dust, odors, litter, traffic and accidents along access corridors and around dumpsites. Communities are also often concerned about the impacts of exposed waste, landfill gas and leachate pollution, and about uncontrolled migrant recycling colonies building up around sites and along access corridors. All in all, uncontrolled dumpsites and waste dumping cause a range of social impacts. These can however can be mitigated through proper SWM planning and implementation, including the development of environmentally safe waste treatment and disposal facilities and their supporting systems.
Page 37
Figure A2.5:
Dumpsite Dangers
Habitat Destruction Unplanned waste dumping and dumpsite proliferation can permanently destroy natural habitats and cause other environmental damage. Dumping can impact on endemic species, cause species imbalance, and cause the explosive growth of insect and rodent populations.
Noise, Dust, Odors, Litter Dumpsites disrupt neighbouring communities. Waste trucks thunder through communities, bringing noise, traffic, dust and scattered waste problems. Odors and blowing litter from dumpsites are also frequent problems, due largely to the waste not being covered.
Disease Vectors Organics and food waste within general waste make a perfect habitat for vermin, such as flies, mosquitoes, rats, dogs and birds. Unchecked, vermin populations can grow explosively, resulting in infestations at dumpsites and within surrounding communities.
Exposed Waste Dumped waste is rarely covered. It needlessly exposes dumpsite workers to waste, propagates dangerous scavenging practices, increases the likelihood of waste fires, augments vermin infestations, and accelerates leachate and landfill gas production.
Drainage and Flooding Dumpsites often block natural and built drainage pathways, causing floods and increasing the likelihood of flood waters contacting contaminated waste.
Slope Instability Unchecked garbage mounds can quickly become unstable. If they are piled up too steeply, or if they are placed on an inclined or wet surface, they can slide with little warning. Sliding waste can be a killer, as under certain conditions, it can smother entire communities.
Leachate Contamination As waste decomposes, and rainfall penetrates it, liquids form within it. These liquids, known as leachate, contain contaminants which leak out and pollute adjacent rivers, waterways, and underlying groundwater. These contaminants can pass on to humans if they drink or use the polluted waters.
Landfill Gas Pollution Decomposing waste produces large amounts of gas within the waste, known as landfill gas. Being laden with methane, carbon dioxide and many contaminant compounds, landfill gases can be explosive, toxic and are potent greenhouse gases.
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Annex A3 Solid Waste Management Facility Design
ANNEX A3:
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY DESIGN CONCEPTS
The conceptual layout of a proposed SWM facility for Sialkot has been developed, in order to demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating this important SWM component in the overall SWM strategy19. The SWM facility envisioned covers an area of approximately 70 hectares, and is designed to serve Sialkots municipal waste disposal and other needs until 2030 and possibly beyond. Ideally it will be accessed through a purpose-built, three-lane access road, one lane for truck queuing, one for site access and one for exit. The entire facility boundary will be fenced, surface drainage provided, and the entrance will include a lockable main gate. The general layout of the conceptual facility is shown on Figure A3.1, and the facility is envisioned to include the following key operation areas;
Facility Service Area (Figure A3.2)

This is a multi-function area which will host the following components, a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Four lane (on-site) access road leading to the weighbridge and the facility areas. A weighbridge with a single platform each side. Every waste truck entering and leaving the site will be weighed and the weights electronically recorded. A site office and parking area, from where all SWM system activities will be directed. This facility will be staffed by the SWM Department of SWSC. A research and development center to manage various SWM research tasks such as waste characterization surveys, recycling initiatives and training. A vehicle workshop and parking areas, capable of fully servicing all waste collection vehicles, landfill equipment and other equipment and vehicles. Parking areas and an office for all waste collection vehicles and equipment. Perimeter and on site drainage. A vehicle washing area, to clean vehicles exiting the site.
Sanitary Landfill (Figure A3.1,Figure A3.3 and Figure A3.4 ) With a total footprint of about 25 hectares, the landfill is projected to accommodate all of Sialkots municipal waste to 2030 and beyond. It will be constructed in cells. The initial cell, to be constructed during Tranche 2, will have a base area of about 6.25 hectares, providing disposal capacity for the initial two to three years of operation. The landfill will be constructed with the following features; a. b. c. d. e. f.
19
An excavated and recompacted base to form a solid foundation20. A base of compacted, engineered fill materials, to form the base of the landfill21. A composite liner and leachate collection system to contain contaminated liquids from percolating through the base (Figure A3.3) A soil protective layer over the liner and leachate collection system. Daily and intermediate covers to cover the waste every day. A landfill gas (LFG) collection system.
Although an initial siting assessment was undertaken as part of project preparation activities, a suitable, long term site for the proposed facility needs to be secured following further detailed site assessment and public consultation activities. This is to be completed during Tranche 1, leading to facility construction and commissioning during Tranche 2. The depth required will be based on geotechnical testing of the earth materials during the design phase; for planning purposes at this stage a depth of 2 meters has been assumed. It is envisioned that the entire base of the landfill facility will need to be raised above existing ground level to help mitigate the unlikely potential of short term flooding impacts around the selected site. For planning purposes at this stage, a height of 1 meter above existing grade is assumed.
20
21
Page 39
g. h. i.
Final covers, including erosion control features and vegetation. Site drainage. Landfill equipment, including three sheepsfoot compactors/tractors, an excavator, two dump trucks and a bulldozer.
Leachate and Landfill Gas Treatment Facilities (Figure A3.1)

As shown on the drawings, areas have been allocated for these facilities. They will be completely fenced, and access restricted. It is envisioned that the LFG treatment facility will initially consist of a flare system; later on, the potential of LFG recovery for secondary uses can be evaluated. The potential also exists for the facility and the LFG component to be registered under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), potentially making the site eligible for Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
Earth Material Excavation Areas (Figure A3.1)

Excavation areas are also provided within the site to provide earth materials to be used in landfill construction and for daily cover over the waste. These areas also provide a buffer zone.
Page 40
Figure A3.1:
General Layout of the Conceptual Facility
Page 41
Figure A3.2:
Design Concepts: Facility Service Area
Page 42
Figure A3.3
Design Concepts: Landfill Base Configuration
Page 43
Figure A3.4:
Design Concepts: Landfill Surface Configuration
Page 44
GHK Consulting Limited

Clerkenwell House, 67 Clerkenwell Road, London, EC1R 5BL, UK Tel: +44 (0) 20 7611 1100 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7368 6960 E-mail: email@ghkint.com Internet: http://www.ghkint.com
GHK Consulting Limited

House No. 5, Officer Block, Noor Pur Road, Muslim Town, Faisalabad, Pakistan Tel & Fax: +90 (0) 41 8817644-5 E-mail: email@ghkpak.com Internet: http://www.ghkpak.com

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TA 7321 PAK Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program

Government of Punjab The Urban Unit