FM 7-40

FIELD

MANUAL

SCOUT DOG TRAINING

AND

EMPLOYMENT

H E

ft

D Q U

R T E

fl

DEPARTMENT

OF THE

ARMY
1973

MARCH

PM 7-40
FIELD

MANUAL

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Washington,
D.

No

7-40

C.

March 1073

SCOUT DOC TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT

GHAPTEH

1, 2.

INTRODUCTTON

L
^^

SCOUT DOG TEAM TRATNING

Si:r#sn]ng
Princlplfli

Section

Ir

Dojm
of

for

TraininE
...
-.-

^'

' 5 9

II.
Til.

Training

Tralnlnj RmjuiremBnti

1113 1419

CHAfTO
Section

3,
I.

THE POOD-REWARD METHOD

General
20

XL

The SPBTCh Chiin

2B3Z

U
it
2S 2 36

Cbaptck
SBCtion

4.
1.

BASIC SCOUTING
GerenU
SuBpkiouA TnininbTraining ConsidemilDna
[nieuriiilon of
-

SSZi
--

11.

38

3S

HI.
IV.

----Miiu-n.

3^

*^

TripwlMs,

BoohTlrnnj

4866

And

Cach

CbaptBI
aection

5.
1.

INTERMEDIATE SCOUTING
Tmlnlni Coiiidationi EffKU of Wind Md Tflrrain
Ditflctffln

7flO
61,62

43
44

11.

IIL
IV-

at PHisnfl*! and Equiurrunt Undcnrround,

63Bfl
''*^

M
*^

Above sroiuid, ind Underwmttr Nithi Trmmlna

Cbawbh
StEon

a.
1.

3PEC1AIJ2ED TRAINING G-nml

Rir
Crouinff
-

''
"^2-

'^
^^

*^ SB

IL

m.
IV.

Rapi-uiTii

'^''^5

"

Sreh

of

BoUt-Up Arena

^S1
9Z-^i

^
69

CaAyTBt

7.

ADVANCED SCOUTING

S.

EMPLOYMENT
G*ntL
a-
fll 100
-

Stdon L

'1 73 ^^

n.

Trpa

of EmpIoyiMiiE

AmiHDix

A.
B.

ftEFBRENCBa

C. D.

PATEOL BRIEFING DATA GUIDE 9ENTBV DOG THAlNING

BASIC SCOUTING

82

^
9'^

AREA LAYOUT

INDEX

^*

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

\.

Purpose

team can ptovjde the commander with the

lowing;
a.

fol-

This manual is a ffuide for Army personnei charged wjtb the training and employment of acout do^ teams. When combined with other applicable manuals and programs of inatfuction, this manual forms the basis for conduct of a formal program for the trainiiiff of scout doga and
handlers. Additionally, this manual provides guid-

early detection of individuals or groups in the vicinity of a friendly patrol (ambushea, snipers),

Silent,

Detection of friendly position.

be.

infiJtraiors

sp^toaching

ance for commanders and staff

eapafaifiCles, imitations,

officer's

in the

and

tacticaE

empteyment

Qf scout dos: elements

[n

infantry operations,

Assistance in the detection of tunnels, bunkers, or other means of hiding- personnd and/ or storing food, ammunition, or supplies.
d.

Scope

Assistance

in

the

detection

of

casualty-

producing devices.

This mBnual covers the general and speciaiiaed aspects Of the training and employment of scout dags and handier^.

6.

Limitatfoni

d^
3.

,Vort:
Is

FM

20-20, Baalc Ca>* and TrilnruB of Mtlit&ry a pr#nqui4lt :ar UAe of ihi4 njAnuL ]atlvF to

The Scout Dog Team

one trained Gerscout dog and one schooUtraioed
caaBiats of

The scout dcg tesm

man Shepherd

handler. Most of the Inforamtion in this publication deals with the trajninj and employment of this element- Scout dog teams can be grouped

Although the scout dog team is a tactical element, it La neither self-austaining nor selfprotectiuf Since the handler must concentrate hia efforts on interpreting his doff's reactions, and on controlling ttie dog during contact with the enemy, the team is normally provided with one or more bodyguards to protect the team until the handler can defend himself or withdra'.v
>

from contact
7a.

adminiatracive, technical, and command and control personnel to form scouc dog platoons or sections of composite tactical dog platoons. A detailed diacuaaion is contained in chapter 8.
4.

with

Evolution of th Concvpl

dof, under various names, has supported combat operations for over SfOOO yearsThe requirement for a means of providing early

The scout

warning of the enemy

Scour Dog

is essential to

any army-

Tom Mftifon

b.

The modern

The mission of

evolution of the scout dog

team

the acout dog team is to support Infantry combat operations by providing silent.
out-

ear^ warning of foreign presence or devices side the main body of supported troops,
5.

CapabHititf

The scout dog's superior senses of ameJl, hearing, and sight enable it to give silent indication of the presence of a variety of foracgn presences. Combined with the handler's ability to interpret these indicattons and judge their significance, the

as a tactical element began in World War TT, when large numbers of s<:out dogs were employed succesgfu[fy by the Afh'ed antf Axis powers in ali theaters of operation. The United States deployed and utilized large numbers of scout dogs during WoT-M Wiii- II (15 pJfllDPns;, the Korean Conflict (3 platoons), and the Vietnam Conflict (2S platoons).
A/Choqgii the acoat Jog's moat effective utilization in the past has been in unconventional or counterguerrilla warfare, the adaptability of the
c.

concept (the aae of modem behavioral trainiiiff methods, and the ^ievelopment of electronic control meaaureg) will insure the value of the scout dog team in any future conflict
S.
a.

has reaponaibifity :or trnining instructors, leadetg, handlers, and dogs in the ai;oiit dog pro-

gram.

Comvrand. Commandera are reaponaible for the proper employment, handlin^n care and con^

Responiimmiei
fmininij.

tinuej training of scouc dojja aasiened or attached

to their unita.

The US Army Infantry School

CHAPTER

SCOUT DOG TEAM TRAINING

Section I
9.

SCREENING

DOGS FOR TRAINING

of physical and psychological traits manifested, the board may reject a dog before it is accepted,

Procedure

The scoot dog is the basic infantri' tactical dog. As sach. it must be more versatite and adapCab/fl than other military working dogs. The term
"screening" refers to the procedure used to claasify dogs tor the type at military service for which they seem best qualified. This daasiflcation la based on observation of the physical and psycho^ Eo^cal traits manifested by the dogs from the time they are tested upon arrival at reception

or at any time during training,

10,

Selection for Type of Spci(illicl Training

claasiflcation

throughout their baBJc training period, and even after they have begun apeciaiized training. It is imperstivE to continue observing the dogs throughout the training pro-am. The potentiolitiea of some dogs and inherent weakneaaea of others may come to light
troining^

and

board has the responsibility for deciding which dogs will be trained as scout dogs anij which will be trained for other duty. The selection is based on consideration of the demonstrated qualities of an individual dog as

The

centers^

measured against the requirements for the aev eral types of duty. Scouting makes many demands on a dog's intelligence, temperament, and stamina. Dogs that qualify best in these traits may be
selected for acout training.

During the course

uDKipectedly- The dofa are initially observed by a daa3ilii:atlon board conaiatiug of a commanding officer and selected inatructors^ On the basis

dog may ahow that It is not, after all, suitable. It may then be transferred to another type of training.
of acout training,
a.

Section IL

PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING
and river crossing are integrated
ing.

1 1

Genrol

into the train-

Basic dog training is an end in itself. It serves simply, hut necessarily, to develop in dogs the behavior that is eaaential to efficient and effective
training for apecific military funddons. that successfully completes basic training

dog

is dis-

ciplined and prepared to receive instruction in ita particular military duties. Furthermore, its

Basic scouting eraphasiaes teaching the handler how to read his dog's alerts, teaehing the dog what Co aJert on, and deweiopfcg team ability in scouting; techniques auch as quartering the fleld and suspicioua training.
b.
c-

behavior during basic training, if properly observed, la an indication of the type of specialfied training for which it ia best auited12.
a.

Boobytraps are introduceij during interme-

diate training along with medium range patrolling- Emphasis is on tripwire explosives and

mineSs

Scout Training

TTaiwiig the dog

to scaat

begins immedi-

ately after obedience training. This training is subdivided into basic, intermediate, and advanced scouting. During the latter portion of training

rappelling, village and/or built-ui> area search.

In advanced scouting the hsndler Is ready to employ what he has learned. Decoys are set Dot over a large area and the h^dJ^ is subjected to all types of terrain and unuaual conditiohs in order to find the ilecoy. A number of dog teams are tsJ^en out on patrol with one team scouting at a time. The handler should now be ready to
d.

his devkes. scout over dry grouncl, hiHsr and

detect the

enemy and

He

learns to

swnmps. Ob-

also by the goal of accompli shitiu a ?n]53ion. The dog- can and should be trained fo coinplete a

croasmg a logp a atreamn or a deep ravine should be mastered that both the dog and handier jain c;onfidencsH
stacles such aa

tngk as an end in itself^ not simply for the snke of reward by the handler. In all trainingp therefore, the dog must be permitted to finish every exercise successfullyp no mtitler how Tiany errors
it

13.

Sfatemenr of Principles
effectiveness of apeciaJized dog training defar

makes. The dog mast alwa^js succeed.

f.

The

Terrain, Di3tra':tions. Traininj

in

is

conducted

pends on the regard shown fundamentn] principles

h

the fQllo"wln^

over varying terrain and

and

the face of gunfire other distrjictLons to develop the doj^'s re-

aponaibility

for ^iven tasks

its

and

to

insure the

The General Attitude of tfu H^indler. A handler must fully really the importjince of the work that he \a doing. He must understand and
a.

accomplishment of
f-

mission.

appreciate the fact that dojfs are used to conserve nmnpowerp conserve lif e> and to further the work of the military service through the use of their innate abiiities.

The Ability of the Dog is Developed by Training Dunnff Daylight. The effects of daylight training will carry over into actual service

at nisht. Training

Js difficuJt

to conduct in dark-

The ImpcrtaTice of the Handler-Dog Reta^ tioTtship, The dog and handler must ^ork as a teanin Therefore^ no handler must be forced to train an animal that he deems unsuitable. For the same reason, if a dog^ appears unwilling to serve a. certain haadlerp it may be necessary to assign it to another. On the other hand, once a team ha been establishedp the relationahlp should be maintained. Only the handler should pralat
b.

ness because the handler cannot see well enough to observe the dog's errors and correct them. But the dog can carry over the effects of good daylight training into night performance. The dog and handler must be proAclent in daylight training before any training at night is attempted.

feedp or otherwise handle his dog.

Previous Traimn^ Maintains a/nd Raises the Level of Performance. Handlers must use their beet judgrnent in determininj how often previously learned everciaes should be reg. Revievi of

peated,

Assoaniioti of Id^as Fti/^itatea Lmming. Where special equipment is used, the dog must leam^ to asaociate this equipment with ita work,
c.

K
on
ed,

Siicceaaful Training of Scotd

Doga Depends

Care Taken for Their Welfare. Unleeia the dogs are kept in ffood health* properly groomthe
fed,

Motivation. The do; should be motivated not only by food, or by praise and pettingp but
d.

and kenneled, the effectiveness of the training program will be diminished-

Stion
1

111.

TRAINING REQUIREMNTS
necessary that auHicient qualiiied personnel be available to permit the assignment of one instructor/trainer to three student/dog teams (in effect, one instructor to six "students"). To provide realism, insure troop and dog safety, and achieve the requisite technical proficiency, this ratio should he maintained as closely as
It is therefore

A.

General

Most types of military dog training require an unusually high instructor/student ratio. Except
for obedience training, nearly all practical training must be conducted on an individual basia.

The primary reason for

this

is

the fact that the

instructor/trainer will normally be training students with untrained doga. Since the dog cannot

possible.

understand verbal

instruction,

the

instructor/

trainer must "filter" his instruction to the dog through the medium of a student who is himself untrained. This unique aspect of military dog training demands an unusually high degree of expertise and patience on the part of the instructor/trainer. Other reasons include the types of terrain over which instruction is conducted, and the fact that each student team mut be worked individually on uncontaminated training lanes.

15.

lnrtry<tor/Traiiir

.VnJfl;

The inntructor/trainfr

[a

lermeHi bfcauie ho

both inslracCB students and traljia doga, akilla whieh &re intcEFated yat dLatLnct. For aimplLcitri he will herssfte? be referred Id as an in^uurtoT.

conducting scout dog team training should rest with qualified military dog
Responsibility
trainers

for

(instructors)

(MOS OOC). Whenever

possible they should have previous experience in

.-.coat

das

trajn[jii;.

Whun

shonase uf

qualified

,1.

Choke

^jhain tuilar,

trainers exists, e^-perienced scant dog handlera may be used as asaistant instructors. This ia not. liowever, desirable since few handlers have the

b. c.

Leather collar.
^-foot,

and

^.i-foot leashes.

deplK of experieni:*- neceasary to cope -vith the many traminj: and motivational prohlema that
iiievjtibly

T.
t.

Feed pan.
k'enne! nr "stake out" chain.

develop

.n

training scout dag teams.

16,

Handlers

Equipment

holder.

do? and Its handler. Handler/students must meet the requirements discussed in FM 20-30, The handler ig responsiole for the daily care and arooniine of his dog and the maintenance of it3 kennei area. Since a strong bond of affection between dog and handler must be eatablished and maintained, each handler should be assigned only one dog, and he should retain that animal until they graduate as a team or until one of them ia eliminated from the training program,

icciut

dog team

con^iists of

one

sc:oiit

J.

fntrenchini; tool.

h.

Harness.

[.

A pouch or
Whistle, military

baa for carrying

food.

y.

worker's apron (tig 1) IS ideal for carrying food, although ammunition pouches or other items which can be secured

The

construction

to the

web

belt are acceptable.

17,

Dogi
must he available

19.

Terrain

so that there is one for every student to be trained. An additional number of dogs equal to at least 10 percent of each
Sufficient dogs

atudent class should be available. In any given group, a certain number of students and dogs will not be psychologically or motivationally compatible, thus, sufficient excess dogs must be available to allow for proper "mating" of handler

All infantry tactical dog training requires large areas of terrain. Fifty student scout dog teams, for example, require a minimum of 10,000 acres good rule of thumb is to of training area,

multiply the

number

of

teams by 100 acres, and

then doublfi or triple this figure to allow for rotation. There are three primary reasons for these large terrain requirements.

and dog.
18,

Equipmn|

Scout dog handlers require the following equipment in addition to their normal fteld gear:

C&ntamvnation. After scout dog training has been conducted In a given area for approrimatdy 1 week, the area becomes so contaminated by confusing human and animal scents that it
tu

FiffwvT. MUitarff ajinm Ktfd

if

oarrv

fo^ hr

dog.

becomes dirfkuJt or impossilile for the dogs to distinguish between thtse scents and chose of th*
personnel they are expected to locate. For this reason, areas should be rotated weekly to allow the diitractinjr scents to dis:?ipivte, the vegeCafion ta re<Jover, and to prevent the dogs from hei:oming t&o familiar with
h.
Sit'r.t<t
a.

scout dau team must be trained to operate effectively over any type of terrain. For this reason, maximnm use mual he made of the terrain diversity in any military' training area. Ideally, basjc scouting should be
c.

Uzversincaiion.

'Lne

conducted over relatively open,

level terraiiu

A.^i

given area,

ajid Proxim't7i. Since nearly all 3<:oiit

dos; traininsj is condutjted in the otf-lejsh mode, the teams in training must be dispersed to pre-

the compiexuy of training progresses, so must the complexity of the terrain. The hnal stage? of advanced scouting should be conducted ovei the most difficult terram :ivai]able.

vent the possibility of injury to personnel or doif3 by dog lights. In addition, training lanes must be far enough apart so that a team working one lane is not distracted or interfered with by a team on another lane.

mum
thatt

use of

hills,

making u\^x'.streams, woods and all-type

obstacles.

natural and

manmade

final point

:;

ed

in

where feasible, training should be conductan area which resembles the area to which

the teams are to be deployed jservice unit).

CHAPTER

THE FOOO-REWARD

METHOD

Section I
20.

fNTRODUCTJON
cessfully trained, to a higher overall degree of proficiency, in less time than by the praise-

Gonvel

There are two btiaic methoda used in thft training of mjiiit&ry dogz, the prBise-puniahment metliod and the food-reward method- Both methods make use of thft principle Of reward for perforroflnco and punishment for nonperformance or mJabehavior-

puniahmeht method.
11.

Food

Two
tt

typea of food are necessajry for auccesafaf use of the food-^reward method:

Praite'PitTiiahment Metht>d. This is the traditiooal method uaed by animal trainers. Simply
a.

stated,

when

the dog successfuJiy performs

some

rewarded by praiae and petting. When it fails to perform, or miabehaves^ it is puniahed by verbal disapproval sad physical diEcomfort or Enild pain. This method la moat effectively used where hig^hly disciplined dogs are required, and in training military dogs which must be Hiffhly
taak
it is

Training Food. This is the food given the dogs as a reward for performing Kome taak. For this purpose a ^mmerdslly-pnp&red sott'UtoJat dog food (FM 20-20) in the form of cubes or large pellets is uaed. The cubes must be easily handled and must not crumble when handled^ Each handler will require 1 to 2 pounds of training food for his dog each trainfuB; day.

agvresvve.

FoodrRewtird Method. This meth<Kl is ^atively new to miiitaty dogr trainina-. although it haa long been used by snimal behavlorisli. It
b.

Gotd Food. Goal food is a key factor In the use of the food-reward methbd. This food ia given after the laat work seaaion if the dog haa performed weU. For this purpose:, aae a cottunercially-prepared, meat-base cann^ dog food which
b.

to us behavioral coaditioning, stimulus-reaponae training, or operant conditioning. In this method, the animal ia conditioned to associate the performance of a task or the preia

also referred

is especially appetising. At the completion of the last work session of the day^ the dog is given

sence of a particular object or odor with the

apiwaranc* of food and praifltf. The dos Jaanu that performing a task, such as locating an object or scent, will bring the food reward and praiae. Here the food-reward method departs from the traditional method in that it advances the degree of aufatfety. Failure to perform a (iven task, rather than bringing physical puniahment, brings ot:\y the absence of food. This may aeem overly aimple. but since food is, after sex, the moBt important motivation to the dog, the method is extremely effective. Thia method ta moat effectively uaed in training militsry doga which must pepfbfm a large variety of unre^ted tasks, or where the task to be performed is quite complex or difficult. One Important advantage of this method ia that, out of a given group of untrained dogs, a larger percentage can be suc-

the remainder (if any) of its preacribed daily ration of training food plus the canned food. If a dog haa not performed well that day, it rec^iu^a nc ffwci food} (Goal tood fa not given

on nonworking days.) The dOgs quickly learn that they munt perform well each day in order
to earn their goal food.

KEMBEB; THE KEY TO USE OF THE FOOD-REWARD METHOD IS THAT THE DOG RECEIVES ONLY THE

FOOD THAT IT EARNS THE DOG IS NEVER GIVEN FREE FOODI

22.

?r9paraiion

Prior to introducing a dog to the food-reward siethod. jt JJi Arst necesasry to deprive the dog of food for 4B houra, Thia is normally done over a weekend. By doing thia, the dog's hunger will increase its motivation to leam. During training^ the dogs are also partially deprived on weekends

and other nonworkin^ days. Depending on each doj'a food requirementSH appetite, and motivation, it may be given fu[I ration (minus goal food) on Saturdays and half-ration an Sundays or half-ration on Saturdays and no ration on
Sundays.
23.

team while workina^ and by reducing the amount of training nrea required. There
isoiating ea<:h

should be one pen per

Veterinary Supervision

CJose coordination with nnd supervision hy the station veterinarian is necessary when asing the food-reward methodn No dog should undergo the preparatory food deprivation until the veterinariao^ has insured Chat the do^s state of health will allow it. Due to variations in moEivatiDn and appetitCp some dogs will gain or lose weight during training. Close coordination "with veterinary personnel will prevent excessive weight loss or gain. If a dog is unable to leara quickly

teams in training; wheu necessary, up to ten teams can work with one pen^ but the number of trials per team will be reduced. Ench pen [fis 2) ahould be constructed of jiny fence post material and ^J^-inth chicken wire. Dimensions shouJd be 10 feet wide by 20 to SO feet long. One end should have a simple gate in it. If pens are unavallabiep conditioning mu5t he performed with the dogs on leash. (See appendix Dp example layout of basic
five

scouting area.)

25,

Th Rainforcer Wofd Good

is

The word '^Good"

enough

to

earn

its

minimum

daily

ratioQp

it

ahould be eliminated from trainingH 24,

Training Pena
essential^ tralninff

used throughout training as a reinforoer to inform the dog that it haa performed an expected taak properly and/or that food is about to appear. "G<K>d" is called a reinforcen not a {^ommandp aince it is normally given in a low-to-moderatep pleased tona of voice rather than in a commanding tone. Food is the other
reinforcer for training purposes, ('^Good" and food are called positive reinforcera; punishment in a negative reinf orcer^

Although not

P^^

facilitate

the introduction of the food-reward method hy

FigMTA

t^

rro^itip p*tu

in

2b.
Eiitzh

CDfidiTioning

of

'GQgd'^
L^proti
filled

handler sho^Jd we:ir his

with

trainini^ food.
in

The apron
Che
his

iti

worn
side
leash,
:i

at the wa]5C,
(fig"

fron*-

of
\v]ll

or on
C:ikt^

riuht doy'd

3)^

The
i:;

Kindh^f
i^Lite.

KLs ^lny into the pen. close The

Li];d

romove

Thu

rJr^r;

Ldlovvt."]

10 I'^nm [diout *hii

it-^

to LLt.vu^roni :t^Ai to
let"

low ininntes 3i]froi]nLl]ni^- The handpen for

then

l^'tTLns iJie ri:hnaitLon]n]r to "l5oiiii_"

V

^c_

Stt J

Whi=ni^vj_^r

tli^
]t

do^^
L:i

lt

r]ear

th-i

and eapec]ariy if the htindler aaya "Gomii" takes a cube of food from
hiLncilern
it in

lookinjj at him.

aecond later he his apron and places

l/Ll

hlada^'s

itioiich
is

(R^

-I),

and aW future atage^ ^f i:QndL tinning. The prO[:Edqre muat oittuyt b^: "G^mdr' i ~ sen^flrid pause, appeftranH:e o/ iotxl- Tlie handler muEt not ]VQ the dDg an}^ cue gr aLgnii], aLich 19 renchmr tuw&rd the aprfln or bending over t>eCore the word '^Gcd" ifi ftaid. This proccdui-B \s intLnud for uvermi ttiaCSt until the doff atarta waUhin^ its handler and wtJtinf for food, i^r other wlAe eidiLblta what a termed ''beS^rLff
jVoe:
TLTrim;?

Gsaentlil during

thia

behavior
b.

"

Step S. The handler waits until his dot looks or moves away from him before saying "Good" followed 1/2 second later by food as before. When the handler ia sure his dog is respondijig to "Good" and not other sianals^ such as various body movements, he can bejpf^ "shap-

responses Conditioning of "'Gcwd" is considered complete when the handler can "shape" the dog to move away from him with the word "Go^Jd/' Traininff time for the averaffe dog is five or sis trials* each lasting 10 to 15
ing^' his dog's
^

minLites-

27.
a.

Exercise

in

Shoping Proedurs

FiffuT^

J.

HanditT" wtariiiff imlii^ry apr^m*

St&p 1, To shape the dog's behavior into a certain response, such as moving away from the handler^ he says "Good'" whenever his dog ^^^^

away from him

away"
&.

untii

the dog repeats ''looking

consistently.
2.

The handler waits until his dog makes a slight move away from him before saying 'Good," and continues this until the doR repeats "starting to move away."
Step Step J. Thfi handler waits untii his don takes a step away, then several ateps^ or until the dog
c.

moves 4 or 5 feet each time, before saying and h:ive [he dog reCuru for food.
d.

''Good''

handler will hav^ to wait a long time for hia dog to accidentally go to the right spot in the pen. He will have to wait again to get his dog to continuously go to that apot, and he must expect only slow results. During this phase of training some dogs will become quite confused, and many will constantly hesitate until they are sure they are performing the correct action. Many handlers will also become impatient or discouraged during this periodi especially if :hey see other handlers' dogs progressing faster than their own^ The instructors muat consrantly remind the handlers that each dog progresses at its own

Step

in

away/' the the dog moves in a desired direction. The instructor must insure that the handler doesn't expect too much of his dog at one time. The

When the- dog repeats "moving handler may wait to say "Good" unU\

pace and encourage them to be patientn If a handler becomes disgusted or loses his tempern any benefit from that day's training may be
lost.
e.

StApa 5 and

S.

One good technique

for

gflt-

11

FiffTirf

;.

Pta^^ff

foO<l in doff'j

m^u^A.

pen is to "Divide' the pen into progressiiel/ smaller sections. The handler should stand in the
lo a certain spot in the

ting the dog to

mov^

center of the pen. He may then reinforce his dog only when it is in that half of the pen to his front (fig 5), Next, he may reinforce his dog

only when it is in one quadrant (flg- 6)r and so forth until the dog continuously moves in on[y

one direction. The handier constantly withholds reinforcernent until his dog gets a little closei to the desired spot, and expects a little more each time. Once the handler has his dog going tc a particular apot^ he must never reinforce hi dog for doing le35, such as going only halfway to the spot. Training time for the average dog if two or three 10 to 15 minute sessions.

12

HANDLER

DOG

Fiffun

S.

Dividinff

pn

{irainittff faffilitv),

doa in oju haif

af p*n.

ripure

B.

Diiridivo p*n, quadroMt.

13

Section

THE SEARCH CHAIN

alerting on S. brings food; this leads to Si near the feed pan; the dog alerting on Si brings food; this leads to the presence of S- without the feed

2 a.

General
(fig

a aequence of eventa whereby the procedure outlined in paragraphs 20 through 27 is used to ahape the dog's hehavior toward some practical task {e.^., obedience sx~ qrcise, finding people, boobytrnps, and the like).
7)
la

The search chain

pan
this

the dog alerting on Sj brings food,"

In the same manner as the dog's behavior was shaped to go to a particular spot in the pen^ it can be shaped to perform aimost any desirable
action.

"pairing" procedure, iiny actions or objects can be introduced to the dog in a ihort period of time.

By using number of new

31.
ft.

Bcsic Search Chain Procedure (TO Sfapi)

29.

Basic Search Chain

basic search chain can be

Step 1 Orientatiim on Feed Patt. Before takjng the dog into the pen, pEace a pan with water and an empty pan at the far end of the
pen. so the

The

diagramed ag an unvarying, continuous sequence of simple events

S,

dog can drink when

it

wishes.
in

One

as follows:

R, - Rf,

S,

H,

Rf,

the above sequence can be read as "The First Stimulus (3) (a feed pan) plus the First Besponaa (H) ((oing to the feed pan) leads to the First Reinforcer (Rf) (Good + food) which leads to the opportunity to go to the feed pan again which leads to "(Jood" + food

As an example,

an aprou, will stand behind the pan (initially this should be an assistant instructor; later another handler can do this). The handler takes his dof Into tha pen and stands 6 to 12 feet from the pan, facing the dropper {tig 8). Thd dropper will take one cube of food at a time, hold it at about waist height (fij 9), and drop It into the pan so that
it

man,

called the "dropper,"

with food

makes an audible "plunk," or

Nott: Thi dropprr should

noise.

which leads to
30.
Pairing

'*
,

The primary purpose of the search chain is to provide a basic stimulus (S,) which can be associated or ^-paired," with practical actions to teach the dog. in smooth steps, its job of finding people and objects. Sfrnplj- stated, the baaic

Qnt prAcU thu id thit tha fuhta wU] not brnjiwa cut iMib> the jfroond. Any food which fiillt to Oie gnand. at any time, must b plckid u^ ind diKtrdsd. Othenrlto ^e dcff nill Icnlc for Ehis "free tood" rvther thui par tttntlon (o lt< wqtIc

As quickly as
ped.

and
ant.
is

eats a cube, another is dropAfter five to six trials, the dropper halts waits until the dog Udki inio the pan

the

dog

^orients) before continuinif.

Timing

is

import-

stimulus <3,) is paired with a new stimulus (9.) unit the dog responds to both. S^ is then faded out of the picture until the doff responds only to the

The food must be dropped aa the dog's head sning down to the pan, NOT when it is coming

new

stimulus.

As an

iriustrative example, S, will

up. This procedure, if properly followed, will soon cause the dog to look into the pan as soon as it

represent a strange person or object, and R, the dog's response, which may be looking suspiciously at an object or alerting. Incorporating these new
factors into the baaic search chain, the procedure will look like this:
5,

has eaten the previous cube. Orientation is considered complete when the handler takes his dog to the pan and It immediately orients on the pan. Traning time for the average dog is two 10to 15-minute sessions.
&,

Rf, R. -* Rf, -* S,

R,

S,,,

+ H,,

+ R,

Bf,

S..,

5*p

*JJeoiii

frdmins^ Begin
1.

this

ses-

Rf.

sion with a quick review of step

which can be read as '*the presence of the feed pan + the dog going to the feed pan brings
presence near the feed pan of 3,; the dog going to the feed pan and
;

should bes:in by standing about %

pan.

The handler feet from the

The dropper

will

drop one cube of food.

food

this leads to the

After the dog eats the food the handler recalls it by giving the command (Dog's name) COME. Some dogs will want to stay at the pan, and

Figure

7.

Tht mtareK oSvtw

14

Fiff^T^

S.

potOritnlnff [A? doff On iht feediB

be necessary to take the dog by the or collar with the left hand, gently lead it two three ateps away from the pan, and turn to the right to face the pao again. As the handler begvr^ his trun to the right, the dropper drops a cube in the pan. At the same time the handler releases hia dog which, hearing the noise (plunk), should go to the pan and eat. Thjs process will normally be repeated three to four
it

may

side.

To do

this

he may have

to start

by grasp-

until ing the dog's collar with hL right hand and the dog's head is behind him, then bend change hands, releasing the dog with his left hand as the dog poises the heel position (fig his dog re11, 12, 13), When the handler has turninjj satisfactorily without assistance, the dropper begins delaying until the dog moves

times before the dog starts returning '.vuhoiit 4 assistance. Eai^h lime the handler allows S to

handler, and a few inches farther around the continues delaying (with about five triala at pan each sta^el until the food is hitting the
just as

seconds between hia command and his movement be to guide the dog. Initially, the sound should heard as the dog's head is passing the handler's Hiikt leg (fig 10); at this point the handler insures that the dog continues around behind

him and goes

to the

pan from hia

left

(heel)

dog search being stopped. Recall training in the returns to its chain Is complete when the dog reinforced aa handler on command and is being position on its way back to it passes the heel
15

heel position. The position without is allowed to pass the heel

the

dog reaches the

hreakititf the aearcrh uhain.

The dropper oan

seizond

th^'n
l!i

deby by

fructioiis

of
[s

over
is

LO

to

trials until the

dog

staying at heel for

position
'>

-^ever:!]

fli
I

-secondn.

Stay

at the heci

when
Ijefore

the dog stays at heel for about

complete seconds
the

being reinlorceir.

.vz'Jiout

bre;iki;i]:

search ohain, and 'A-lthou'. the handler'.-, rii'i'i.stanoe, Tr:iinmg; twn to three IrVminute ^eisioius.
Cominiind. '.Ths -lommand MOVEOL'T, givon .n a lou", :hm vnici.'. will be used to initiaf? nearly all future training exercises; it is aJsn used to initiate operational patrols or exercises,) Review steps 1 to 3 as neededr After several trials of step 4, the handler
d.
St''j'

Movoiit

command MOVEOUT, accompanied by the moveout arm gesture. This gesture is accomplished by using the right hand and arm in
gives the

a casting motion. With the fingers extended and joined, the right forearm is brought forward and up from the side until the fingers are pointing nearly straight up (fig 16). Continuing in a smooth motioOf the forearm is brought smartly forward until the elbow is locked, with the arm parallel to the ground at shoulder height (li? n). lEEMEMBER: sloppy gestures produce sloppy performance by the dog.) The moveout command is given as soon as the dog sits; at the moment the moveout signal la complete, the dropper reinforces. This continues until the dog starts moving out on command^ instead of waiting for reinforcement (10 to IB trials). The dropper will then start dlayiug reinforcement until the dog is a few inches cloaer to the pan, and contlnueB this procedure until he Is reinforcing when the dog reaches the pan. This step is considered complete when the dog sitSt waits for the moveout command, and goes to the pan
Figare
9.

Dropper'a

potitiitn.

the pan

(flg

14).

The dog should perform a

minimum

before going on to the next atep In the search chain. Trainins time for the average dog la four to six 15-miniite
of 10
trials

being reinforced (at least 10 trials). Training time for the average dog is two 15minute sessions,
before

aessiona.

Step S Reorientation on the Pan- Eeview the previous step, then begin reinforcing when the dog looks at the pan, even though it may be
e.

Step 3 Stay at Heel Position. Begin by reviewing step 2. On about the fourth trial, the handler catches hia dog's collar with his left hand as the dog la juat to his left rear
c.

several steps

away

(five

to

six

trials).

Some

and hoLda it at the heel poaition (fig 151, The dropper delays dropping the cube just ^ntil the instant the dog Stops siraininq at the eoilar. When the dog atopa at the heel position with little or no pressure on Its collar, the handler can stop holding his dog. Make sure* however, that the food is still dropped at the moment the dog stops at the heel position, until it has stopped on its own for eight to ten trials without
1*

dogs will orient on the dropper at this stage and won't look In the pan. If the dog is losing interest in the chain of events, the dropper can silently place a cube in the pan as the dog is returning to its handler. This should cause ii to look in the pan when it approaches, and the

dropper can start reinforcing the pan orientation. This step is complete when the dog orients

on the pan for 10 to 15 trials. Reorientation time averages two 15-minute sessions.
Step 3 Sit at the Pan. Haview previou.^ step. At about the fourth trial the handler give?
/,

1,^^i4^^

-1

F^ff^r^ i^^

^^^

p^/J^t

dr^pp^d

L^lfl

rti?dinfj

p^n

tu

^ff pa^^ej handles

riffhl

!^g.

the

command SIT

just as the

dos

^s

odeat'mg

on the pan and before it^ head comes np- The Jttoment the dog sita it is reinforced, even though it may not be looking at thw pan as it
sits-

jnterest after one or two trials and return to tts handler to atart again, but it should at least

If the handle):-

jiving the

command

inter-

with the d^^s position at th^ pan (the dog may want to face its hundler}^ the ri'ropper C3n "ive the crpmmnj>d AJter five to si:^ trials the do? should oriejit on the pan and sit without
ferea

glance in the direction of the pan after sitting oti the second or third trial, ft tran then be reoriented on the pan- Reorientation is considered complete aftei^ 15 to 30 succei^aful trials. Training time- two to three IS-minute sessions.

t^ommand- !f the dog fails to orient before uittinsn the dropper may have to reinforce orefntation for a few trials. Training tim^ averages two to
three !5-:nJJJUe s&^lonSr

Was rt&riEnTed to the pun folLowlni? the Lnlrtjciucthe new ^ii^tion. This prucedui-e will L]onunuE into to fyrther 5tae*^s Qi tr:iinrfi^.
'he iios
tifin 9.

Whtn working

tht search chalnn

If

kp

in

mind th&t

Step T-^R&^ypientatioii After Sit Revle-^v prsvimj^ step and then wait to r^ly^Sorce until the dot ]ooka bac!^ at the pan- The dog may lose
g.

omita &]iy atep it is reSotn& rtogs wiaL try to Mif* cuts iff ^i r^jjiforced, i"jch ai rerrtaining at thfl pad to E^t Tnflrs food wlthutit wotkini for it- The dojt
In

order to be
tr,

t-anifurcHid.

it

qijir^d

hetfLti

the tfial

aiPiLci-

s^^

J7

FigMTf

il.

Step

haitiHer

flui^jji^

dog

[u

kefl poettion

ififfltt ha-Ttit).

goon leama ihat chig doesn't worJt, and it reiurna 1o the search chain. Somctimeg a dOg will faj[ Tn stop flt h*eL v/hvn it aKould, but ugam it ia aos reinfarced; ic ia required to E!flrt a^mn. and it learna that gloppinif At hv^i
LB

food). Review step 7; when the dog orients on the pan after sitting, the dropper reinforces

the onif aollon [hat ^ill

"tum on" reJnfoiTemenL

3r A common proJjlBm inBtructor^ muat be alert for ja [hat of f:arnJ[i!ra aft-'-npiing to inlvanize their dags aLong the gporch chair too Quickly. Th]a will only ^onfuac the dojTS. Another pitfall ia trying '.o neach a doe- -.^.o la^k:, fe.^., orEentilla and ailtir.gf at the same :ime. A|fain, mo?t doga wiLj oilJ^ become coniuied and quit working. Thia often oaiisea Ihe handler to Iwlieve hia dag is gtupid or Lack^ niiHivaLinn.

with "Good." waits 1/2 second, then takes a cube of foofl, quickly places his hand, palm up, inside the pan and allows the dog to eat the cube. Since the dog haa previously been conditioned to "Good," it should quickly learn that the uoide sound "Good" has replaced the noise at the feed pan as the signal that produces food. Recond[[.ioning should average two lO-minII

te sessions.
I.

h.

Step
In

S RKi:onditioning

Step 9
S.

EU-mination of the Drop-per.

will

Review

of

R^jnforcsr

step
of

The handler

preparation for elimination of the dropper, the dogs must first be reconditioned
'Good.'^

to at

"Good"
the feed

(i,e.,

"Good"

will

replace the noise

reinforcing his dog. on the pan after sitting, the handler reinforces with "Good," steps up to the pan and places
his

now take over the role When his dog orients

pan indicating the appearance of

hand, palm up with food, into the pan, allow-

IB

Ffjjure ISr Step

S handler a^ntinu^f g-^:idi^g

a.

doff to

keH ^^tt^^

(both,

han rffll

ing his dog to eat the cube- When atarting this procedure the handler should stand about 2 feet to his dtig's re^r- He will alternate iu his do?^a
right sides when reinfordng. Thii maintains the doR'a position relative to the pan. The dropDer will be standing in his usit;l1 posleft

ntw step un^l they are pmflcsent Jit the previous ^tcp. This atep ia Considered complete when ihe handler h&a
jairicd
hia
licKT

a rcunhTnum

and

fou^
7.

CO

from the pan and L3 proficLent wsihtjut the dropper. Training time: flvE L5^ minute seaaiongr
diatac.ce of 35 feet

Step

JO

Distavce

Training,

Review

step

ition

determined that the doH ha.^ learned hjs reinforcement ^g t^oniinst from hia handler. The dropper then takes one st*>p bai:l< from the p:in every two or three triaJs untd he ia out of the immediate train inp area. The handler and dog should be n^ovin^ back to their
unti]
it

ia

^. Every thre^e to fo'er frfa/^ ihe ha:3^J^r Iake one or two steps baol^ from ^he pan. This pro-

cedure car be rontinued until the hancHer is at any desired distartce from the pan; it should be carried to a mitiirnum of 25 mefers and can be continued out to 100 meters or more. Training
time: four to five Ls-TrJnute scaatona- This completes the aearch chaiti with the feed pan.
t.

starting point at
jViJt-*'

tht^

^ame

time.

Atter the ifroppn^r fiaa 6&en ?trnifTilwd rnJm tJj* aearch i^hain. the handier can beam workitur on ilLfltaiit:*^ He iKould Take about one atep hack from the pan every
Ihr*^

Goal Food. As described

is

in

paragraph

'^K?,

(^ut trials. REMEMBER: The <igE ia paaily coCfHS-ed: handlers muat not try ten advance their di>sa tD
-ir

goal -food

that portion of a dny'a preacribed ration not eaten during traininR p^u^ one can

19

Figt^rf

M. Step

3 handler complettt ifUidinB

dtff afflUTui {left

hand).

dog food. Goal food should be given on the laat trial of the day, since it is important to associate goal food with the dog's work. During the last sessiiJn of the day, if the handler and instructor agree that a dog has perfiimi'd weJ] enough to earn its jjiiaJ food, the goal foi_.i will bft placsd near '"vha pan befora tha laat trial la complete. At the completion of the last trial, inatpad of saying' "Good" the handler says "Chow" in an excited, happy tone of voice. He moves quickly to the pan, maijit-iiJiing his excited manner. 3t ia important that the dog ceaiizes that this procedure is significant and that the dog has caused jt to happen by pleasihK its handler. As soon aa he reaches the pann the
of tasty

times while doing thia. After receiving goal food, the dog does no further work that day, but the handler should play with hia dog and groom do^ tliat require more associatjon of it. For food with their work, it may be deairable to give a small portion of the daily ration on the
l&5t
tEial

Qf

f.li:l^

MS5il>S\.

If

M,

It

ftl\Qld

b*

given in the same manner aa regular s^\ food. The handler will need to know how many aessions his dog will work that day and reguTjite
its

food

accordingly.

The end-of-tha-day

goa]

food must be the lariat portion. It is desirable, but not always practical, to give goal food at different times each day, ao the dogs will not learn to anticipate it. Once a dog has learned

handler prepares the jroal food. He may talk hftppily to hia dog ot repeat "CVitr" sever^i^
20

by goal food, its handlei tan gi&d^ians IntTtaM the ijiteTval bathat
will be followed

"Chow"

Figurt !lr Food peHet dropptd ii pa^i; Ton*

to

altrootdoe'i

atleatio-Ti.

Ween

''Chow" and receipi of goal food a few feet each day. This will be usefuL when working long lanea, as the dogs will run to their pana on "Chow" and wait for their goal food-

time his doj out, the handler must be sure that he gives the signal at the jnoTnent his dog is d^ing something wrong. A low, stern NO is a
giiod signal for this parpoas. signal, the handler on-leash, keeps it at
c^ose

dog is "timed out" when it will not work, when it misbehaves or malperforms. whether through ignorance or deliberately. A

l Timeout.

After giving the immediately puts his dog

heel
(fig

Cakes

it

io s.n

and sre^ Rway from other Aas^ and

IS),

common

lack of motivation for food. Instmttors must insure that the handlers don't cause timeouts by expecting too much of their
reasori
is

from
is

usual stakeout, After locating a suitable tree or post, the handler will tie his dog 30 that
its

cannot run around or lay down,

la

dogs or trying to advnrice them too qiiickJy. Thia only confuses the dog; [f it is confu&ed or fim?d out too many times in successfon, it may refuse
to

done only when directed by an instructor and under his supervision! (Jij;
^Varning: This
19 and 3t.

work

at

all.

If a handler's

dog

is

confused,

The dog

is left

he should reestablish
off to

its confidence by backing eir?fer step of traiiiing: th&t the dgj?

can perform successfully. Once he has deL-ided to

he can watch or hurt it^if. The instfnctor will determine if the dog should be timed out for a short period
2\

alone, btit the handler stays wher^ to insure his dog doesn't chok?

Figun

J J,

fland^T mou*!

ioff:

U/t AaTfd on a^lar.

and worked again, or timed out until the next day. In hot weather the dog will be staked in the shade with wacei-. Moat timeouts should not exceed 15 to 20 minutes.
32,

instead of in the pen. Conditioning of "Good" outside of pen should progreaa at the same rate

as inside. When the dog is conditioned to "Good," the handler can start shaping his dog to move

CancurrenP Training

Concurrent training is performed outside the pen without the search chain. It should include ^onditioninK of "Good/' MOVE OUT, COME, KEEL, SIT, DO^^^ and STAY.
Start on the 5-foot leash while conditioning "Good." then advance to the 25-foot leash and to off leash as the dog becomes profldent at
Q.

away from bim as outlined under paragraph 27. He should advance to the 25-foot leash at this time and shape the dog to a minimum distance
of 15 feet before starting recall training.
to this point the dog has automatically returned to the handler when the word "Good"
b.

Up

has been given. In

"Good" has been a form of recalling the dog. Xow, the dog is to return on the command COME. It will be neceaaary to pair the old signal "Good" with the new
effect,

the movements. Condition the dog to ''Good" in the same manner as outlined in paragraph 2S.

signal

The
33

difference being that

thfl

dog

is

on-Ieash

given first, followed immediately by the old signal "Good." When the handler sees the dog starting to return on COME,
is

COME. COME

r.

I.

Fipu^O

Jfl-

Sffp

rnatirOHr Jt^fTire, starting pDailitm.

Figure

17.

Step J

fflOUfOMt fffff^nrf, CO ^npfVrerfr

he can start delaying the word '^Good." As hta dog atarts tg fum and come back to the handler

when

COME

is

given,

the

turn

movement

is

reinforced writh "Good,"

The dog completes

the

turn before hearing "Goo^;" the handler then waits until his do^ takes a ^tep tnwiird him befote gaytnj "Good," then tivo stepa iir.d ^a oti
until the

dog has ^een shaped

"o

retLivii

to :he

ond later delivers a piece of food. After three or four trials the hjindler can start giving his dog HEEL when he reaches for ita collar to guide it around and into the heel poaition. The handler gives less and less help to hia dog as training progresses, until the dog is coming aronnd him and stopping at the heel position on the commands of COME and then HEEL.
stops at Ehe heel position. the. handler ptits his left hjind Ji th^ >;jtfe >f the dog'^ tall ami applied mild pressure ui\l] the dog sits. At the moment the dog sits it is reinfonred ivrth "Goad" and th^n giv^n food in the usual manner. When the dog starts sittinH as the handler touches it at the base of the tuiJ fcroop^p the handler c^u then sfarC givi^ig the verbal SIT command an instant before touchtL

handler's right side on forced with "Good."

c.

COME

before

bemg

vein-

When

the

'iusr

performing ^vell on COME, the handler starts talking hia dog by the collar with hia nght hand and gentii' pa/Jmg it around to hia rear, catching 'the collar with hi^ left hand and bringing the dog; to the heel position. At the moment the dog reaches Che hsei position, ita handler reinfortea with "Good" and 1 2 secthe doR
is

When

S3

fT,

Whi-'Ti

the

iloL'

ii

sittinn nn
in

.-ommaiid.

r.\\v

hyndlef
to [he
itojj
y;<:iv.A

t.ikes

the leash

hii

left

hand.
15

i;]ose

ilf>i^''s

[leck, [gently pLiJhnj; ^Igvvn

i

until the

iloivn

Che instant the doc

;id

hjindler reinforces
-j

aaiial.

clown the Continus with Ies5

until

pull

iin

!he

lerjFli

each

trail

the

do"-

^'^p^

down on commiind
/.

ivithout ^isi^istam^e.

Tlie hiindler scarls with the .io^ sittin^' .m heel

'.ommanr: :md, holdinif Che doi,' biit'i ^-ith his lell hand, takea ^ hiHf step forward and then reinforces. Thia i^onttnues until the do? ceases trylni; to move with its handler and he can stop reijive.'S

the

position,

'he

venai

STAY

can then Cake two steps after giving STAY before reinforcmg. Continue this procedure until the handler can move away from his dog to the desired distance. When the dog has learned all of these commands, the handler can then start giving them without a aet pattern^ such aa giving the dog after moving to the end of the leash, or STAY when the dog ia coming back on recall; each command given in this way should be reinforced because it is no longer a chain leading up to reinforcement as far as the dog is concerned. After the dog has learned to perform all of the commands, the handler can give a series of commands before
hifl

straining

dog.

He

DOWN

reinforcing- If he wants a

new

signal or com-

take over* or have the same effect as an signal (i.e., he has already taught the dog to go down on the verbal command and he wants it to go down on the hand gesture), the handler
to
r>]d

mand

gives the new command (hand gesture) an instant before giving the old command DOWN. The dog will associate this new signal with the old one and atart working on it. The differFigifi
IS.

D13

at clogt

ke^L

ing the doff, until the dog' is aittlng on the verbal command for reinforcement and the touch has been eliminated-

ence in the search chain is that the handler wants the dog to perform a series of events, one after the other, by giving the dog a minimum number of commands in concurrent training he wants to gain control of hia dog in all possible
;

situations.

34

F'flfifj*

t^

D'?ff

f^tQkt-d

rnr

tixsn-^^i^

itatirtrn^.

^5

Fi^HT^ JO.

Dc^p

^tnk^d /or

iim^iyU-t

JiitlTtp.

26

CHAPTER 4
BASIC SCOUTING

Section

GENERAL
tact with the enemy. It
is

33.
a.

Sop

therefore required that

During basic
(1) (2)

scouting, th handler learoa:

the collar be replaced with the leather harness prior to any scouting exercise. This procedure
is called b.

How Kow How

his
to

dof

alerta

on

different targets,

the change^er.

rend

(interpret)

on

dog's

alerts,

(3)

to

work

his dog on short 150- to

300-meter) patrols.
(4)

How

to

judge wind> weather, and ter-

tain factors.
b.

Providure. The handler faces his dog into the wind and straddles it from the rear to effect the changeover (fig 21). He will run the leash down his dog's back, place the harness over the dog's head, and buckle it snugly (he keeps the loop over Ms wrist during this procedure). The handler will then unsnap the leash and attach
onto his dog by placing two Angers under the harness. He then removes the collar and places It on his web belt, in his pocket, or an empty pouch of his apron.
it

The scout dog leama:

{1)

to the D-rlng on the harness, holding

That

it

must be suspicious of and And

alert

hidden

human
That

decoys.
^t

(2)

tripwires,

must recognize and mines, boobytraps, and caches-

on

35,
34.
(L

Nois* Disclpirne
the beginning of basic scouting, the scout is always reprimanded if it barks or whines

Th* Changovr The Leather HamtBB, The use

of the leather, an important part of the

From
dog

or warkiuff harness Is dog's trainins. Most types of military dogs Eeam In their training to associate wearing of the choke chain or leather collar with obedience training, play^ or rest* and associate the leather harness with work- The leather harness also removes the restriction around the dog's neck, gives It more freedom of action, and give the handler greater control over his dog during adverse conditions such as difficult terrain or con-

for any reason while working (except for suspicious and chase training). The scout dog may ttark or nhlne only in the kennels or during play, stakeout, or travel periods. The handler can correct his dog by commanding KO. This failing, he may gently hold his dog's mouth shutWhen necessary, he will strike his dog in the windpipe with his hand or grasp it by the throat and apply pressure until the dog stops trying to

make noise

{fig 22).

57

yiffiirt ti.

Chanff^^^r.

76

Ffff^^re 2S.

Sii*^teinff dcffr

Section

II.

SUSPICIOUS TRAINiNG
ing so that he can determine when his doa aierts and judffethe tj'pe"^ ^l^i't.
'>.

36-

Introduction

conducted the first flay of liasic scoEirinR so the haniller can see e*r:^ct[y how hii^ do^ iilerts on sound, aight, and scent.
SLispicioiis training la

Co'itiiSio'tFfi

/Sit)

An-'-'
^it
tx]e:-.

SluilC
iin

do^s

jre

cnnditioiied to ^ive the

objects; trip-

In

aiiBpicLOiLS

training,

the inatnictor places

aiffht

decoy downwind, out of the acent and

of

the dog. He places the h:indler at a (tegipiated point, hjivini; the handler kneel ly hia dog. The

then hoa the decoy make a noise, suUi as clicking the safety of hia rifle^ so the handler can see how hia dog alerts on sound. The decoy wiil then move in a crouched and auapicioua manner so that the handler can see how the dog alerts on sight. The decoy then moves to a position upwind of the dog so that the handler can see how his dog alerts on scent,
inistructor

and boobytrap". This alert ia unmistakablg, and pinpoints [he location of whiittiver [hh? iloij liaa found. Furthermore, it provides handler with a L-lejr distinction between ihii personnel and object alerts. This is an important consideration when the handler must advise the commander on his dog'a alert.
wifea,
pits,

33.

The Dcoy
a vital role in the training of scout poor decoy can retard or ruin a scout

Decoys are peraonnel used to simulate the enemy.

They play
dogs.

Thia should be repeated until the instructor is sure that the handler can recognize the dog's three types of alerts. Handlers should he given an understanding of the various techniques used to train a dog to detect and give early silertt warning of enemy presence as well as how to read and interpret these aleria properly. Deapite
the scout dog's innate senses it is not instinct but repeated training that develops the dog's

dog's progress.

Decoys should Ideally be totally unfamiliar personnel. At least they should be from different training squads or groups, so that the dogs don't become familiar with them and lose intera.

deure
silently

to detect a hostile force

aad

to do this
It is

associate certain happenings with certain localities, sounds, or people. During early basic scouting, decoys should iwt always conceal
b.

Dogs

under the control of the handler.

training that teaches the handler how to read his dog's behavior accurately; one must complement the other if a well-trained team is
also to result.

themselves behind only trees, rockst or bushes. If, on the first several scouting runs, a dog decoy behind the same object tt will associate such objects with finding decoys. This wiil, consequently, cause the dog to rely on its eyesight, which is inferior compared to Its senses of smell and hearing. This rule also applies to training areas. They should be rotated frequently so the dogs don't associate only certain areas

Ands

its

37.
a.

Typei of Abrti
Natural

natural alert ia normaily used when alerting on personnel. Each dog will alert in its own individual manner. Some dogs will give a very pronounced alert, e.g., hackles
raised, growling, tail erect, ears forward, or even

AUrU The

with decoys,
Since a decoy may sometimes have to remain In position for several hours, he must not make himself so comfortable that he might tend to fall asleep. This problem is especially evident in very hot or very cold weather- This caution
17.

standing on the hind legs. Other dogs may give no more than a slight head or ear movement^ It is, therefore, necessary for each handler to observe his dog's behavior carefully when work-

a decoy must perform some action when a dog team approaches.

is

particularly Important

if

Section m.

TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS
be given in a low, suspicious tone of voice to arouse the dog^ It should not be given so loud that
b.
it

39.

Command!

There are three basic

scouting:
tL

MOVEOUT,

commands used when OUT, and NO.

is

distracts the

dog from

its

mission,

used to start a scout dog searching. This command should be repeated only as often as necessary to keep the dog working. The command MOVEOUT should

The command

MOVEOUT

The

second
is

scouting

the

command introduced during command OUT. This command

dog that it is to break off and either continue the search for another decoy or
signifies to the

Llie

problem

is

over.

The cnmmand

OUT

[a

not

There are

marL.v- ',vays of ^.'hecking the

wind,

L'ot relation.

If

command then mand with NO40.

the doji fiiils to react to the the handler precedes the com-

hut there are also ^'ays which ihouid not be used for security reasons or because they might distract the dog from its mission. One method
that
is

not

recommended

is

pulline

hair from

ChaaB
.-iQspii'ious

Durini;
little

trnin[n2, liOnie lioga

interest

the decoys. Others

may show may appear

This could be painful, if the handler id not careful, and physical contact with the dog can he a distracting influence. Kicking the ground and stooping over to pick up g^,^A5 or
the
cio^'s

back.

frightened or ahy iit first. Dogs that lack aggressiveness must have their confidence nnd interest increased if they are to be scout dogs. This can usually he accomplished by using the chase procedure, A handler can work his dog, on leaah, to within 15 feet of a decoy. The decoy will rise from hiding in a alow, threatening manner. When he has the 6og'3 attention, he will break and run straight away froni the dog. The dog's chase instinct should take over at this time; the handler will encourage the dog by running with it, giving it verbal encouragements such as "Watch Him, Boy," or "Get Him." DOG IS TO CATCH THE

dust
also

aiso distracting to the dog. There i^ the risk that you might alert ;he enemy
is

by the noise. Lighting a cigarette is dan^erDUs, especially at night. So there are two points to remember when seeking a method of checking wind direction: Does it violate security? Will it distract the dog?

THE
is

NEVER ALLOWED DECOY AS THIS MAY DIMINISH THE DEdojf

There are several points that should be taken into consideration when working the wind. If the sector to be cleared of decoys is rather narrow, usually no wider than 50 meters, then the handler ordinarily works his way straight into the wind allowing his dog to roam hack and forth In
d.

front of him.

On

the other hand,

is

if

the area

is

COY'S DESIRE TO BE CHASED. The

quite broad, the former method

not advisable

allowed to pursue for 15 to 30 meters; by prearrangement the decoy will break to one aide and the handler will give Ms dog OUT and

because the dog may miss a scent cone to its right or left therefore, under such circumstances, the handler should check the area, starting at
;

break in the opposite direction. He will then praise his dog. During the chase the decoy does not shout or wave his arms as this may cause a dog to become noisy and aggressive, even though chase is the one tirrte when. the dog is allowed
to bark-

the

downwind
to

aide
left,

and
then

working
left

diapjnally

from right
versa.

to

right,

or vice

4T.
a.

Using lh Wind

a variable factor, one that can on the handler and the dog is they are, not careful. It is subject to change without notice, and many dogs will lose the scent only to
e.

The vind

is

play tricks

The wind

tion in

most important considerathe proper employment of a scout dog.

is

the

In addition to the various scents carried to the dog by the wind, there are also sounds- Therefore, it is esaentiai that a scout dog handler be wind conscious, because the wind direction dictates what route he should follow with his dog in order that the dog may pick up the scent of the decoy.

There are several methods by which the handler may check wind direction while running a problem. A reliable method is to watch the dog, as it will point its noae into the wind to sample and test the air currents. This is instinctive with dogs. The handler may remove
&.

the wind switches back. There are also those dogs which will catch the scent of a decoy, forget about the wind, and start charging ahead blindly in the direction they alerted. This must be avoided, for if the wind should suddenly change the dog will soon run out of the scent cone and subsequently end up bewildered. It is always best to stop the dog momentarily after it alerts to confirm that it has alerted and to see if the wind might change. This stop-and-go method is also advisable periodically throughout the entire duration of the probregain
it

later

when

same reason. It on any sudden wind change,

lem, for the

is

particularly vital

so the handler can

determine
quired
if

if

new paitem
fails to

the

wind

of approach is reswitch back. In ghortn

his hat to allow his

brow

to

come

into contact

with the wind. There will be a drying effect on the side exposed to the wind. By paying
close attention he can also feel the wind blowing on exposed portions of his face and hands.

do not rely on the wind always blowing from the same direction it may be fatal if an enemy ambuflh is nearby.

the handler observes hia dog carefully he will notice that his dog often alerts and instead
/.

30

of aoinjj iCraigh[-in

angle all to it5 right or left The doff does this because more than likely it has hit th^ edge of the ^cent cone
the
doR- wi\]

and
[joTi

is

working

^']r fi^revt Is

way ?oitrii?-rf (^e t?enicr stronj^er. He should pay atnct

tta

^ixftere

atten-

dog's behavior at this moment. He should he ab;e to determine by its actions whether
to JiLS

The handler must cojiccTiut^iire on -Igwin;^ bi,=^ dosj down after the lirsC re\v triiLn]E^ prnldem-^ He must however, temper his uorrtjctLons with judument: They must not be so har?h that the do^ is discouraged frgm working Some r^^i^'ommended correttivs meaaur&s Lire'
b.

([}

Work

the doj^ a few Limes ^^^thrKJt

^]e'

the

croi;

Ls

wnrking the scent cone or has

lost

coys, so it will learn not lo expeul decoys on cvt-ry

interest (fly 23).

problem,
(2)

An member
{f.

tn^portant point for the handler to reLs not to permit the dog to lead him all over the area. Many dogs will do this if the

Recall the doj; penodi^."al!3

mzike

l'

-]t

until it ^iectles

down

before con[Jnu]n^ {(ig

trail

2-^).
It

{3)
will

Let the dog

Che ^.Vfoot

[eash.

handler doesn't watch them. They haven't alerted, they're just wandering. Therefore^ the handler sticks to the route he is to follow^ guiding his dog as necessary.

soon tire of the leash snaggring or beinjj ped on by the handler.

(4)

.-step-

let

Tie a 10-pound weight to the leash and the dog drag it. It will soon tire of this.
Sil9n<
Silence
is

43.
a.

Speed

scout dogs develop a tendency to work too fast. This h usually due either to their over anxiety to find and give chase to the decoy or excess energy, A scout dog which works too fast la apt to miss alerts by running out of the scent

Many

43.
Ah

and create undue noise. At night it could make enough noise to aLert an enemy a half-mile away. Hesult: Ad ambushed
cone. It will tire quickly

part of a good scant dog- A doi; that barks or whines on patrol 13 a ^eriou^ and costly liability. Not only will it alert rhe enemy to the patroL's approach or presence, it may also set the patrol up for an ambush,
6.

patroL

less

Everytime a dog barks or whines^ regard* of where it ia. it must be silenced immediDFcar

fsDTJ

SCDIJT

000 TEAM

&ECOT

ROUTf
SCfNT CQUE
Ftfftt^ 2Jr

B^^c

tc^Titinff

jrrocedure {veri/ymff aiErt),

3T

f Efrun
ateiy.

f J.

SfTi^uC d^ff.

on patrol

The handler can do hia by damping hia dog^a mouth shut and commanding NO, or by
choking
off

the

dog's

air

supply momentarily

until it is quiet

Once the decoy is in place he should remain silent and out of sight He must refrain from^ smoking. Mistakes on the part of the decoy can^ cause a dog to become a sight-hunter.
Cr

Keeping scout dogs quiet ia a SA-hour-or^y job in a scout do^ unitn If the dog^s handler is
(?.

45^
a.

Breaking a Scout Dog of Tracking

It is

not present to make the correction another handler or the charge-of-quartera should aasum the
reaponaibility, Thia they can do by

instinctive with doga to tracks hat for

it ia

scout dog

undersirable.

The dog must

commanding

learn to reJy excluaiveJy on airhorne 3cent in

NOp or throwing a small object near the dog. The point h that a scout dog must be quiet.
There
44,
d.

is

no

-^ther alternative.

order to bfl totally effective. A dog that tracks could lead a patrol into an ambuah. Tracldn^ \3 not a dJJ^icult habit to breakp nor does it require an undue amount of elFort and patience on Che

Placing Decoys

Never walk across

the area to be scotited.

This

will leave fresh tracks for the

dog

to follow

if it is

ao inclined. In going to his posi^ion^ the decoy should make a big sweep around the area to
{fig

be worked, coming in "from the rear

6.

2&),

must be constant* All it requires ia skiJip repetition, and ample opportunity for the doff to pick up an airborne scent. For the latter reason the handler should try to avoid all situations which might encourage the dog to track.
part of the handler^ but
it

Never allow handlers

is

the decoy

or dogs to see where beinjj placerir This w[]] cause vhe han-

There are two means by which a dog can he discouraged from ground trailing while on pabr
to3:

dop into the decoy instead of permitting^ the dog to find him using its senses of smell and hearing. On the other hand^ if the dog sees where the decoy is hiding it will rely on
dler to lead his

the handler can jerk

at the

its

head up with the

its

leash

whenever the dog puf^

nose

to

the

eyesight to find him. In such instances it is a waste of training time to even st*trt a problem.
its

commanding N"0, followed by the command SEARCH. The most siTective means is to eliminate the cause for
ground,

same

instant

tracking.

32

OOCCAH
TR>C DECOI

Figi'-'^ J*'

Pl*"^'"'-'^^ "f

^""VIt

46.
in

Action* Taken by Handlflr

Whn Going

b.

must be remembered that allowing a dog

on Decoy
a.

handler In an actual combat situation the This would never ruah in on an enemy position. The team is is not the scout dog team's mission. the paonly a detection and warning device for of training, trol. Therefore, in the latter stages handler will be taught what to do when his
Che

done to go in on the decoy during training is and to only to stimulate and maintain its interest, confirm that it knows where to decoy is located.

47^

Sound and Smetl

Alerts

Sound and smell

dof gives a
take in

and what actions to relaying information to the patrol leader.

definite alert

alerts are essential in the trainportion ing of scout dogs and should be a familiar obtainof the daily training. Best results may he out' ed during night training, while conducting

post find

ambush

patrols.

33

DEcar

OFDDa

^f^ws 5J C^mftniwi

Sactlon IV.

INTEGRATION OF TRIPWIRES, MINES, BOQBYTRAPS,

AND CACHES

48,

Gnral

sion. Training in detection of tripwires^ mines,

Prior ia he^nmng Quia tr^lniag, the h&ad}&f should have had the opportunity to observe his and other doe:a prorkiiif By doing this he will Learn that each dof reacts difTerently under various aituationa, and how hia do? ^reacts. Minea, boobytrapBy and homemade devices have been used in warfare for centruies; they can kill, disable, h^raaa, and affect the morale of a fighting unit. Patrols will ^counter th^ devices in combat; therefore, it i^ imperative that handlers pay strict attention to this training. Although the military dog ta one pf the moat effective means
.

boobytfaps, and caches in conducted concurrently ^ith basic scouting procedures. For training purposes, the four classes of targets are deAned as
foUovJS;

rnpitiVea. A length of material stretched across diagonal or parallel to, the dog's path. Material may be standard tripwire, string, or monofilament line. Tripwires may be at varying heights, angles, and degrees of concealment.
a.

of detecting these devices, and often the only means on hand, the doi[ is not infallible. It is the handler's ability to Interpret and react to hia
dor's alerts that

(defused) antitank AUd antipsrsoUDei minei il] j]orma]]y be burled in road surfaces or shoulders at depths varying: from 1 to 12 inches and with varying degrees of conceahnentb.

MiTiea.

Simulated or real

may mean

the success of a mis-

e.

Baobytrapa. Explosive or nonexplosive

i^as-

35

producing devices other than minea. These are nomuilly pyrotechnica or defused hand grenades. When not attached to tripwires, boobyTialty

to

And tripwires and caution about touching

them.
50-

traps

be hidden or buried at bridges, logs, doorways, e^ices or other suitable locations.

d.

may

Tripwire Lanes

Carhes.

Any
at,

item of mihtary-related equip-

ment hidden

Items may ing or web gear.

49.

above, or below jround level. include weapons, ammunition, cloth-

Introduction Jo Tripwire*

Tripwires present some uoique problema in training acout dogs. The moat important factor is to inatiJl in the dog a reasonably caution towards tripwires. Since moat dogs will have a natural suspicion of anything across their path, improper technique can change this to fear. For this reason exploding devices are not attached to tripwires

Rrst introducing tripwires, special lanes should be used. These may be narrow (ft to 10 feet) dirt roads or lanea cut across rioids. Each lane should contain five to ten movable stakes at least 3 1. 2 feet long, with najls or hooka every 6 Inches apart for a length of 3 feet; the wires are placed at varying distances and heights. Tripwire at this point should be heavy white string (easily visible) with weights on both ends to hold it taut (flg 26 and 27). The strings should be placed on different stakes for each dog.

When

51,

Tripwire Trainirrer Device

advanced training. dog which has had several boob>^apfl blow up in Ita face may become trail-shy and refuse to work. On the other
until

Some doga may have difficulty with early tripwire training, or may wander off the lanes and
bypass tripwires. In this case, a simple training device may be constructed of lumber (fi^ 28). The device should consist of two rails, 34 feet long and 3 feet high, with posts every 3 feet. Tripwires can be attached to the posts as with the stakes on the lanes. This device ia used in

dog is taught no respect for tripwires, accidentally break them, or even do so deliberately to show its handler it has found one.
if

hand,
it

may

prudent balance must be made between desire

START

SSiS
Fiffllra Sfl,

-V^J^ii'',TripttHre lana.

'.^'-

fvxfi
36

ir.

TripvrifB hcelmp.

the iiame m;iriner us the traininff lanen but reenitrieta the HriR's attention to its immediate vironment. If desired, Che raib may be covered

on the oLiUide with chicken wire and gates 'IV added.

may

i^ the a^ime position ai m dtep l. fietH ble to use three strings at fi. l:^, and IS inches, to discourage the dog's jumping the 'vire to get at the feed pan. The handler will follow his dog as his doi^ ciosely as it moves out. As soon
.'.

^^ivi^ii-

gives

the

slightest

indication

of

heaitation

at

57.
<i.

Method
Step
}.

As

described previously, the search

rji:iLn

procedure la used. Initinlly, placed e:ic:h doir :jn ^e worked on one tripwire, about lU feet from the starting point and I foot high. The dog h first introduced to the string with the feed pan partially under Che string and
diLhstitution

"Good," the barrier, the handler reinforces with and the dropper shoves the pan under th<? ivire tcj NO MOVE the dog. The dropper MUST the feed pan iintj] "Good" is aaid. Continue thia procedure unt:) '-he doij jnei to the barrier and waits for reinforcement, Grad-

MAKE

TOWARD

uaily reduce the

number of wires

ro one,

and be-

gin varying the wire height and distance.

d.

the dropper behind the strinff (ftg 29). The search chain is employed, with th dog going to the pan, eating the food and returning to the heel position. This will acquaint the dog with the string without instilling fear, and condition it to atop at strings or wires.

Stev

To

beffin

Fade out the feed pan and dropper. the handler will give food by hand on
i.

Step 2. Repeat step I with the pan centered under the wire. The distance of the string from the starting point la increased until the dog consistently goes through the search chain the full
h.

every other trail Gradually increase the ratio of hand-to-pan delivery until all food comes from the handler. At the same time* the dropper will gradually move away from the wire until he is out of
the immediate training area- When this complished, the feed pan ia removed.
e. ia

ac-

length of the lane.

c.

Step

J.

is

place 1 to

The feed pan with one cube 2 feet beyond the wire* which

in it
ia

Step 5. Aa the pan and dropper are being faded out, begin incorporating the ait response at the tripwire, Aa soon as his dog stops at the
wire, the handler gives the sit command,
fol-

in

Fiff^irt SB-

Tripwire

Iritininff

dmiee.

37

Fiffure Si.

Veed pan Under

h.

u'Ajlfl ttrtnff.

lowed 1/2 second later by a light touch on hfa dog's croup. WVien'tht %iX movemeni ia ttflnp^ete, the handler reiTiforces. This procedure ia continued until the dog couaistentfy goes to the wire and 5its vjitho-Jt comrfiand.
the ait response. When the dog gits, the Iwuidlet slves the stay command. After 1 to 2 seconds, if hig dog remains sitting-, the hantiler rdnforces. Continue until th* dog retnaitia sitting up to 5 seconifs before reinforcement. From this point oit, dogs should always be reqiured to ait at feast 2 seconds before celnf orcement. This i^mctice will
/.

Step S. Concurrently with step 7, the handler "iH begin having Viis dog complete the search chain with tripwires. He allows hia dog to go to the wire and sit. After 2 seconds, he recalls his dog to the heel position beJore reinlorcmg.
the tripwire lanea to open wads, trails, and ftatda. AH wIe^b are ncvj attached to natural objects; be^n with white string and change to other materials. Most dogs will
I,

Step

6.

Begin delaying reinforcement

tjt

Step

9.

Move from

(juickl^ learn to re^ioiisixe cues ttUing

them

trip

later insure that a dog'a alert jg

piopomted and

wires may be nearby. Since the strongest cue 19 the "track" left by the empJacer aa he string the Hire, thifl tY^ck ahovild initially ba quite obvious. Other cues include: the scent of the wire
or the device attached to it, the disturbances at the er^da *>f the wir?, ^snal observance, or even the sound of a taut wire vibrating in a strong
breeze.

observed
ff.

b;y^

all

members

of a patrol.

Step

7.

Gradually introduce other tripwire

materials,
locate

making them increasingly diflrcult to by eye. Vary height, distance, and flngle
lane to another.

from one
HB

} Step

10.

Introduce

off-traj],

multiple, low and

N^^vVvVV

usLJ^li

thy

ounii:

pmL-iiii'^i''.'

;i.-:

p;iii

urii^iJ'JUnjri

coJiplerl

\vLi:h

^ubstitutmri

iri

the

ii?ari:h

^hiiii.

miny will he pUctJ oti the ^'round. Thtf feed pan may Ije p linked iiti:tt to the mjne
InitLiaiy, the

ixnd liiter
dii'e'?:|v

t;idtfd

onC

i3r

tlie

food

mny

iie

phite^i

mS
'ne

ttii!

un tht mintf. Oni^e thi.' ^ou^ iir^i uomplet^e;irdi i.'ti:iiri with mine^. ulm rainei^ 'jliei

plaueil in ^ncLlIiiw. r>pen hol^iir ^I^L^iiuiiJly 'nfl^in

i\re .'iimpiiL'ti-'iv L'Overi?d zimi .Mtnonflii^^Pd

54.

flooby'^op*

In most cases, boobytrflps are aitathed to tripivirea and require no special traininfi' procedure. It IS preferred thaf the dog he taught to detect and respond to the wire, not tKe boobytrap. A dog that finds a wire and then searches for the

rv'^'wwi

rfWS/W

boobytrap may accidentally trip it, and some older dogs wUl often deliberately aet off the boobytrapn hoping that th^y will he taken off the lane and staked out, thereby setting a free break. Where boobytraps ai-e not attached to tripwires, doga can be taught to detect them in the same manner aa with mines.
55,

it
L&HAPE

Cachu
may

hiffh wires. Off-tr^l tripwires are

emplaced 1 to ao feet fiMim the ed^e of the lane, up wind of and

dog's line of itiarch. Multiple aettinffs may be two, three, or more wirea atriuig in varying sh^pea [flg 30i and angles. Low wires
parallel

be taught to give either the 'natural or sit response to caches- The natural response is preferred, since the equipment will probably have a large amount of recent human scent on it, causing the doz to give a per^nneJ

Seoul dogs

to

the

(natural) alerts The natural response also otTers the handler a means of dlfTerentiatlnff these alerts from those Oji casaal^-prcduans devices,

may he i to 2 inches above the ground. 'xirss msy hi 4 to 5 feet shove the gr^*""^53.

Hiffh

56

Advancd Training

Minn
may
be taught to detect buried

In the intermediate and advanced stages of training, tripwires, mines, boobytraps, and caches

Scout doga

mins

should be integrated into personnel lanes any^ where that it ^voaid be tactJcaJJy loffical to do 3o,

39

FiQur3 r&

Cm^i4^

40

PtiFwe JO

C7cmtiTUi(i

41

FiffVTt

so

Continual

4a

CHAPTER

INTERMEDIATE SCOUTING

$*ction

I.

TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS
weathei',
alert,

57,

ScQp

and terrain factors bearing on his dog's

intermediate acoutluK the handler and his dog Jearn

Du fluff
a.

increase and e.^paad learned in basic acoutin^.

To

The handler considers thitse elements of available Intelligence and information which may
d.

ution

the

akills

bear on his dog'a

F-

alert.

The handler combines the above

into a cleat,

To work 1,000 m^era.

b. e.

mfldiuni distance patrols of 500 to

concise statement that a patroJ leader or unit commander can use immediately. An example of

and detect various types of tripwires and boobytraps, all of which are part-

To

recoffnlze

ialiy-to-weU-concealed.
d.

To

detect peraoonel and aquipnient hidden

unijersrounij, above graand.

6.

^nd ur^nvater
rec-

The handler teams to ognize and interpret bis dog's actions and
at night.

To work

such a statement might be: "Sir, my dog has given a strong peraonnel alert between 1 and 3 o'clock. The distance is 200 to 250 meters, I suspect eight to ten dismounted enemy personnel." Ajiother example would be: "My dog is alertins between 11 and l o'docic, at sbc:it 15 meters. Is uspett a tHpwire acrosa the trail."

r.

spdnaes at night.

59-

Th Clock Sytm

During intermediate scouting the handler and doff begin to function as a team. The handler will obtain almost complete control of his dc^ by use of voice commands, hand and arm aignaia, and the dog whistle. They will operate und?r conditions more closely ilmulating combat.
/.

Scoat dog haadiera use the cJock system to estimate the direction of their dog's alerta. In doing so, the handler imagines himself standing at the center of a standard clock face, with Ma direction of march repreaenting the noon or 1.2 he observes the direction of alert and ^oes throggh the Mental proceea described in paragraph 5S.
o'clock pcBJtiwi
^flg.

31).

When

his

dog

alerts,

5B.

Calling AUrti

Calling or interpreting his dog'a alerts may w]] be the handler's moat important function as a

When

aure he has determined the correct direction, hn selects the appropriate haifthe handler
Is

niember of a acont ths ie&m- Any muTiber of a patrol i^an probably give the dog commands, Jind the dog may even work for him, TMbh however, is
not aufndent. It
is

hour mark and

"<>allB"

the

hitar
if

pt>3Jriona

lo

either aide (fig 32).

For example,
is

the handler

decides that hla dog

clofk,

alerting at

1:

30 on the

the handler's ability to trans-

late hia dog'a actions into information that

mak

he will call hia alert aa belrij between 1 and 3 o'clock. This process ia done mentally and verb-

these kcthris valuable.

To 6d

this,

the handler

illy:

must perform a sometimes complex mental operation. The process may work as Follows:
n.

THE HANDLER NEVER POINTS IX THE DIRECTION OF AN ALERT:

60,

The handler The handler

recognizes that his dog has

Range Estimation

alerted.

In order to estimate the diatance to the object

b.
?.

recognizes the type of alert.

of hia dog's alert, the handler combines standard

The handler observes

md analyzes the wind,

range estimating techniques

with
43

Ffffunff 41.

Th* fA

TittMad-

Fiffitrt St-

CdUin^ alrrt bv

the claek rtethod.

c.

a. b.

Thestrenffthof the prevailinffwfnda.

effecta of visible \ar-

The

strenjfth of his doff's aJert.

Hia ^lupwiedge ol the rain on the iviod.

d.

Hla Itnowledje of how

his

dog raacla

to

different tarff^ts,

Sett^on .

EFFECTS

OF WIND AND TERRAIN

scout dog team
ia

6T.
{L

Effects

of

Wind

dinUnished.

Whenever

possible,

Wind

is

the most important consideration

flcout

dos team shouM be empioyed to take adproduces what is known aa a scent 33)- Due Ut tha difference in wind r-eio-

in the propeT' employment oi a scout doff. The wind carriea acenta and sounds to the dog. Denied the advanta^ of the nlnd, the e^ectiveneas of a

b.

Wind
(fig

cone

44

wind will produce a adent cone that to a moderate^ IS nariflw in width compared itendy wind that produces a wider scent cono. A li^lit wind, ^uch as a breeze, due to its lack
city. i-trQna

meters are i;ommon, and meters are poasible.

-100

.ilert,^

up

vO

I.Oili)

{S)
hill

Wind

hitting a hilltop or the crest of a

wpakly. Sttnnij, ijcL^cy winds, on the other hand, will create ijver chjinsjing dcent pacterns depending on the
01'

force,

will uiuie

the

sceric

to

drift

fenda to break into two or thrt?e ^mailer iCreams of air current <lig i^r>'i,

thai particular momentr To iiuiukiy and correctly report infiirmation provided [yy a flcmiC doif, the handler mnsl be conj^lantly

wind's

velocity

at

Scents borne by the wind off a mesa may he scattered, blown aiotL or die inifure ^i:^y come into contact with ijroiLnd level ^rtE Sii?.
i-i)

doif
[0

may

pick up

-i

seen',

far

from a mez^a

only

aware
67.
a.

of the direction of the wind.

upon comiiiy closer to the nie.'sa because the aceni is being blown over ihe dog'j
loip it

head.
EFfeeti of Tsrroin (B)

Wind blowing from open

terrain and ap

Terrain.

(1) Terrain is a determining factor in the direction and force of the wind and a neceaaary

and over a hill, paas, cut, or mepa may carry a acent from the base or from some distant place. The doj may show some confusion when arriving
at the edge of such a terrain feature |6)
(fig 37),

during Che employment of acout doga in order to properly locate the object of
consideration
the

Dense jungles

will restrict the travel of

do^a
(2)

alert,

The

only

wind that blowa

steadily

ia

that which comes over a flat and even surface [fig 34), With this condition, alerta of 300 to

scent considerably, cauainB: it to drift aimlessly due to the general lack of air circulation in such areas. An alert range of 15 to 30 meters is considered good under such conditions.

STRONG

VfIND

LIGHT WIND

fLfun SS.

Sv*nt conu.

*5

^TT^ ,,

-^^"TTTTT
Fiovrw
Si.

^vT
Bfftot of vn-nd 9n open ttrr^in.

Deftected Scent. Certain terrain altuationa cone from a tartretf caualns the need for careful judgment by the handler In
b.

will deflect the scant

callinff alerts.

for example, the scout dog ing at 3 o'clock, but the handler should
fissure 3Sj

In

is alertcall

his

alert

Hera, hia knowledge of wind and terrain factors may he of critical Importance.

as o'clock."

"above the ground between 3 and 9

44

Fiffm'^ JS.

Wind d^fMtioy% &v

n^t'^^r^ terrain.

47

Fiffure

Jff.

Sff^^t of u^ind bU>^nff /in- a ttuk.

41

49

."^
"OQCLiHE

Figura S3. D^flentd nttiL

Section

OF PERSONNEL AND EQUrPMENT UNDERGROUND, ABOVE GROUND AND UNDERWATER

iri.

DETECTION

63.
a.

Underground
Phase
it
I.

J.

When
Every

the dog has alerted the handlei

5 to 10 raetera

in

The same procedure is followed as the detection of decoys above ^ound(1)

Diff a fq>Jiole in

ia allowed to
S.

go in toward the decoy (a),

it is

command

ed to
patrol.

flit,

open terrain and placn

be quiet, and then proceed with thf

a decoy in the position,

(2) After the decoy ia in position bgin the problem from downwind; aa soon as the dog alerta urje the dog to seek out the decoy,
(3)

After a number of repetitions the dot should get the idea and slow down.
S. 6,

Phase
(1)

II.

Action taken after the doff has found the

decoy:
(a J
1.

Weak

dogs.
doff

soon as the acout dogs have progressed, the decoya are placed in foxholes and carefully camouflaged.
(2) The alerts indicated by the dogs are not as strong due to the reduced amount of scent that escapes from air venta,
(3)

As

siffht

handler praiaea of foxhole [about 15 feet).

Sit doff;
S.

within

Order decoy

to

come out

of foxhole

slowly and auspiciously,

By

this time the dcga ahoufd aaaociatt

After decoy emerges from :he hole^ chaae the decoy about 10 to 15 meters, then cvit back in the direction previously indicated by Che instructor. At thia time the command OUT is
J.

the source as coming

(4)

from underground.
will

Some doga

approach suspiciously,

given,

and the problem

(6)

while others may stick their nosea in the air venla to sample the acent, then they may dig and grow!
(flg39).
(5)

is

continued.

Strong dogs.

Some dogs may

expect to see a decoy

50

and become dcnfused when they do not, while some may run
at the atfonsreat Bource of the icent in circles, amelling^ the i^round.

enoui^h to the hise of the elevating oujec'- to detect the scent left where the personls) climbed

the object.

at this time that the handler ihould he alert, oijijerve his 6os- ^id he ahle to read
(fi)

It 19

65,

Underwater, Riverhcnks
;ind eqnipmi'nt will

the

doi^.

Personnel
64.

Above Ground

in

sometimes be :oiind cavities or hollows alon^ nverbanks. Fleeing

esciipin^'
iiv

or
Detection ot' personnel or e^iiiipment .ihove ifrour.'] presents some proLlems due to deads pa i:e Depending on height, wind strength and direction, and nearby terrain features, the scent cone may reach the ground some distance from the target, or even not at all. Other than sight or sound, there are two means whereby a scout dog can indicate ati alert on an above ground target;

personnel
hidinf!

may

aliO

try

to

avoid

iciection

iinde!'ater.

irea:hinu'

through
[L

ii

hollow *traw or reed-

Training for Detection Aton^t Riverbnnka. Dig a tunnel below the water level of a stream or riverbank and into an undergronnd hideout Air vents should be dug at an angle (fig 40),

a doc enters the scent cone, it will often raise its head to aarapEe the air, or it may even start 3nil!lng close to the ground and work its nose upward in the direction of the targeta.

The scout dog should be able to detect the scent coming either from the air vent or from the
a handler ia certain his dog has alerted, he investigates the area and the decoy is told to emerge from the water. This will as-

If

water.

When

fa.

If

a dog

ia

in the deadspace, it

may

be doae

tonish most dogs at firat, but they should soon be eagerly searching for air venta.

Fisart S9. Dtteetio-n of tne-mv

pflrffanW^ undtrgroK'i.d,

91

deCeottnR thLs

.-sijent.

wiJl

5:ick

]tg

head

in

the

water breathinE through atraws, reeda, or bamboo (fig li) 13 not difficult provided (h hancJUr t::in read his dog successfully- Seme dogg^ upon
iiJer^in]f

"waterp thitikinn to see the decoy.

66.

Advanced Tripwire/ Boo by trap Procedure

mtermediate scoulLnu^
^ij'tur

on

live

hrqath s^'ent or dea.d

i^cent,

will

LJurin];^

ini^tnicttjfs shoulc

bduomt^ confuHtfl
edge.

when :hey reudi

Che

\vL\z^r'^

be^itL teauhici]; th.i:,

liooiiytfftPn U?{'

nailing'-

a tripwire
hL^

o.

enter the water and start rio-^vnatream, foifowing The ciarrent-borae scentn am] lose if. They mjiv len turn hack upatroiLin or swim in cirtfes OccahLOtiaity a suduc -io^;, upon
w]]l

Otnet^

hti^fil^'r .-^fio'^id a^^^vii/.-j let

^t.

d^}\

lead

hh7i

itrou^\d

\iin:^
isive-i

anothor
:hi?

may
aJert

he ne^^rby,

thi-^

booby tra: dosf a sjharnje h

fi'jltr* iO,

Detetftj'on ^f pT3^Yitiel uiiddr

Hv^rb^nfc ^r

ftxtml im-nA.

5a

*^

-'-^i
-^^VHri ^-^H
t^

^^s
'^

riffiit-*

il.

Dfllflctioti

0/ pfrffonnfl^

aTiderwUir breathing tkrvugh

reed.

Sacfion IV.

NIGHT TRAINING
a.

67.

Scop

Advantages.
(1)

Scout dog team^ normally receive three nights of training early in intermediate scouting.
a. The scout dog learns that night as well as in the daytime,
it

During hot weather, dogs

will

work

bet-

ter

and longer
(2)

at night, due to the cooler temper-

atures.

must work

at

The dog's

senses of smell and hearing

are heightened at night,

The handler learns how work at night.

b.
c.

his

dog reacts and

Scout dogs can usually alert at greater distances at night, especially on sound.
(3)
b.

The team learns the procedures for employment on outpoats, listening poata, and ambush patrols.
63.

Dtaadvantages.
(1)

Since the handler

may

not be able to

General

see his dog's alerts or control it at any distance, he must work his dog on the 5-foot leash. This will reduce the warning distance during move-

There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to working scout doga at night.

ment.
(2)

Even on

leash, the handler

may misa

53

personnel alert
fuJly.

if

he

isn't obaervinj!: Iiis

do^ care-

(3)

Some

cfo^B bectime frisky at nighln

wak-

ing undue noise^ or brushr

69.
a.

may

tangle their leashes in

ProcAdurv
iVo/jc Di.s<'ipli7j^,

coy should approach from ^ome rJi^Lance upwind, without taking undue care about makiag noise. This gives the handler the chance [q observe both sound and scent alerts. The team should also be exposed to other soimds at varying distaticjes: Che izlick of a rifle htjJt a tw:^ l>fe[Lkin!r, the ijlank of untaped t:ombat gear, and other :yp[cal souaids.
Later, the decoy(ir) should approach from various directions and di^-^canceSn exercising noise
t\

3nme handlers

will

discover

thjit the]]-

must
dogs.

ieiirn

dogs wtU s-owl or bark ac night. They ^o quickly atop any noise by their

discipline.

be placed in a concealed simulating a listening or observation postp along with an instructor. Initially, the de5.

Each

ten.m should

locatioQp

During all phases of nighi: Irainjng^ the handler must be reminded th^t^ besides watchinjj for hia dog'g alert, he must he quick to stop any
d.

attempted noise by the dog-

54

CHAPTER

SPECIALIZED TRAINING

Sclion

GENERAL
71.

70.

Purpose

Scope
conducted
in

SpecialiMd traininff b conducted foilowins the completion of ifitermediate scouting. Its purpose IB to give the scoot doe team training in overcoming natural obetactes, enterinj or leaving areas of difficult access, and search techniques in
built-up areas.

training ia normally three concurrent phases:

Specialized
a.
b.
c.

River

crosainff.

RappellinB;.

Search of built-up area.

Stion
72-

II

RIVER CROSSING
on the ground with the hood facing up and tied off at the neck.
(1)

Expedient. Mathodt

One poncho The

is

placed

There are several expedient methods for crossing

rivers or streams.
(2)

lacea are

removed from the

boots.

The boots and

(B)

clothing to be kept dry are placed

Fording. If a wide, shallow (less than 5 feet deep) stream iiS encountered, a secluded shallow
a-

in the center of the poncho.

spot for fording sbould be aelected. The dog team should cross first, leading the security or reconnaissance elements. The handler or his bodyguard may probe stream depth with a fathoming stick. If the water is swift-flowing, a safety rope should be secured on both banks, when possible, to pre-

Packs and helmets are placed on each

side of the clothing; of the clothing.

web gear

Is

placed on top

vent men from falling and being Carried downstream,

|4) The rifles are placed on each side of the clothing and equipment with the muzzles pointing in the opposite directions, operating rod handles facing toward the center, and front and

rear sights padded with socks,

sides of the poncho are folded over the equipment and snapped together, (5)

The One-Rope Brid{/e^ A rope ia strung across the stream and pulled as tightly as possible. The dog handler slings his rifle over his back and enters the water with both hands on the rope and the leash tied securely to his leading hand. The scout dog is made to swim in front o the handler. As the handler makes his way across by the rope he always faces upstream in order to detect and avoid floating debris. In this and the
b.

The

(6)

poncho

at the snapped seam, the is rolled as tightly as possible down to

Starting

the equipment.
(7) The ends of the poncho are twisted into tight pigtails and are tied together over the
rolled

other methods, handlers should not try to use their dogs as flotation devices, as some dogs will become frightened and try to escape or even bite. Handlers ahould also discourage their dogs from trying to climb on them while swimming.

first

seam with one boot lace, (8) The second poncho is one was. If more bouyancy
(9)

laid
is

out as the

desired,

brush

may be placed

between the ponchos,

is

The poncho bundle

placed,

pigtails

down, on the second poncho,

(10> The sidea of the second poncho are folded over the equipment bundle, snapped together< rolled, and tied off as before with an-

Poncho Raft. This raft is constructed by using the equipment of two inc.

The

Ajtstraiian

dividuals as follows (flg 421

other boot

lace.

S3

STICKS USED LN LIEU OF RIFLE ACCOEIDLNG TO TACTICAL SITUATION

mr-

'^^^P^^^^^^^^.
PACK.

CLOTHING. eCOTS
BELT, ETC.

Padded with socks

MUZZLE AND HEARsicKT

HELMET ON TOP

TIED OFF HOOD KEPT INSIDE PACKAGE

PONCHO HOOD PULLED TALTT. BENT DOUBLE, TWISTED INTO GOOSENECK

AND TIED OFF

ONE PONCHO HAS HOLES USE FOR INNER PACKAGE

IF

{}

BOOTLACE

ONE PONCHO FORMS INNER PACKAGE

2

SECOND PONCHO IS WRAPPED AROUND INNER PACKAGE AND SECURED WITH {3> BOOTLACES
DIMENSIONS

BOOTLACES*

i#4
a.
Aattraliafi ponEha faft.

A2- X 15" X 10"

Fifvrt

(11)

The other two boot

laces are tied

around

the ends of the raft to further secure the ponchos,

d.

water can vidual and hia equipment.

(5) (6)

An empty

will float

an

indi-

Other Riv^r Crossing Expedients.

be tied to the ends of a piatoi be3t and used as water wings. of

(2) Five pistol belt (3) (4|

U) Ammunition

cans

may

pair of fatigue trousers tied off at each of the ankles can be inflated and used aa

water win^s.
73.

empty canteens

tied to each

end

Crossing Thickly

VegetaMd and Swoniipy

3.

and used for support.

Areas
Conditioning the mind and body to accept dense vegetation and mucky underfootin^ is the key to crossing this kind of obstacle effectively. On-thejob tralninff is the only way to sain this kind of

Air mattresses may be int!ated and used.

Waterproof
bajfl,

clothiaj placed inside, and naed to support a person.

with equipment and can be tied off securely

Handling :i dog while ivading ihrough a sivamp can be a diiScult ordeaL Frec:onditJonini!,

quent

marches

swamps

through denae vegetariiin and muc:h do to conditmn handlers and dogs.

S^tion m.
74.
a-

JtAPPtiUNG
point icentert oi its length is on the hip oppo.site to the hand that will be used for bralfing. An overhani3 knot 1^ tied in front of Che body. The ends of the rope ate brought bet^ve^n the h-x^ (front to rear), around the legs and over the

Rcippelling

Team

Rappelllvij-

upon

olistaclei

TKe team^ can quickly ^ly m^jns '\i a

which
hits ;ie?n

(Jescenci
riippel,

siiding

down

i ^llng rope

around rappei points

h.

(trees,

doubled projecting rocks).

EHahliahing a Rappei.

(1} In aefecting the routSn tie sure the rope reaches the bottom or a place from which fur^ ther rappe! can be flccompliahed, (2)
fuJJy

The rappei point should be

tested care-

and inspected to see that th^ rope ^ill run around it when one end is pulled frorn below^ and that the area is clear of loose rocks or debris.
(3)
pel it

and tied with a square knot and two half hitches on the side opposite the braking hand (2. 3v fi* 43X The snjip link is placed through the single rope around the waist and through the overhand knot. The snap link ig inserted with the gate down and the opening to^-^rd tha body. The snap link is then rotated one-half turn so that the gate Is up and opens awny from the body.
hips,
d.

The Seai Hip Method.

.

used for a rap^ should be tied twice to form two separate

If a i[itis rope is to be

loops.

(4)

The

ftrat

man should

The rappeller stands to one side of the rope twhen braking with the right hand on the left side, and when braking with the left hand on
(1) the right aide) and snaps the rope into the snap
link.

Choose a smooth route for the rope, free of sharp rocka.

ia)
(ft)

Slack between the snap link and the anchor point is taken up and brought underneath,

Place

loose

rocks,

which th rope

might

later dialodge, out of the

(c)

way,

See that the rope will run freely BTOUod the J-appd points rt-he:? pulled irom beJow.
(5)

around and over the snap link, and snajjped into it ajain. Thla results in a turn of rope around the solid shaft of th snap link which does not cmss itseif wh^i undej tensioa (Us 44).
a single rope is used, two wfapa around the snap link are made to increase triction. Fatting sideways, the dimber descends using his upper hand as a guide and the lower
(2)

Each man down wiU give the

sifirnal

Off Rappei. straighten the ropea, and see that they will run freely around ita anchors. When silence is needed a prearranged signal of pulling on a rope is substituted for the oral sijfnaL the last man is down, the rope in recovered; it should be pulled smoothly, to prevent the riging end from whipping around th^
(fl)

When

When

rope. Persoi^nel should stand dear of the falling rope, and T-ocka that may be dislodged by it, (7) Bopes should be inspected freqaently ii a large group of personnel I3 rappelling,

hand to brake. The rope is grasped by the braking hand with the thumb pointing down and towards the body. The braking hand is held behind and siightly ^tbove the hip,
Braking action is obtained by closing the hand and pressing the rope againat the
(3)

body.
Bitd

protect the palms of the hands from severe rope hums, gloves ahould be worn for ail rappelling.
(a)

To

The rappeller should lean well angle from the point where the rope
jnake a smooth
is

out. at
\a

an

secured,

and

evejj

descent.
fastest.

This

method
15

the least frictional

and

How-

ever, special care

must be taken

that the rope

tn fivoid

snapped correctly into the snap link

This method differs from others in that the .main friction is absorbed by a snap link which is inserted in a aling rope seat fastened to the rappeller. Thia provides a faster and lesa frictional descent than other methods [1, fig 4S).
(1)

the possibility of the gate being opened by the

Loose clothing or equipment around the waist la apt to be pulled into the snap link, locking the rappei. For these reasons the rappeller must be checked carefully before each derope.

attach the seat, the sling rope is placed acroaa the dimber'a back 30 that the midt2|

To

For other methods 31-72, and FM 31-50.

scent.

of rappelling see

FM
T

4n*CMIH[iTHE ^E*T

(T)

SOJARB KNOT

(T)

KVaHE

iJ/DT

*HD

tW(J

MiLf miCHFJ,

75.

Rapptlling th* Scout

llejdbiiity of

Dog Tam

Tha

the scout dOff team to operate in mountains, juuffles, or other inaccessible terrain, make? it ^wential that a team b% ablft to rappel. After the handlers leam to rappel, it la necesaary to accuatom the dogs to various
heigrhta.

double ropes are used* or two a single rope is used,

shaft
if

tuma

if

one matnJwr of the patrol hooka up tha YappeUing sling or expedient poncho sling to the rappelling rope preparatory to lowering the dog.
(4)
first,

The handler

rappels

then

the use of pulleys, the do^a can at first be lifted by the uae of a scout doj rappelHnff siin^r or an expedient aiiiiir-

By

Che ground can slow the descent of his dog by mereJy pulling on the rope
15)
to

The handler on

apply friction,
(6)

The Scovi Oflff Rti-ppeWing Sling. This type rappemns sUn^ (flg 45) can be easily fabricated from durable nylon material (tubular nylon re0.

The handler

receives

hla

dog and ap-

pljea the proper praise.

inforced with nylon thread). A larffe. medium, or small ai^ slinj is made to fit the dog, and la more comfortable than other methods.
First the dOff is muzzled: then it steps into the alin^ with the front loops passing over the head.
(1)

Moftt doga, after a few rapp^s, to accept this training.

ljl\

leam

h-

Expedient EappeUmg SHng U3ing Hamess

and 5-Foot Lea^h. This technique is a fast, simple expedient method that requires no 3pecial equipment and may be used under nearly
all

conditions.
(1) Procedure.

side and tiack loops are brought together over the dog's back and aU snapped into
(2)

The

The

first
is

step

is

to

insure

the snap Unk.

(3)

that

the
(a)

leather harness

wcurel^r

faateMd.

The rappeOinff rope

is

then run through

the snap link with one turn around the solid

loop by running the free end of the leaah through the hand loop. Place this loop over the narrowest part of the dog's body.

Make a

SI

between the nb c-a^e and the pelvis. Make the bop snug with the hand loop portion at the spine 46). and the free end running forward (I.

Riin the free end aJonj the left side of fhe spine, 'indf the rear body strap, over the dorsaJ or upper strap, and hack under the rear body strap on the n^ht side, F[t anugly (2. ftp
ib)
i.-)

Riin

the

free

end
nff

back
-llh

along

the

spine and under the loop (3,

id)

Repeat procedure

('^)

if

leaah

ia

long

enough.
D-ring on the harness. If necessary, wrap any excess leash around the upper strap until there is just
(e)

Attach the leash snap

to the

enough Mi
"Iti^P

left to

snap

(4, fij:46).

(/)

Test

the

sling

by

grasping

the

formed by the three lengths of leash, and lifting the dog. The dog should balance and
^'handle,"

f eel no diaconxf ort (fig 47),

It ia

Attach a snap link to the "handle." preferrable to attach a second snap link to
is) to allow free piay of the rappelling rope

the

first,

(fl4SJ.
{^) The dog or to a helicopter.

may now

be rappelled from

TvOiAK

(2)

Aiterruite expedient method.

(a)

An

alternate

method of r&ppelUng

doj from or to a helicopter ia with Che use of a duffel bag or mail bag. (b) Procedurt. Back the dog into the
Filfvrt

U. S4at

Xip mtthoii.

bag. Secure the opening. Attach rope or cable. Lower or extract dof.

39

SCCHJT

MC SAPPtLLWC

$LlNO

SCOUT DOG

IN

PiPPELLENC^UHG

40

'"s^f:-^

.^ ^
r-

Step

41

Step

d3

step 1 F^jure iff CcmtinuBiL

63

step 4
Flfjure iS

CtmtiTmed.

fttfitrfl i".

TtiJt

^iittff

b^ lifting

df>ff.

Fiffurt it.

Attachino

$iuijt

HjiA ta

komoH.

Secrion rV,

SEARCH OF

BUILT-UP

AREAS

76.

Gnaral

Searching villagea or other built-up areaa, with certain exceptions, is little different than other
operations.
a.

fadiitAte the search, handlers are taught three rulea which should be followed whenever It it
tactically feasible:
a.

The exceptions

are:

All inhabitanlA should be

removed from
is

thf

Boobytrapa may be found in greater concentration and in uDusuaJ locations

b.
c.

immediate area while the search

ductedb.

being con-

Inliabitanta

may

distract the dogs.

All

animals should either be removed

ot

penned.

Farm
There

or draft animals provide distractions.

iis

a greater than normal concentration of conflicting acents,

The scout dog team(s) should be assigned definite search area and pattern.
E.

78,

Procadure

77,

RuIm
and

In order to overcome the above problems

simplest to use a aeries of abandoned or unoccupied buildinga in a garriaon area. Where

It is

64

SEARCH (VILLAGES "HAWLETS" OPERATIONS

)

SDT{*|OME Fine TEXW SHOULD GO VI TH SOT

such bitildinjs are unavilnble, a vJlia^e can be constructed from avoiJable materials, making three or four rudimentary buildinga and adding simple artifacts auch aa fences, galea, pens, haystacks, and the Ifke.
79-

taught to establish a definjte search pattern before entering the village [flg 49), The dog should be worked closely [n ro 10 meters) In front of [ts handler, or even on-leaah where necessarv,
is 0.

gets increases.

The handler

AnlmoJA
It

Perimeter

Setirrh.
is

The handler

is

taught
ic

that, if the village

sma^l i?nough, he works his

periirteter. allowinc;

anticipated the scout doga will be areas corraining large numbera of domesticated nnimais (horaeSt cowa, pica, goats, chickens) it is desirable to accustom the doga to
is

When

dog once around the

to get
e:iriv

employed

in

the "feel'' of the area and aN:bJinc:e to give warning of any hostile presence ^virhin,
b.

such animals during training. The scout doga may otherwise become distracted or frightened by auch animals. Where feasible, a aelection of Auch animals can be procured. Initially, they should be kept in pens adjacent to the Iwnnels, so that the dojis become accustomed to their sounds aad smells- During built-up area search
training, the animals can be penned in the builtup area to add realism to the training,

Building Search. Once the perimeter search is complete, the scout dog team bejHns its search pattern. The team should try to approach each building from downwind. Each building should be completely circled before entering. If the building is to be entered, the scout dog Is given the opportunity to check the entrance carefully for boobytraps.
ST.
Othttr Bulh-Up Areas for

80.

Viiragt

The procedures

the beginning of this training, one or two decoys and a small number of boobytrapa and

At

searching built-up areas other than villages is baaicaUy the same as above. Here, the team will be required to search a
definite section, such as a

few

buildings.

It la

caches should be concealed in the villafre ao that they are fairly easy to detect. As the teams progress, the number and degree of difficulty of tar)

desirable to have at least one two-story building so that the scout doj can gain experience in

searching and climbing stairways.

*7

CHAPTE?! 7

ADVANCED SCOUTING
advice about his dog's aleru and, where appropriate, suggesting courses of action. 85.

32.

Scope

During: this final phase of instruction, the scout dog: teams are no longer being trained, but will apply what they have learned under simulated

Integrated Support Training

benefit

combat
a.

conditions,
will

During advanced scouting much mutual

be long range patrols

Moat probiema

(1,000 to 3,000 meteta).

Patrols will be over difficult and varied terrain to include swamps, hills, ravines, streams,
b.

can be gained by having the teams support the problems courses. Problems which can clude ranger problems, escape
cises,
field

student scout dog of various leader he supported inand evasion exertraining exercises, and squad, pla-

and dense forest or jungle,

c.

All problems will contain decoys hidden at,

or below ground level, fully concealed mines, boobytraps, caches, and multipifl tripwire
above,
settings.
d.

or company tactical patrols. Such integrated training both allows the handler(s| to gain experience in supporting infantry unit operations and gives the leader 3tudent(s) experience in the proper employment of a scout dog
toon,

team.
include situations re-

Some problems should

quiring application of river crossing;, rappelling, and village search techniques,

86-

Summary

Advanced night training should consist of night reconnaissance patrols, ambushes, and oute^

Prior to the final field performance examination, operationaJ readiness training test (ORTT), or Army Training Test (ATT), scout dog teams should be able to accomplish the following:
a.

poata/listenitis: posts,

Handlers should be able to give a

clear, con-

Problems should include the use of gunfire, artillery and ^enade simulators, boobytraps simulators, and other battlefield effects.

cise patrol briefing.

33

Prsttmploymvnt Training

Handlers should be able to effectively employ their dogs over all types of terrain, to include river crossing and rappelling operations.
b.

scout dog teams are to be deployed to a combat zone, advanced scouting should, where possible, be conducted over terrain and under conditions closely resembling the area of operations.

When

Scout doga should give a natural alert on at least 90 percent of personnel and caches hidden on, above, or below ground level.

Scout dogs should give a sit alert (wlthm 2 to 3 feet) on at least SO percent of all types of tripwires and boobytraps, remaining in position
d.

84.

Procedure

until recalled
.

by

their handlers.

Students

should act as instructors for each other, under the supervision of qualified instructors. Prior to the start of each problem, the student should receive the patrol leader's (instructor's) briefing, Chen give his patrol briefing

Scout dogs should work well in front of their handlers (10 to 100 meters, depending on terrain), remaining under strict control, and should be able to safely guide their handlers around tripwires or boobytraps.

(app B), Instructor advice should be kept to a minimum during the patrol. The handler should conduct the patrol as he would in combat, giving

Handlers should be able to read their dog's alerts to the extent that they can determine the
/.

target's

within ; the type of

approximate distance and direction hour by the clock aysteni, and to atate
alert.

Handlera should be nh\e to eifectwely employ their dogs on night reconnaiaaance, ambush patrols, and outposts, liatening posts.
j7.

70

CHAPTER

EMPLOYMENT
Sectren
I.

GENERAL
Assisting in searching objectives and objective areas, camps, and villages for concealed individuals or groups, and caches of weapons, ammunition, equipment, or food (including detection of concealed tunnel or cave entrances, and holes dug in caves or riverbaoks).
J.

37.

Orgfiniiation

Scout doc teams or sections of

a. b.
c.

may

be organized into aquads

Tofantryplatoons (scoutdoB).

Composite
Composite

tactical tactical

doc platoons, doc companies,

k.

When

a patrol

is

moving by

boat, the scout

dog team screens

Sa.

to the frontj around bends in

Raitatemanl of Miwion
doff team's

The soout

mission is to support infantry and combat support type units in tactical operatlona acainst hostile forces by detecting and CLvinc silent, early waminc of any foreign presence outside the main body of the patrol or other croup with which the team is workings i-c-i t recotinoiter for and report enemy presence- Spetaska dOB* teams are capable of pflv^ormine include:
cific

streams, and to the flanks and rear, performing in effect, any task the team can perform on land.

89.
a.

Capabilitisi

and

Limitations
detection and
faculties:

A
(1)

scout

dog team's

warning

capabilities are the {a)

combined results of

The dog'a superior

Smeil 40 times greater than perception (eatlmated). <6) Sound 20 times greater than

human human

Pinpointinc friendly occupied positions through or near which a patrol departs or reeatei3 friendly areas,
ci.

perception (estimated), (moving objects) 10 times (c) Sight greater than human perception (estimated).

()

The handler's

skill

in

working

and

b-

Aaslating

a patrol

Jntlltratinff

an enemy

"reading" his dog.

properly employed scout dog team miiailv can detect current or recent foreign presence outside the main body of a patrol before other patrol members; e,g detect the current human presence of an ambush
b.

area by locating outpost poaitions.

Providing^ during movement, early detection of friendly or enemy forces, natives, or inhabited areas the patrol desires to avoidc.

well-trained, physically

fit,

Detecting ambush sites^ close-in snipers* mines, boohytraps, and similar dangers, includTUg tripwiresd.

Providing, by placement at the rear, detection of forces seeking to follow the patrol.
e.

ahead of a patrol before any actions of the ambush reveal it to the patrol members; through detection of recent human presence warn of boobytraps dangerous to a patrol well ahead of detection by patrol members.
Besides human presence; a scout dog team can usually detect: A scout dog regards the scents (1) Caches of food, weapons, or ei^uipment as foreign and alerts on any of these scents, (2) Tripwires A acout dog alerta on seeing or hearing a tripwire (even though the human scent of the Installer has dissipated, the vibr^
c.

Providing early warning of enemy (or unidentified peraonne!) approaching patrol ambush aites, base perimeters, outposts and listening
/,

posts,
g. h.
i.

Assisting in cordon operations.

Pinpointing objectivea-

Locating

or

determining
or

the

extent
e.g..

of

enemy

positions

installations;

camps,

bases, bivouac areas.

tions of a wire often produce sounds that are audible to a dog).

71

piLt]"ol

Min^H lioooylraps- A SJ^out -rloa ma> reuQ^mze the dJstinuuve ^certta of the explosivenh or other components of the devices [e.y., in the ca3e of mines, fleshly turned earth) and uferts on these scents, even in the absence of human
(li)

in [Jie

j^ame marine:"

\.i^

it

wtiuUl to a non-

combatant civiMan hiding nearby.

L

The

nec^essity for ^ handler to concentrate

hits

h[s {ittentioci on

doij'^

actions prevents

him
pre-

scent.
d,

from proteutinH
acotu do^ team realizes
scent.
its

himt^eif Lvnd his dog.

When

fuilest poten-

tial

when wind

conditions permit the doc to

work

on airborne
F,

ceding a patrol (the team'^ usual position), a dog team is highly vulnerable :q enemy rire. Therefore, at leadt one patrol member must be assigned to protect e:ich wfn\":[nij s^roiit "iog team durinjf operaMons.
90.

scout do^'s detection capabilities are re[a

duced when there

or no wind^ when the wind IS from the flanks or rear, in areas of much noise or movement^ and by unfavorable weather or terrain conditions; e,ffr, raiUn smokep fog, dustn dense undergr&wtli> heavy woodSp or jungle. Under uafavorable wind conditions the scout dog
little

Planning and Preparation far U^a of Scout

Dog Tcamt
infantry tactical dog unit is attached to a tactical unit, normally brigade aiae or larger, the unit commander advises ^nd makea recommendations to the commander of that unit concerning the employment of his scout dog teama. When scout dog teams are employed with units that have not previously used them^ personnel of these units will be briefed on the team's capabilities and limitations. This is absolutely necessary to the team's success in combat since unit commanders may not be familiar with the proper methods of employing scout dogs.
n>

When an

la still effective Jn
/h

detecting by sound and sights

3Cout dog requires water

more frequently

and
g.

in greater

amounta than a

m^,

Except for water requirements, a scout dog^s need for rest and food, and its reactions to climate extremes^ compare to those of A man; i.e^p its elfeotiveness declines aa j.t becomes fatifued, hungry, Chiraty^ overheatedp or very coldn
Fatigue suffered by the dog^ and physical fatigue and mental stress bearing on the handler^ limit majtimum effective performance by a scout dog team. (Reserve acout dog support, to permit periodic rotation of working teams, is desirable for patrols where the requirements for continuous support exceeds the expected performance
h.

Prior to assignment to any operation the infantry tactical dog unit commander or his repb.

limits.

Proper use of a scout dog team may reduce the apeed at which a patrol could oCherwiae niove. For eiamplep unless a patrol is moving directly into the wind, with favorable weather and terrain conditions, a scout doff team, to work effectively, usually must move left and right of the patrol's line of marchp with forward speed reduced in proportion to the amount of left and right move^
i.

cawfully briefed oi\ planned miasiona as far in advance as possible. This allows htm to select teams that have worked with the supported unit before and/or tho^e team^ which will be most efFecttve for a particular mission. It also allows the handlers time to prepare themselves and their dogs; for example, checking the dogs out for any physical handicaps that might limit their effectiveness on the operfltionp eiercising their dogs to relieve excess energy from being kenneiedp and running their dogs on short training patrols to stimulate their Interest and
Msentativfi
ia

to verify their proficiencyn

<Jh

The supported commander should especial

ment required,
OccasionaUy a scout dog simply is a slow worker, even in favorable circumstances, and may unduly reduce a patrol's speed of movement.
y,

ly

seek to obtain scout dog support for his pa-

trols

when
(J)

Darkness severely

restricts vision

and

otherwise limits
(2)

human

detection abilltieSn

Weather or

terrain conditions restrict

All alerts must be interpreted by the handler and any of them may require checking by the patrol (an action that may be very time con^H

visibility
d.

during daylight.
the
decision

On reaching

suming) because a scout dog cannot normally distinguish between friendp enemy, and neutral, and therefore alerts on any current or recent

support is both desirable and supported commander will

scout dog practicablep the

that

human
to

n) Determine
required.

the

number of teams needed^

If

it detects^ For example^ a dog reacts an enemy squad lying in amhush ahead of a

scent

including reserve support

periodic rotation

is

7a


Seek to oucain a ten.nn5) that has previousJy worked with his unit nnd arrange for the teamia) Co join the patrol En time to hear the
(2) J7)

lnte^rat<2 the

team

fuJly into the tactical

unit

to

include pitrticipaiion in inspections and

frier to

rehear saJ 5 in
(a)

warning order.
Obtain the handler's recommendations lor the nioiC effective employment of the team; for example, he^t wtirkafl]!" position, and selection of a rtiQte ^vhich, consistent with other factorSi
(3)
iulijws the

team

to operate

mo^t

erTectively.

Indude his detailed pinn for the team's employment in the patrol order,
(4)

Insure that supported personnel know chat scout dog support is a suppUm^ent to patrol security and an aid when searching for a>aceaied personnel or equipmentp not a aubatituCe for the
(5)
patrol^a
(S)

Thoroughly familiarize the handler with the enhre plan of operation. (^1 Help familiarize the dog with ^he scents of individual patrol members and with the ijounds and motions of the patrol, (r) Help familjar]ze unit members wKh the ^eam'-^ methods of operation. id) Insure Chat the team is properly prepared for exampie^ the handler i^amou flakes himself and his equipment and tapea or wraps metal parts of the dogs working harness to eliminate unnecessary noise^ {e) Insure proper support for the team;
;

own

security measures.

Insure that supported personnel know and, in their association with scout doff teamst strictEy observe these precautions:
(ffl)

examplen designation, if required^ of unit members to carry extra water and/or food for the dog and assignment of one or more patrol menxbers to provide the team security while it is working.
for
e.

1.

They must not Feed a scout

dog.

Feeding by the

Before an operation the scout doj handler

handler only is a part of a dog^s trainings 3. Play with or pet a scout dog^ except for familiarization and then only under the

will
(1) Brief the tactical unit on the team^s capabilities and limitations^ the temperament of

handler^s petting of and playing with his dog is also a paii: of handler's direct supervision. the dog's training.

the dogp and any items of special interest pertaining to the team,
(2]

or gesture which a threat to its handlerH Although not specifically trained to defend their handlerSp most scout dogs develop a protective attitude toward them,
S,

Make any move scout dog may interpret as a

Explain

and demonstrate the team's

various methods of operation (as pertinent to the tasks to he performed).

(3)

3cent-familiarize the dog with ea^h unit

member.
previously worked with scout dogSp particularly those who are apprehensive^ to touch and stroke the dog to show them they need not fear it*
(4)

taking coverp patrol members must never jump on top of or too near a scout dog or its handler because the do; may react
{b)

When

Allow men

who have

not

defenaively^

Sscfifln

\l

TYPES OF

EMPLOYMENT
is

9L Employment
Movflmant
CL

of Scaut

Deg Tsoms During

this

particularly applicable

whenever scout

dogs are employed as part of a screening force for a larger body of troops moving to an assembly
areac.

Generallyp the best position for the scout

dog team is directly in front of the patrol. The team precedes the patrol or screening eJementn keeping on the assigned direction of movement. Wind conditions may dictate that the team move on the windward side of the route of advance to take maximum advantage of the do^s senses of smeil and hearing.
necessary at times to place the team in the rear of the patrol if the wind is blowing from the rear, or when speed Is necessary (as in the approach march )p since it is best to conserve the do^s energy whenever possible;
bn

On a

r^conTiaissance or combat patrol,

is

infiltration of hostile lines

desired, the

where scout dog

friendly

can be

extremely

useful

in

alerting

enemy outposts, in these instances the team^ when alerting on one outpostt can move to its right or left to find the location
forces to locations of

It

may become

of the other^ thus enabling the patrol to slip be-

tween them*
d.

On

all

patrol

actions one

member

of the

patrol should be assigned the mission of protect-

ing the handler and dog.

73

The distance at which the dog niiy niert depends an the weather and terrain. It may b^ 300 meters or it may be 30 meters. Once the dog alerts, the handler should sigriaJ the patrol to halt {usually by setting down), and he wait^ for the patraJ [eader to move up (on the 5ide
e-

and stationLnff of srout dog te:ima on an amnush patrol are the same as for outpo&ta, ext:ept where the sector is too wide for one tetim to icreefi effecttvdy then ti.\ or more teams may be employedd.

The procedures

for withdrawal

opposite Che dog) to receive information of th* enemy- If contact L^ to be madep the handler,
instead of

93-

Employmenr
fina.1

of

Scout

Dog Teams Wifh

M^tihanized Units
development of electronic remote control equipment nnd doctrine for its employment employment of scout dog teams with mechanized infantry will be restricted to several areas. Obviously^ dismounted scout dog teams couldn't keep up with tracked vehicles during
PendJni; the
^

moving

at

the

patrol's

^e:ir^

shoLL[ii

simply remain in place Co allow the patrol to pa.s-s throutrh his position then he faiU in ar the rear. This prncedure eliminates unnecessary movement and risk to the scout dag teamn In the event that a ftreflpht devplopSn and the team is at the point position^ it should remain in place. When possible it should move to the center of the patrol or to a position which would leaat interfere with
the patrol^a Are.

rapid

movement or

in

many

olTensive situations.

The moat ideal conditions icr working a scout dog are found in those areaA sparsely inhabited with few distractions. It must be remembered that a scout do^ is unable to distinguish between friend or foe and may alert on friendly
/.

Although there have been cases where acout doga have alerted from atop moving tracked vehicleSn the wind caused by movement and the engine noises and odors will usually make alerting impossible.

94.

The Offense
dog teams are employed with mechanised

peraonnel in the field. Therefore, it is vital that the handler and patrol leader know when and where other friendly units may b employed at

If scout

any particular time.

infantry in offensive operations^ they will normally ride in or on the vehicles^ and may be effectively employed in one or more of the following roles:
a.

Employment of Scout Dog Taami Outpost and Ambuth Polrolt

92.
a.

on

The scout dog team and

especially

may dismount
ataclesp

security element to check suspicioua areas or obita

When employed

where reconnaissance by Are

is

in aupport of an outpost

or aerial observation
ble.
&.

undesirable or not feasi-

or U^temng poat, scout dogs should be placed far enough In advance of these posts to reduce
distractions to the dog. However^ the team(s) ahould be close enough so that friendly contact

Scout dog teams may work dismounted for

can be maintained at all times and the team's position is not placed in jeopardy in case of an enemy attack or infiltration,
while mannjDg an outpost, the dog gives silent warning of hostile presencOp the team should immediately withdraw to the rear of the post so that it doea not maak the fire of friendly forces. The handler ahould always have a prearranged route of withdrawal before going on
&.
If,

short periods where natural or man-made obstaclesp weatheFp or terrain restrict forward speed
to a
c.

minimum.

When

confronted by a river or streami and

the tactical situation permitSp the dog can be directed to the far side to check for enemy positions,

mines or booby traps.

r

95.

The Defenw

outpost.
c.

There are several methods by which a scout

dog handler can alert the outpost commander of enemy approach. The handler will normally employ the method prescribed hy the supported unit

Scout dog teams can be effectively employed with mechanized infantry in the defense much as they are employed with dismounted infantry. Heren their capabilities can augment these of night
devices and sensors^ especially since the dog's senses can provide a wider range of detection possibilities than any single counter intrusion device.
vision

SOP. One slraplop often running a strong length

used,

method involves

of string between two points. Individuals on either end may alert the

other by having a prearranged signal of one, two, or three jerks to Indicate ''be on the alert" or "enemy Inaight.*^

96.

Employment of S<out Dog Team* With

elTec-

Airmobile Unit*
Experience has shown that scout dogs can

74

be t^tnployL^cl with mo.st aJrmohLle operatiaiit^.

tiveJy
iL

Ltij"ri]ubLltz

jj]l'ani:j"/

ici

rjr;

aLuarci

at

jump im and
do2^ enjoy
civcr-eaj!-er
tcj

able to aJf by themselves- Althouj^h most

firi^t,

most

doji:=

are

-->non

Tra-R.^pnrtatioft

by lielu^opter. Whether on
lj45i]ig

Hdlns!"

ht^ I j copters ^

some may become

it

an operiUiun or whf^n
oopter,

exit the aircraft as

approaches
to
la tt

trrinspofted
raiets

t>y

heli-

there are a nitmb^^r of

rriLlat

the

NTHjund
thiit so.

Handlert^

winch :he

must exercise caution

handler
{])

insure

their dujjs don't

jump

nfT untiJ

folfow:

safe to do
be aetuaiomi^cl
b.

to

The .-.uout i^fog must ^rst ridma in around vehu-lcs

(^)

Es'ffp!ot/7t?i^ftt.

Dotrs muisl he

muzzled prior

to enterin^^

ment on th^^ i?iric means of employin;!

optM^iMons:
(1)

In addition to normal empfoyjjrruLnd, there are a number of ape-

bcout dogs on airmobile

the aircraft.

more than one team is on an ajruraft, they ghould be separated 05 much as possible
(3)
If

between artd/nr behind the handler's lews (fig GO). During movementH the dogg should be encouraged to lie down.
(4)
sit

Dogs should

-^out dog can be rappelled to the ground to chctk a landing sone for enemy personnel, mines, or boobytraps-

Scout dogs can quickly check a landing zone as the supported personnel are dismounting
(2)

15)
]ast

Dog teama
e^it first.

.^ho^ild

board

the

aircraft

and deploying.
Scout dogs can check a potential pickup Eone for enemy personnel^ miD^s^ or boobytrapa.
(S)

and
(6)

Although the dogs may have

to be help-

Fiff^r^

Jfl-

5coT*t

do^

teain tn

HUlD.
75

97.

Employment of Scout Dog Teoms on

poaiticn

where the possibiHty

['ivfa.

exists of capsiaine
tii]uipmej|t,

Watftrborn Operations
a.

Where

the tactical situation requires the in-

the boat. This tnn LO&t success of the mission.

f.

and the

fantry to conduct waterborne operations along rivers, streams, and canals of flooded marshlands, scout (iog teams can lie effectively employed. Under these circumstances a patroJ is extremely vulnerable to ambush due to ita precanoua position on (he water and the possibly reduced visibility caused by high banks or bordering vegetation. A trained scout dog team can reduce these dangers by screening- to the front, around blind bend^H and to the flanks or rear,
6.

Actions nf Hnn/Uer Of Alert.

il)

The handler

ahoulii

by the dog's actions the

^oanri.

able 'o i-ec-ogniie type oi alert (icent,

lie

or siijht), the ^enerni djiection of the aiert, the approsimate distance of che enemv, and The ;reneral size of the hostile force
FoJlowini; the dng .ilertin;-. the handler should notify the patrol leader (who should be in the same boat as the team) by *he most ex(2)

peditious

and

silent

means

available. Ordinarily

EmploymiTit(1)

Ordinariljr the scout

dog team

will

employed with the lead element of the patroi ; dog and handler taking up a stationary position in the bow or stem of the craft.
(2)

be the

can be done by arm-and-hand signals due to their close proximity to one another,
this

(3)

If the patrol leader directs that contact

wind drifts (caused by the high banks and water currents) this
to the irregular

Due

screening element should follow a zigzag course down the canal or stream, working from one bank to the other,
(3)
If there is a prevailing

be made with the enemy, or that the alert be investigated, the boat should be beached and all members required to disembark. Then the team should take whatever action is dictated by the situation; e.g.. follow up the alert, or if contact

imminent, remain back at the shore with a bodyaniard, but not in the boat. This position is
is

wind blowing

too vulnerable,

off either flank,

however, the screening element should follow the bank farthest away from the upwind flank so that the do; wont get caught in any dead space cauaed by the scent being blown over the canal bank. The principles of wind utilization are no difl^erent than when running land problems.
should not be conatrued, however, that the dogs always work from the lead boat. At times the wind may be blowing from the rear and this will necessitate placing the doff In the stem of the last boat.
(4)
It

the enemy slips into the landing area the team has a better chance of survival on land.
In case d.

and

Teekniquea of Loading aTid Off-Loading.

(I)

Prior to entry into waterbome traioing exercises, all dogs must be thoroughly obedient and under absolute control of the handler.
(2> Practice should start with dogs being accustomed to getting in and out of a boat tied to a pier or bank. This should be repeated as often as necessary until the dog shows no fright

In those instances where only one boat employed, then the doff should be placed In the bow or stem, depending on the wind direction, and allowed to remain there.
(&)
is

change the team's position once the boat la afloat Should the boat be too small or crowded there is always the risk of the craft being capsized. There Is also the danger of the dog biting a member of the patrol or making other undue noises which would alert the enemy. Tf it becomes imperative for the team to change positions, then the boat should be pulled onto land where the exchange can be made with the least possible delay, noise, and/or confusion. This can be done by ofT-loadinjr the team and then reloading them after other patrol members have shifted positions. The most important
point to

(6)

It is not advisable to

and can manipulate any required maneuver without threat of capaizina: the craft. To accomplish this maneuver the handler should always enter the boat first. Then he can either lift the dog into the boat or have it enter by itself. The choice depends on the physical relationship of the boat to the bank or pier. The reason for the handler
entering the boat first Is so that he can be there to control the dog, and give encouragement if
necessary.
(3) The team should also be the flrst to enter the boat. While they are doing so other members of the patrol should be steadying the craft to prevent It from capsizing. (4) The team should also enter the boat from the center portion, unless the bow or stern can be stabilized. After entering the team should immediately take up positions in the stern or bowoftheboat (fig&l).

remember

is

not to risk any change of

76

(Tj)

OntE

:iboiird

m;iin ailent. It
if

may

the Eiout Che dog must rebe permitted to lie doivn only

or subarctic regions. The Genr,:Lr. Shepherd'^ dual coat enables it to adypt to jilmost any ulimate,
<i.

the AitiLiition or patrni iluriition .illows; otlier^L'iai?, th,' Loi! ahoiiid be kept in the Jictin^ po^itLiiii, fiiuin^' for-ward or to Che rear nf tilt uraft ili'iit'iidin^- oil where it ia stationed to take best
ailviiiiCj;."^

VVecither

is

an important factor

to be ron-

.-^idei-ed

oi the

wind
is

che e^timat-? nf the situLitiu-i and may iiittate a course of action. As iir. example, the attacker- in a sno^vstorni with ".he ^vi:ul it bii ;mck is at a marked d[i:advanc:ise. a.-i "he ^cenC

Ui)

Thi'
I

th^ini^eovec

mnd<' before entry

!?

uito -M-

oLit

Tbe

boiit

ni.iy

too crowded oc
i^han^'e-

be detected by the do^ Ion:file ker conies into v[eiv.

'.vill

f^el'nre

:he af-

too

L^iusily

-iLpiized to
iidrLft.

permit martini! the

nv(;r

onte
{7)

To

otf-[oad

a scout dng the procedure

the jriovem^'nt of Itoops ^ii'tably equippeif and trained, but reduces -.he mobiland trainity of troops lacking proper ef[aipnient
h.

Snow enhances

13 IS

reversed, aa explained pre^'iously llig 52). It important to note that during olMoadinj: ex-

ing.

ercises the dojr is not permitted to

Walter,

jump
to

into the

aniens absolutely necessary

Rain the

shore, because the resulting noise of splashing:

deep snow la by the use Beat employment of a long leash, or off leash provided that the dog is under control.
c.

and shaking itself to dry olT will aiert any enemy in the immediate vicinity of the landing
(S)

d.

The hard crust formed on snow

will sustain

The scout dog team and patrol mem-

bers of the lead boat should go ashore to recoiinoiter the nverbank at suspected danger points
rflg5Sl.
(S)
tion
it is

the weight of most dogs. Daily inspection of the dog'a pads ia necessary as hard, crusted snow and ice will wear do^rn the pads and may cause an ineffective team. Dog boots may be used in
:hia

environment

(ffg ^i)
sleet,

'^Vhen

any waterborne operaimperative that the dog be silent ajid

effecting

under complete control of the handler at all times. This important point is repeated beeause any
noise could coat the Uvea of the patrol,

and fog have a tendency to reduce the strength of a scent; however, it handler is not alwava the dog hut sometimes the that is Affected most by the elements- The distance at which dogs can pick up human scent
e.

Snow, rain,

varies with conditions,

9B.

Employment

of Scout

Dog Team

in

Northern Operotjons

With proper training and

acclimatization, scout
artic.

dog teams can be employed in mountainous,

assigned to work with mountain and/or ski troops operating 10,000 to 12.000 feet above sea level. However, in order to function efficiently at such high altitudes the
f.

Scout dog teams

may be

i-*^

)"

F^ffUr^ 5Jr

^Vai^^rh^T7le pat^^l

w^ih jcPUl df]g

tfictm-

77

F'tgwe 52. SeouC dog Ifam

nr/laaiiiiig

from

iLenaUll

boaL

F\tlvre SS.

S^out dug tvnm, on

r^coiijnija^a'ict' putrpS,

handfer and dog must be trained to move over clfffs, rocks, ravines, glaciers, cind deep ^iiiiw
g.

h.

Si'tting

up bivouac areas

will

vary

iiccord-

The
to

ing to the terrain eni^nuntered un :i particular operation. Living c^onditiona are improved, however,
if

handler's knowledge muse ai^o include

how
79

the area

is

prepare shelters

[FM

20-20).

(FM

31-71, and

FM

used lonjjer than one night 21-50}.

DOC BOOT OPEH TYPfi

DOC BOOT CLOSED TYPEIITITCHEDI

(^3^

DOG SOOT CLOSED TYPE ILACED)

79

99.
rtr

Dewrf Operatign*
Most deserts around rhe Mediterranean
Seji

100.

Ccjsualry Procedure

are arid regions with a hi^^h evaporation rate and a yearly rjj.jnfa!l of less than lO-inchea. (In
Che Gobi Desert water <:an uaually he foucid close to the surface. Temperatures during the hottest
'J

There are a number Df specific procedures which must be followed should a handler or dog sustain injuries in combat.
n. A wounded or injured handler is treated accordini^ Co the supported unit's casualty plan.

part of the day are well over 100" P, and often range between 20" to 30 F. at nlR-ht. Thi:s, it is bei5t to work dogs durini?" the cooler night temperatures.

(11
tion,

handler is to be left for later evacuahis dojt \vi]] remain with him.
If a
If

Desert winds are uanahie and often unpredictable. In acme parts of the Sahara Desert Jight northerly or westerly breezes occur during the day and are common after sunset. Winds are generally constant in the deserts of the Middle East where they blow continuously for a cumber
6.

evacuated by the patroi a member of the patrol ahouid be detailed to lead the dog on-leash to the pickup point. If tbis ia not possible, the dog may be turned oJf leash, as most doga will follow their handlers.
i'2)
is

a handler

fo be

Caution: Under no conditions should a member of a supported unit attempt to work the dog.
b.

of days at a time,

stan and Iran is which hlowa steadily from May until September.) Storms of hurricane velocity are frequent throughout the year, and they are often accompamed by rapid temperature changes. These storms blow sand so thick and forcibly that it can be dangerous to troops who are not trained to protect eyes EJid iwiatrila ?hni othetwiae cope with such conditions- Scout dogs must be similarly protected. Wind, sand, and dust are particularly irritative
to

(The Sarstan Desert in Afghaninoted for ita "wind of 120 daya"

Some dogs may become overly defensive and

try to prevent anyone approaching their handler to administer flrat aid. In this situation every effort should be made to get the dog away from the handler so that he can be treated and evacuated. Several suggested methods are:
(1)

Coaxing the dog away with friendly

food.

words or
\2) mobilize
(3)
a.

Throwing a poncho over

it.

the

dog

to

im-

Roping and tying the dog.

none of the above works, or the
tactical

mucouH membranes and may cause local irritation of near-diaabliag nature. The wind, besides drying mucoua membranes and chapping the lips and other axpoaed skin surfaces, carries duat and sand particlea which penetrate clothing and goggles. Irritative conjojicHvitis. caused by
the infiltration of fine particles Into the er^, ifl a frequent complaint of aoldiers even when they

It

situation or nature of the handler's injuries does not permit the above, then the dos be destroyed. OR

MUST NO MATTER HOW VALUABLE COSTLY THE DOG, HUMAX LIFE ALWAYS TAKES PRECEDENCEdog is wounded or killed, it is evacuated under the same conditions as a human casualty. The handler atwaya accompanies his dog'
d.

If a

wear

gog-glea.

Obviously,

these

conditiocis

can
dogs.

severely limit the performance of

men and

APPENDIX A
REFERENCES

AR AR

L90-I2
70<>-ai

Military Polii:e

Working Dofs.

Department

of Defenae

Dog Program.

FM FM FM FM FM

8-35 20-20

Transport jLti on oi the Sick and Wounded.

Basic Care and Training of Military Doga,

20-32
21-50
21-75

Landmine Warfare,
Ranger Training and Ranger Operations.

Combat Training of
Patrolliflg.

the Individual Soldier and

FM 31-22 FM 31-25 FM SI -35 FM 31-70 FM 31-71 FM 31-72

ATP ATT
7-16T

US Army

Counterinsurgency Forces.

Desert Operations. Jungle Operations.

Basic Cold Weather Manual.

Northern Operations.

Mountain Operatior^s.
Infantry Platoon (Scout Dog) Infantry Platoon (Scout Dog) Infanto' Platoon (Scout Dog)

(TOE

7-167).

ASubjSched 7-39
7-157

(TOE T-16T)

(TOE

7-167)

11

APPENDIX
r.

PATROL BRlEFiNG DATA GUfDE

Section
1.

r.

INTRODUCTION
see

Assemble

all

patrol

membra in order that they may

dog (name and
unit),

and hear

all
2. 3.

instructions

and demoostratlona.

Identify youraeif and your

Coordinate with patrol leader on time and place for patrol orders, rehearsal, and other Inforraatloo,
4.
B.

Aiways try

to rehearoe

with patrol prior to moving out an assignment.

Make sure dog

smells every

member

of the patroi.

Saction
S.

It.

CAPABILITIES

Doff can give early vamin? fallent) of individual or [roup of people nearby in vicinity of patrol i.e., silent eariy warning of ambuah or sniper^
T-

Doff can detect an Infiltrator

or

group of persons

infiltrating the

perinieter.

Doff can assist in the detection of tunneis and/or other devices used by the enemy aa storage locations for food and supplies.
8,

dog's alertness and senses ot smell, siderably better than those of a man.
9'

A A

aiffht,

and hearing are con-

10.
11.

dog should be

ixied

on point whenever possible.

trail

If vegetation Is

denH. a

breaker should move ahead of the dog.

The dog

will still be able to use Its senses of detection.

Section
1!J-

lil.

LIMITATIONS

A
If

doff

should only be worked by one qualified handler.

is essential,

13. 14. 15.

speed

the

team should be moved

to the rear.
unit,

dog team does not join the attack unit or the enveloping
factor,

Wind plays an important

when working

the dog's ability

to alert.

Alerts can vary according to the wind velocity, wind direction, the concentration of human scent, humidltyi density or openness of the terrain and the amount of confuelng noises In the area.
16. 17.
Ifi^

Never
If

split
is

a dog team.

a dog

wounded

It

should be evacuated under the same conditions

as a

human

casualty.

as

handler becomes li casualry ami the doff becomes agEreisive and the handler cannot be acSministered jid due to the dog-, the dog MUST he destroyed.
:&.
[f

fee! an exagfferated senae nf security Patrol members due to hav-ing a dog team in their patrol, nor must they become agitated and u-ppreheiisive because of the presence of the dog.
20.

MUST NOT

21.

One man should be asaigned

to control the

to the

aa a body guard for security. This is

dog te^m from the patrol unit due to the dog handler needing both
hi;;

hands
22. 23.

dog and cannot use

'veapon effectively.
as
It

In hot weather, carry extra

If

water for the dog

dehydrates quickly.

used on a patroU the extra do^(s) should be kept In reserve and the point dog should be relieved frequently, especially in rough terrain,

more than one doj

is

Sflctlon

IV.

CAUTIONS TO PATROL PERSONNEL

to pet the doj. It

24.

Warn

patrol

members not

may

i^ecome noisy or

aggressive.
25. 26. 27-

Alvays approach handler on the right

side.

When

taking cover, avoid

jumping

too near the dog or the handler.

Checking danger are&s: Ask patrol leader^ miasion depends on aituatlon and terrain,
28.

Village surveys

Check with patrol leader on asalifned

section.

APPENDIX C
SENTRY

DOG

TRAINING

SetJoTi

I.

BASIC TRAINING
hurdles, ditches, low

1.

Basic Training Raqulred

basic

ramps for jumping, high

it is

The

obedience training- requirements for sentry doga are identicai to those outlined in 20-30,

ramps
ever

to teach the

doC that

FM

tunneU handler takes crawl, and walking logs or ladders raised above and parallel to the ground to ceach a dog fo be sure footed'
its

safe to go wherto teach a dog to

2a-

AdvanBcf Obedianc*

obedience train' riff consists of requiring the dog- to tun an obstacle course and to perform all exerc^ises off Le^h and without the ufle of oommand ffefltures. Since sentry do^
are nom^l^y^ used at night
useless,
it

Adv^ced

4.

Miision
is

The mission of the sentry dog

ft.

to

Detect and warn,

wben

ventures are
to

is

essential to train

them

under-

ii.

Pursue and

attack.
in apprehension).

stand and obey orai commands. This advanced traininff aJlowa the handler to acquire Increased control over bis do^ and dev^ps In the dog the discipFiue necessary for effective military
service.

c.

Delay (assist

9.
o.

Uh

of Snh7 Dog*
dog, as the

The sentry

name

implie9h

Is

start of obedience ti'ainlnjj the doffs ate ^z\\ MpaT^t^ to Tmuimiae the posaibiUty ol
h.

At the

Affhts.

doa:

that attemps

to

attack another

should be muscled immediatolj' as punishment. As the training^ progresses the handlers increase
their control and the dogs become accustomed to

uaed principally on guard duty a^ a watchdog. This type dog is trained to give warning to its handler by growling, barking, or by silent alert. It is habitually worked on leashr The handler, keeping the dog on leash, walks his post and can depend on the dog to alert him of the approach
or preaeii^e of atraTvae'es \^ or about thft arWh being protected. When the dog alerts, the handler must be prepared to cope with the situation as circumstances dictate: that is, he must investi^te (keeping carefully under cover), challenge and make an arrest if an intruder is present.

working together in the area. The distance between dogs is then gradually reduced until handlers and dOiTB, working off leash, are capable of
doing close order
drill

and obedience exercises at

intervals ol 4 feet or lass.

The dog, being kept on

3.

leash

and
of
to

close to
its

the

Obitacle

CourM

handler, will attack on

6.

command

handler.
in

Sentry dogs cannot be e^cpected to maintain peak efficiency unless they are in top physical conditioJi, This means, that in addition Co receiving proper food and medical care, they must be exercised frequently, regularly, and strenuously. An obstacle course (FM 2[i-20) which may be constructed out of natural or salvage materials, provides an excellent medium for such exercisesAll units which have sentry dogs assigned should have an obstacle course coiisttucted. A a;0Qd obstacle course should include but is not limited to

The sentry dog can be used

critical locations 3S

such

advantage

(!) (2) (3) (4) IS)

Airplane dispersal areas

(fig

55).

Gun emplacement
Beach

areas.

patrol areas,

Ammunition dumps.
Ration dumpstftff

(6> Motor pools

56).

14

<7i [St

l\vii;imii:e itunii^'e nr^ii"

Uiiiileil

['.I)

In I'x'ieme.y ooid
tn

I'limati?:^.

prnvid'd the

mhaile ^ne^.

dogs with boots

{^i W.itpr^vorka {fig >")

cuts leather (fig o4,

protect their iindi ayainst ice Doj^ boots may be made fnim canvas or

.'.

The sentry
lulled to

;J0[,'

ia

Dne-mnn doy. Each don

i:iiri?,

6.

Selection

for Troiring

in

Sentry

Work

'

.ifl!:!

"niy '>ne hiindltir for

traininiSH

,nd duty.
1^.

be i<uitabie tor .=iencry training, diiys should pos.'^e^^ the desirable emits in the fiilliiwin;^ de-

To

Whenever

.r>ili
1

do?s ^huald downivind from Che area being pf-ottfuced

rira^Jtii^Li],

ientry

grees:
a. b.

Intelligence

moderate
moderate

to his?h.
to high.

itn^reiise

their .ilertiug range.

Willingness

e. There is no ntfed to withdraw sentry dng 'cams from post dunng rainy weather. Althoagh flogs effective .J heavy rain will tend to reduce a

c.

Energy

fi.

alerting range,
.still

its

ability to detect intruders wiJl

6.

esueed Chat of the handler. No difflcuities ghouiri bt encountered in the employment of sentry dogs in cold climates where temperatures fall to 40'* F. helow zero. The dogs witl adjust rapidly to the extreme temperature: however, for peak etficiency in suth i:old dimates, earry
)ut Che following special instructions.

moderate Aggressiveness high. moderate. Sensitivity low

to high.

to

7.
a.

Training Conditions

Assign the dogs to their duty sites during the summer months so they can gradually become acclimated before cold weather aeta in.
(1}
(2)

Functions of the Handler. In addition to teaching the dog to obey his commands, the handler must instill in the dog the idea that every humann except himself, is his natural enemy. He does this by encouraging the dog to alert at the presence of any stranger and always he suspicious.
Tt

Cold weather housing for dogs should

be unheated iind located outof-doors.

PERMITS ANYONE TO PET OR MAKE FRIENDS WITH THE DOG HE IS TRAIN^

must be emphaaj^ted that the handler

NEVER

,ia*jaaitiidii4^^>v^^-"' h^*- ^^ -:-.-

:*fetf^Sgfe^
piffitre 55.

GwariiinCP Hiircra/t IffCTtCrv ^Offjn

^'+'

'^r*-

|AJ

/y.

>
I

;*-^:t^->:.j

i.-

l-.-ftfO"^

/^ifiptirf

Jff.

Gf+Urrftftp

jnottHr pooJ

(jtfn^rv

^^).

I^^^^^^'^t.-VL.'^
Fiffu^n 57.

Gunrdifiy MrateTiirfrks (aenltv doff)-

iNG. He must remember that he is the only friend the do^ must rei^osnize; he is the ONLY master. For the same reason, the handler muflt never pi?t any dg^ except his own. ]!e tnuit al-

ways
h.

an aggressive move toward him. He apprnachea the dog in a threatenmg manner, but when the do^ makps Che slightest move toward him, he retreats. His manner of approaching the dos may
he varied according to the dog'a temperament.
It
is

practice safety,
Fiinctio-m^

of

Assistant.

An

asAisIant

is

esseTitialn

however, that

in

every encounter

and deeoy. The agitator sharpens the dog's aKsressiveQess by agitating and angertns the dog and builda isp its seJfconfidence by retreating as soon aa the dog makea
u^eri

to act aa ^i^itator

dog and the agitator, the DOG MUST ALWAYS BE THE WIKNER. The agitator ia as important in sentry dog training as the handler, and hia work shouiri be carefully
between the

06

-iupervj^ed by Che instructur. Fnr variety, di[ferent men ure used as asitatora. The handler of one dog can yet aa agitator for the handler of

9.

Training Procedure
to

Training

make

the sentry dog aygreasive

is

anuther dog
r.

divcded into three stages:

IL

(fi^ 5fl}.

Location.
;ir(^:i.

Tmininn
Aj5

titarta

1,r:imm^
It

ioon a^ the

the repvl^r dnE progres?ei.

in

An

rnderaq(]r'^.''sive

Do'f

This

dr>g

<:r'.ic-.^

nejJiUJvely

to

the

prf^ence of :he
^ts

,i,:i;itacnr

It

la

moved

to different lucationa,

chosen to

r^-

may
In

stand and
'>r

wug

tail,

thrrj^v

its-ilf

on the

.-i^mble
d.

'-\-Lrnni-'<

-"pes uf .sentry pn^ta.

ground,
thip

try to rim away from ",he jgitatnr. ca^e, the agitator :Lp:jC'jjii:hes the di>u^
hiti or sei^e?
][

Time.

Initiiil

training

id

done duriny- dayto

Erom the dank and

from

hehi]:.:.

the doy alerts preaenoe of unfamiliar persona in daytime, final

time.
train inj^
is

When

[Consistently

the

undertaken

at night.

The handler sets an example for the dog hy making threatening gestures towiird the agitator, who imitates a dog'a growl. When the doH,
trying to protect itself, snaps or growla at the agitator, the agitator at once stopa agitating the dog and quickly runs away. Tn trainin;? this type of dog, it ia very important for the handler to exaggerate his praise and encouragement whenever the dog shows the sUghteat sign of aggressiveneaa, and for the agitator to exaggerate hia simulated fear of the dog. Thia procedure must be repeated until the dog's confidence is huiit up and it tries to attack the agitator as
jn

8.

Equipment

For Santry Troining

ia

The following equipment

a.

required;
chiiin
colflat

choke lar, a 5-foot leather leaah, a 25-fQot leash, a leather collar, a stake, and a kennel chain.

The handler

will

need a

b.

The agitator needs

small flexible stick,

rolled up sacking, or other harmless weapon, an attack aleeve (fig 59).

and

Fiffi^r* SS^

Pf^p^n^um for

\tffitatwn^

a?

30on iis he iipproach^rs- Trtiining for the day i^ conduderf with pniiae by the master a3 the igitator dis^ippcara,

ing for the day. It is resumed tbc following d;ty with the duj^ chained to the stake as before. It

Moderately Agffr^-'t-'nve Dag, This dog is the ideal dog to train for aentry work. It barks
6.
-4

chained to Che ataKe for thii exercise iint]l the dog hag demonstrated that [t W]1J not bite the handler, no matter bpw excited it becomes.
is

or growJ_s as auon 1^3 the apitntor ^ippeara, lunyina" on Che chain and trytng to attack. The agitator runti a^^^ay ^nd out of .^ji^ht As soon as tht^
the do^ Ls not tt>o ejtcilcd^ pats ]t. When the hxindter is <ionvini:ed that the dog is aroused only ai^ainst the agitator and that it has
It

?0h
a.

Agitation

Advanced

aE]t:it]on trainang consitirs of agit?f

lavishly and,

if

indisdfiminatelyn it may be considered ready for work off the ataker The e^cerciae for the day js concluded with the agita^

no tendency

to attacTt

m&X^Tig it bite at the agitator The ngiliitor wear^ the attack alfieve to give the dog something to aciually bite. He uses a stick or burlap bug to agitate the do^. The agitator builds the d^g up by acting frightened and backing away every time the dog advances. Without exception, the dog muat always be the
t^tii^g
^wiiiiiftr.

tht dog to the ^^ttnt

tflr

cunning away and the hatidl^r pt*i^mff the dog and unchaining Jtc.

A- Ivaivdle? iiivtr

^gi^^:^ his Q^nv dogn

leather
collar

Overa^ffrea^v^ Dog, This dog is apt to loae ita head, try to bite everyone within reath, and keep on barking ven after the agitator dia^ appearSn In thia case, the handler scolds the dog. He ahoutg NO, jerking on the Iflash until the dog" c^^Tna down. He mual; be careful not to step within reach until the dog stopa barking and growling^ When he \s sure that the dog^ is calm enoughr he approachea it* speaking soothin^y^ and praisesand pets it. This procedure la repeated, except that the agitator appeara and disappeara immediately.
ita

An

The dog always wears the for agitation training- As soon as

b-

a aession haa
^fig fiQ^.

hee^L tompleted th* collar i% rem^ivfti

dog soon comes to associate the leather collar with agitation apd when it is placed around it? neck the dog will begin to search for an agitator. The dog also wears the leather collar while performing sentry duty. It is imIn thia
the

way

portant that this fleather) collar-agitator associatioo be eat^lUhed early and ftrmly. The thgke chain 13 used only when takinff a dog to or from the kennel area and during ahedience training.

the dog ahowa aigns of directing aflgTes^vtrieBB toward the agitator, the hand^

As

ler lavishes praise

and

triea to indicate to the doff

that

ita

hostility

muat be directed onlj

trials,
atflp

at thetrain-

agitfltflr.

After two or three

which develops in a dog the afgre^sivenesa and viciotianess essential to an effective sentry dog. Its aggressivene^ and viciouaneas deteimlne its alertneas 00 poat and urge to attack. It la Important to keep in raiTid that each
It \s agitation

^ipHTtf J

Lvi dpijvlin.

doE is an inJividual with a distinct temperament of its own, and to obtain thfl beat results agitation must be suited to the dog. There are three principal methods of agitation,
(1)

(b)

Six

naturally

asai'essive

dogs

:ire

Line agitation.

brought out at the same time. These are doga which have demonstrated that they do not need to be chained to the staiie. Between every two of these dogs is placed a dog that has rfiai;ted neKatively to the ftrat phase of training. AH Che dogs iire lined up far enough ap;irC so that they can-

Handlers and doga form a sinKEe line at intervals of aboui 1& feet, the dogs standing at heel. The agitator quietly approaches one end of the line from the rear. He i'tops when he is about SO feet from the first dog and handler and
(a)

the

inatraetor

commands ABOUT, FACE.

All

handlers and dogs execute about face, and the Iirst dog and handler advance aJowiy toward the

not get into a fight among themselves. Each dog The is on :pash at the left side of the handler command HIM -s siven whi^ii Chi; ai-itator appears and walks toivard the dogs. Some of the dogs will bark immediately; these should be

WATCH

The handler incites his dog with thi? command WATCH HIM. When the dog cornea
agitator.

praised by their handlers. The agitator concentrates his attention on the dogs that do not re-

spond

readily.

He approaches them with

his

within 10 feet of him, the agitator acts excited and afraid and begins to retreat, walking backwards. The dog ia ailowed to approach within 3 feet of the agitator who then agitates the dog a few momenta with hia sticky while continuing to retreat. The handler then caib ofT his dog and leads him back of the agitation line to the other end while the next dog and handler atari the same procedure. This should continue until each dog has gone through three repetitions with the agitator. The doga are NOT allowed to take hold
of the agitator during this exercise (ftg59).

them, and jumps away. Inspired by the bolder dogs beside them, even the slow ones will eventually start barking, U properly encouraged by their handlers, they will understand that there is nothing to fear from the agitator, and that he will disappear as soon as they bark, growl, or make a move toward him. When all the dogs alert as soon as the agitator appears,
stick, threatena

he must vary his direction of approach and increase the distance at which he first appears. The dogs that detect him earliest are praised lavishly. It will be found that the slower dogs learn from their aggressive companions, as well as

from

their handlers.

OVER AGGRESSIVE DOGS

ARE NOT USED

(c)

TN LINE AGITATION.
all

dogs in the class alert at the approach of the agitator, a new man takes his place. The dogs leam in this way that tmy man approaching ia an enemy. It is desirable to have numeroua persons play the role of the agitator,

When

and dressed in different clothing,

(d)

The handler now plays

the role of the

aentry, walking post with his dog heeling on loose leaeh, (This simulated poet must be changed each day so that the dog does not get accus-

tomed

to one, definite route.)

When

the dog and

aentry have advanced a short distance, the agitator approaches from some place of concealment. If the dog has learned its first lesson, it will detect the approach of the agitator and will alert without help from the handler. If the dog does not alert, the handler gives it the cue by commanding HIM- As soon as the dog gives warning, the agitator runs out of sight and the

WATCH

Figure

fO-

Chanffimi'

(stfTEtry

dog).

handler praises and encourages the dog. If the dot does not respond correctly, the agitator conceals himself along the dog's path of advance, steps out quickly from his hiding place, hits at the dog with a stick, and jumps away. This will arouse the dog. Furthermore, the dog will iearn that unless it gives alarm immediately upon de-

a*

letcing the prej^ence oi

rected.

lL

Jtran^er,

:t

wjU be cor-

LLa

keen he:iriny

is

i^nhanceci

by the

iibt^ence

of

fjislractine noisea.
{*)

a doff detects and ilerts Ct> the presence of jill stranpcr^ at ;i contiiderabJe distance without any help diinng the d:iytime, it is
aeneriiJly ready to
he-

When

{a)

St^ke a.yltat]on
chiiined to
?i

foilowE? line afiitatioritree,

The dog

is

postp or stake

In

worked
is

j^t

niehL

It

-will

usually be found thu.t a dojf

better a[ ni^ht he-

>.ome open space :i\v:ty from :hc kennels. This exorcise tends to further build the dos:'s confidence
in
Lt?^elf

^:ause scencinj^ condition-^ are

more

fa.voriible r^nd

in

unfamilitir

pla^ze.s

Some

doj^^

are

-.*

r^r'

v^v-.

90

naturally nggreasive and do not n^ed much ugitation to become excited. Td avoid am^idetits,
training: to arouse

a^^essis^noss

may

be ataHed

away. As the agitator strikes, the handler encDurage^ the dog by commanding GET HJM, in a sharp voice. Doga wilt respond to this proceduT'e
according to theit natural aKKTeasiveness,
(3)

by tying the dog to a stake with a kennei chivin :ittached to the broad leather collar. It ia advisable to lnoaen an inch or two of the earth around the atakft so chat the stake will ^ivg a little when the dog lungea, and not chetk it too sharply. The handler heela the dog to the end of the chain,
ifcders
it

Muzzle ngitation.
This
tg

to ait

and steps away from the dog.

When
the

the agitator approaches and comes within sight th? handler puts the dog on the alert by

command
is

WATCH

voice, almost a whisper.

HIM, uttered in a fow The command WATCH

used imly during early training. It is a signal for the dog that it la on duty and must be prepared to detect any intrusion- The commsnd should he slimirtated ob soon as th& dog ha^ learned that putting: on the collar and leaAh slffniflea that it is on duty. HIM ia neveiuKed in actual service to alert the dog- Tfu doQ

HIM

an exercise for sentry dog?. The sentry dog is inu^ifed and af?oived to atcair^ its agitator who wears regular clothing. This actually La a test to determine if the dog wiii Jttack, on command, persona aot dressed in ihe attack 5uit. During training many dogs seem to acquire an a]jj]0st ei^rlusive aasotiation between the attack auit and "enemy." This form of ajita' tion win determine if a sentry dog is "Suit Happy" or not <(ig 61),
<a)
hicle.

Dogs are never agitated from a Eventually tJii^ will cauae them to look
(b)

vefor

WATCH

alerts tfie

lumdUr of The

ftanger, ttu handler doea not

and re^ct against vehicles inatead of people. In addition^ they become nervoua and excited when vehicles approach, thus making it difficult to get them to enter one and ride calmly.
Xormally. dogs should be agitated at least three times weekly to keep them at the peak of their effectiveness, but the temperament of individual dogs should also be considered in determininr the amount of agitation they need- Under no circumstancea will a dog be agitated in the absence of its handf^r.
[g)

aiert tht dog.

<fr)

agitator appears, equipped with

stick

or some other harmless weapon. He approaches the dog from an angle, not facing it directiy. He looks at the dof out of the comer of his eyes; he does i^ot atare at it.
a small,
fle:tible

He strikes &t th

doff

idthout

hlttiiig it

and JumpA

Ua\on
Quartering

II.

ADVANCED TRAINING
handler must lead
It

1'1.

systematically over a fair'

The dog must learn

to detect the preaence of a

sized area so that every breeze can pass through

human

in partial or

(smplete coneaalment either

the dog's nose.

below, at, or above ground level. For this reaaon, the flnal stage of sentry training must include aearch In areas where decoys are concealed ta such placea as the branches of a trea^ behind a
desirable to work the dog on the Si^toot leash, ss weU aa tfw short lesah,
la

fence, or in a ditch- It

ao that it can enter buildings and other suspected placea of concealment aheaii of the handler.

Quartering is the method the handler and his dog use to aearch a section o:f terrain, taking full advantage of the wind, to locate any intruder that may be present. Scenta borne by the wind may be elusive. Sometimes the dog can detect them from one spot whereas, from another spot jut aa close to the aoarce oS the scejit, it may receive no scent at all. Therefore, to give the dog every opportunlt:? to pick up a scent, the
a.

Figure Z shoivs a quartering coarse lay out for training. The Instructor laya out the course and sheets the starting point downwind from the decoy. The handler and dog proceed through the course as diagrammed. The dog E^rst &\erta to a weak scent The hajidler ca:: then elect to further quarter the course or let the dog follow the weak scent directly to where the dog should irive a strong alert. From thia point, the handler lets the dog move in and find the decoy.
b.

Figure 63 shows s(^ieta&tic^lly how s handler and dog would work an area in the field to search out an Intruder. Based on his knowledge of the dog, the handler knows that the alert at ftrst la a weak one. The team continues to work, as shown, and the doj gives a strong alert and
r-

tuma

in the direction of the

wind which

is

In

the direction of the intruder.

91

KOUt

..,
fVtfurff

'^''^.^'ViT;'.

ff

QuarfarJTif fffuna^

1Z

Training Proe*dur

Before t>ie dog and "handler arrive in the trainin? area, the Instructor vjauaJly selects a route tor the team to follow. The instructor prepositions human decoys at various intervals and at diflerent diatanoes away from and upipVind to the
prescribed route. The instructor and decoya must not walk the aelected route as their odor will

decoy hy scent, sound* Or sight- In this initial exercise, it ia important for the decoy to be ^railconc^led from view and remain quiet, but within eaa; acenting distance and directly upwind from the dogencouraged to Hit Ita noae and sample the wind well above ground level. When the dog detects a scent other than the handler's, it is lively to react in one of the following w^ysr
Is,

The dog

Is

mark
a.

the trail,

The dog and handler then enter the trainine area, which ia preferably one where high
grass affords cover for the decoys. Once in the fteld, the handier haa a collar on hia dfls and attaches the 5-foot Teaah- The dog weara the collar

(1)

Tensing the whole body.

Raising his hsdflea (hair on neck)Prick up eara,

(2) (3) (4)

only when
it

it

ia

lAforkifl^.

The handler removea

Giving: other signs of alertness (easily recognizable by a keen observer), such as a de-

at the concluaion of the exercise. On starting the quartering exercise, the handler comiaanda SEARCH, letting the dog precede him on a loose
leash-

a alight inclination to whimper or growl, an active or distinctly rigid tailsire to investigAtS)

f.

As soon Bs the dog

gives evidence that

it
it.

The dog

will

then attempt to locate the

has picked up the scents the handler praises

Ff^bfT

9S.

QMort^ritto fiUA^

Praiae at thia point must be given Id a soft, almost whiaperinf ToJce; it must not be Insistent enough Co divert the dog from its work. Sonw
d(Js3

and runs rapidly to his right- The handler allows the dog to chase the decoy for 30 to 40 feet
self

Arst going into the Aeld will put tbeir noses to the ground and attempt to pick up a

when

then turns off to his left to avoid contact with the decoy. The handler rewards the dog with praise and the exercise is considered concludede.

ground

scent.

The handler must immediately

During repetitions of the

exercise, the size

discourage this tendency by placing hte foot uu' der the dog's chin to make It lift Ita head ajid then reprimand the dog aaylng NO In a stern voice. It is important that the dog's nose be raised to the proper scenting level IMMEDIATELY, if it attempts to ground trail.
the dog gires an alert, the handler deduces the general direction to the decoy's hidd.

When

ing place and announces

it

to the ipstructor- If

he is correct in his dedacttont the Instructor tells the handler to follow the scent. When the dog is about 10 feet from the decoy, the instructor tells the decoy to move out. The decoy exposes him-

of the quartering course is enlarged and the number of decoys is increased. The distances between the dog and the concealed decoys are lengthened progressively. The handler must give his dog every possible opportunity to locate the decoys. He stops at Intervals so the dog can take advantage o every breeze, quartering the field if necessary for the dog to catch the scent. He pays strict attention to the dog's action and encourages it as soon as the dog shows signs that it may have scented a decoy. The dog is not always allowed to follow the scent to the decoy and give chase- The handler uses the chase as a form of

93

rcwrvrd, but he shoald use

it

les^ frequently

dur-

On

ing training.

This exert:]5e is repeated daily with the terrain and other conditions being varied. The decay is uanceaied in underbrush, ditches, branches ot ii tlee^ behind rocks, or in any naturai or artifii]iai hiding p]iice (fig 62).
/,

[he comm^tnd OUTp the dog relea^^es and watches the intruder. The dog returns Co the h windier only on command.
b.

The handler and

is

his

dog proceed

to an area

which
cukir
pats,

isolated

from both pedestrian and vehi-

In the training area, the handler the lejither work c&llar on the do^ and docs
trafficit

played by a differtn!. man ^ach day io thiit the dog will learn that Lt tnust pjck up all human acent other than just that of itg handler.
r7-

The

ro]e of the

decay

not

remove

untii

the exercise

is

completed-

ig

The

nuitatar, dress?d in an attack suit (fis 64),

should be concealed upwind from the dog so that his scent wtil be driven directly into the dog's nose. For the first e-rciae in this phase of train-

After the dog" and [ta handler have established muttiai understand in gj they pr^ictide the
hr

exercise at night^

important for the agitator to be weilc^>ncealedp but within easy scenting distance and directly upwind from the dog. The handler commands SEARCH, and the dog then tries to loing^
it

is

13n.

Attack Training

cate the agitator by scent or sound. When the dog alerts and pulls on the leashp the handler

The dog ia taught to attack and stop its attack on command. The command to attack is

GET HIM

and the command to refease ot- stop attacking ia OUT. At the command GET HIM, the handler dropa the leash and the dog attacks.

should put his hand on the dog^s flankf stroking it gently and whispering the worda "Atta boy. Good hey" U) praise the dog. He must praise the do? enough to encourage itp but must not distract the doSn The dog's attention must remain fo-

.1^ -

:^\

.<

-.. -;.-..:

...

.:^i:':-> ilrie -Js^-.ti^ itir':l*i^:ii^

PiffUT* Si.

Attack

aitil.

*4

Figure

SS.

Dog ntCaikmSI OfiVltor

t,off

leaak).

cased in the direction of the a^tator. The dof approaches the concealed jtgitator and the handler a^ain uses words of praise and encouraffementWhen the dog is within a short distance of the a^tator, the a^tator hreaka cover^ The handler orders the agitator to halt and place his hands over his head. The a^tator ignores the order and tries to escape. The handler then releases his dog and commands GET HIM, The dog then pursues and attacks the agitator (Ag 65) who, after a brief struggle, ceases to resist. The handler approaches, commanda OUT, and draffs the dog away from the agitator, at the same time
praising and patting the dog. He leads the dog ahout 10 feet away from the agitator and

it will

commands or gestures to attack and cease attack. The agitator wears the attack suit. The procedure is like that prescribed in paragraph 13, except that when the dog flushes
obey
all

the agitator, the handler and the agitator exchange pistol shots, the handler firing first. The exercise then continues through all the stages of pursuit, capture, guard, and search. When exchanging shots^ the handler and agitator should be careful not to fire close to the dog's head to avoid powder bums, partlcularlj' about ita eyes

and nose.
15.

Guarding a Priionar
the

commands DOWN, STAY, and WATCH HTM. He then returns to the agitator and searches him,
being careful never to place himself between the dog and the aaitator. In the course of the search, the agitator strikes or pushes the handler to the ground and tries to run away. At this point the

On

command DOWN,

the dog assumes this

position in front of a motionless "prisoner" in the attack suit. The dog must not be close enough

for the prisoner to injure

it

with a sudden kick.

The handler then commands

WATCH HIM

to

dog must attack

the agitator

WITHOUT COM-

MAND
14,

from the handler.

Attacking Under Gunfire

Attack under gunfire is taught after the sentry dog is well-trained and the handler is sure that

put the dog on the alert, and walks away to a hiding place where he can observe the dog's actions. The prisoner then starts to turn around, or walk or run away. Tf the dog does not attack when the prisoner moves, the handler immediately comes out of his hiding place and commands GET HIM. Thia exercise is repeated until the dog pursues and attacks the prisoner
95

whenever he moves. The exercise should always

cancltide with the handler returning to the scenpT

taking charge of the prisonef, and praising the

doj,

concentrate an perfection in heeling; this means that its attention wil] be on the handler and not concentrated on the surrounding. Thus, the dog is likely to forget its main duty, which
to
is to

be on the alert at

all

times and ready to give

16,

Escorting
is

a Prjnsr

alarm at the
b.

slightest provocation-

taught that a prisoner la not to be ^ttai^ed when acfompanied by Che dog's handler, and walking alowly in front and slightly to the [eft of the dog. Training example: The prisoner SLddeniy turns in a threatening manner or starts to run away. The handler drops the leash

The dag

Importance of Di^tmst of Strangers. The

and the dog,

the handler

if

well trained, will attack.

Co

At

first,

may need
ia

command GET HIM.

The procedure

repeated until the dog attacks without command when the priisoner makefl any sudden break, but refrains from attacking whan the prisoner is marching in an orderly manner ahead of the handler. The handler praises his dog at the conclusion of aach exerdae.
17.

Additional Training Notts

of Loose Heeling. Tn walking a post, loose heeling is essential as long as the dog does not pull or tug on the leash- If a hanIL IinpvrtaTice

dler insists on close heeling, the

dos

is

mon likely

sentry dog U taught not to make friends with strangers. Training exaJiipte: The handler walks his dog on teaah at the heel position. A stranger approaches uttering soothing words and coaxes the dog to come to him. Aa soon as the dog starts to respond with friendlinesa, the stranger slaps it smartly on the nose and jumps away. The handler then encourages the dog to attack the stranger. This is repeated with different people acting as strangers until the dos growls and harks on the approach of all strangers, no matter how friendly their attitude or how much they attempt to appease th dog. Next, a stranger tries to entiee the dog with a pieCe of meat or any other bit of food the dog likes. If the dog tries to take the food, the stranger slaps it on the nose and runs away without giving it the food. Thus the dofl: learns that its handler is the only person to be trusted^'

94

APPENDIX D

AIOUT

lOOM

97

JNOEX Pw
3G,3$
3

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adoutlnff

8286
$e
3T, 4T,
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Altmahile opermtlana Alerti, typa of

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29. 38,

69 T* 43

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3B 93 94
.,

63

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77 74
9

Cochei .......__.....
CHpabilitlts, Cflun

3
SO ET SO 43 B
11.

Cuntlty ptDRdurt

.,.,

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Cloct aysVCD

...._

lOO 34

PruH-punlihinHit mvthod PriTLOlpIet of dor tralninff

20
13

...

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48 S7

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ConditiDnEnc stepi Con^nrtnt tnlninff
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._.. 39
26

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60 74,76

1610
20

32
38,44 Bs _ 49 .. fli^i.^ 9,10

33
28,32 7*
la

R*wBrd/food method RlT#r cnulTif .._

Scant
doff tuuq; Cpabnitl GToladon of cohopt

Tt

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__......... UlBiion __ RttpotufbiUllH Tsiin .,-. Search, bollb-up mnu,Tillast ...

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sa ^'..^_,. vr 92 99
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74

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Baalfl rfiwln
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29

Typwrf:
Ambotfi situ

Goal food Pairini

...-, 81
BO

U
14

ttirl opmtiani
I>iiriiif

..._

^ratc

thuiD^r oiDTaunt Ihirlaf offaniQ

91 04

SO 7+ 7S
74

ProCAdun <10 attpa) 1 7ad ^an otIadUUcd

Nnt^imiopinUoni OatpoA ilUi

....... 9B D2

7T

Wltb InnofaUi nolti With QMhuiiied QiiLli Witb nuiborrw

96

14

ga 97 90

7*
78

.. 31 ttminLnf ....... 31 8Slar At haal 31 4 Moreoat ceDUnand &l S RaorlantatloTi on pan .. 31 fr-3Uatpn _ 31 Raorlcotadon af tar iLt 31 8 RcoHidJtioiibif of

EBsflalL

U
14 14

U
14 14

T
8

14 14 14 14 14

Uh

DperiLtiDiu.. of t4uiu

TE

EnJnlnatiiiv droppar
tnlnln^

"tPoA"

31 .. 31 3t 31

Eqnipmint EvaluUon qJ icipC

Pood: PnpAtatEan Typ?i of Food-rtwird ineUlod
Goal

..a. IB
^

10 DliCanca
Timeout
SaaTchlng:

22 21

Abova ground Un^rBTOEULd

Undtnrater, rlverbanka

64 63

fi

20
31 2B
-..

fwd

14 10 SO

Good nlnforcn- word

Intermedlita tnlninir

GT IH
3

U
0-

6S Shaplngf procedare (3 stepa) 27 Stltnca .... 43 apKiallud tralDJn; TOSi Spaed .._ _ 42

Gl 11 31 6S 3f

Imtructor/tniMr ....
LlnlUtloiii, turn

.....

Tcaoii

CapabiUUaa UmltiCloni
74

B
fl

HvchinJied opflnllou

93

ULaalon

4a

. .

?irarTlii

Pitt

Terrain!
Efficta of
TTBlnlTiff

EnE^gratrd AnpTUTt

SKI

82
19
---

4B
:4

Intennedfiit! Alarta, MlliTiff

Tlmtcuc
TralJier/fnBtnjeCor

31
IS

Clock syatam

E8 55 $0 57

48 43 43

Ra^^
Swpt Ni^t
ji

utlm&tian

Tnininf, dog:
Geiurmt
Prinrlp|B
tit
-

43
G3 69 10
4
E7, 3a

6799
33 Z4
8
74. ?5

U.]2
13 IT
...
-

Piveniplo7Tnnt

T
T 7

Peiu
npspanalbLUUffl

RequiremcntB

Dow
Eqnlpinenl Huidleta

13 16

SpecinUKd; RappilUni ...........

TiHCnjcEor/tmlMr

IB
-

RLvn- croit^DV ...._.. 7! SakTch, built-up bicu,

Tflliiffes

BB

Twraln
TrminEiitr.

19

76SI
KTvmi
,,--

typei ot:
..,

Swunp^p
32 2S

Concurmit

SuBpIdDUl
TrEpw|rfl(9)

73 ......... 66
Bl

56

AIitU, muid/meU --. BTuidTtf &Q^ at trmckbig

tnbdnsT
-.-- 49 BO

ChmH Dkoti

47 4B 40 44 4

U
93

I>tE, tnlnlPB -----

InCnduction to

LuiH
Typrt of

Mathodof (iDstepa)

S2
4B 23

36 37 3E 10 76
30,

dmr
SUevct

apMd Wind

43 42
41

U
ai 30

VattTinmrf aperrUlon

WBtATbona optntloiu

Wind

VT 41,61

99

By

Oi'der of the Secretary of the

Army

W. ABRAMS General, U^iited Stat^ Army

CREIGHTON
Official

Chi^f of Staff
L,

VERNE

BOWERS
United States

Mfljcjr G^Tural,

Army

Th& Adjutant GeTt&ral

Diatribution

To be

distributed in accordance wtth

DA Form

12-11 requirements for Military Dog Traininu

and Employment.

^rU-S

GOVfimncBNT PRlNTmO OFTICBc IHI^BI-lliJ/A