TOC LX Fringe

2013 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual The 2013 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual is published by the
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, N.C. State University, Raleigh, N.C. These recommendations apply only to North Carolina. They may not be appropriate for conditions in other states and may not comply with laws and regulations outside North Carolina. These recommendations are current as of November 2012. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your county Cooperative Extension agent. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this document does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. BOOKMARKS To jump to a location in this chapter without scrolling through the pages, use the Adobe Acrobat Bookmarks feature. To use Bookmarks, click on the Bookmarks icon on the left side of the page, then click on a Bookmarks entry.
VI INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL OF FRUITS

Apple Spray Program ............................................................................................................................... 182 Relative Effectiveness of Various Fungicides for Apple Disease Control .......................................... 183 Relative Effectiveness of Various Insecticides for Apple Insect and Mite Control ............................. 184 Blueberry Management Program ............................................................................................................. 186 Caneberry Management Program ............................................................................................................ 191 Bunch Grape Management Program ....................................................................................................... 195 Muscadine Grape Management Program ................................................................................................ 205 Relative Effectiveness of Various Fungicides for Muscadine Grape Disease Control ...................... 206 Peach and Nectarine Spray Guide ........................................................................................................... 208 Relative Effectiveness and Safety of Various Insecticides for Peach Insects ................................... 211 Relative Effectiveness of Chemicals for Disease Control on Peaches and Nectarines .................... 212 Nematode Control on Peaches ................................................................................................................ 213 Pecan Spray Program .............................................................................................................................. 214 Strawberry Disease Control ...................................................................................................................... 216 Pre-Planting Disease Control ............................................................................................................. 216 Planting and Early Post-Planting: Disease and Insect Control .......................................................... 217 New Leaf Growth to Pre-Bloom: Disease Control ............................................................................. 219 Summary of Fungicide Use in Strawberries for Botrytis and Anthracnose Control in the Spring ...... 220 Pre-Harvest Early Bloom (10%) and into Harvest: Disease Control ............................................. 221 Relative Effectiveness of Various Chemicals for Strawberry Disease Control .................................. 223 Strawberry Insect Management................................................................................................................ 224
181
Chapter VI Insect and Disease Control of Fruits
Apple Spray Program

J. F. WALGENBACH, Entomology Research and Extension, and T. B. SUTTON, Plant Pathology Emeritus See Integrated Orchard Management Guide for Commercial Apples in the Southeast (AG-572) for more detailed information on apple disease and insect control. For a copy, contact Jim Walgenbach, 455 Research Drive, Mills River, NC 28759; jim_walgenbach@ncsu.edu. The guide is also available online at http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/apple TABLE 6-1. APPLE SPRAY PROGRAM
Number and Time of Application GREEN-TIP SPRAY When buds show 0.25-in. new growth Amount of Fungicide and Insecticide Per Acre FUNGICIDE: Apply dodine (Syllit) 65WP 2 to 3 lb OR cyprodinil (Vangard) WG 5 oz OR kresoxim-methyl (Sovran) 4 oz OR trifloxystrobin (Flint) 2 oz OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 14.4 to 18.4 oz OR [tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament)] 50 WG 4 to 5 oz OR fenarimol (various brands) 1E 12 oz + captan 50 W 3 lb1 or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb OR myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP 5 to 10 oz + captan 50W 3 lb1 or mancozeb 75DF 3 lb 1 or mancozeb 4F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb OR triflumizole (Procure) 50 WS 8 oz + captan 50 W 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4 F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb OR fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WSP 2.67 oz + captan 50 W 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb OR tebuconazole (Tebuzol) 45 DF 4 to 8 oz + captan 50 W 3 lb OR mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb OR mancozeb 4 F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb OR difenconazole + cyprodinil (Inspire Super) 8.5 to 12 oz. OR fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin (Mervion) 4.4 to 5.5 fl oz OR fluopyram + trifloxystrobin (Luna Sensation) 4.0 to 5.8 fl oz OR fluopyram + pyremethanil (Luna Tranquility) 11.2 to 16 fl oz OR penthiopyrad (Fontelis) 14 to 20 fl oz + mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or 4F 2.4 qt or rmetiram (Polyram 80W) 3 lb INSECTICIDE: Apply 3 gal oil per 100 gal water. For improved control of San Jose scale, add 1 pt chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4EC) OR 4 oz pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35 WP). This is an important spray for mite eggs and San Jose scale. HALF-INCH GREEN SPRAY One week after GREEN-TIP SPRAY TIGHT CLUSTER SPRAY One week after HALF-INCH GREEN SPRAY FUNGICIDE: Use same as GREEN-TIP SPRAY. INSECTICIDE: If an insecticide was not applied at green tip, use one of the products listed above; otherwise no insecticide is needed. FUNGICIDE: Use same fungicides as recommended for GREEN-TIP SPRAY, except cyprodinil (Vangard), kresoxim-methyl (Sovran), and trifloxystrobin (Flint). Add a sterol-inhibiting fungicide OR sulfur 4 to 12 lb for mildew control and mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or 4 F 2.6 qt for rust control when using dodine on susceptible varieties. INSECTICIDE: For rosy apple aphid, apply 5 oz acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG). For rosy apple aphid and plant bugs, apply 4.4 oz thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WP), or 16 oz fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4 EC). FUNGICIDE: Use same fungicides as TIGHT CLUSTER SPRAY. INSECTICIDE: If an insecticide effective against rosy apple aphid and/or tarnished plant bug was not applied at TIGHT CLUSTER, apply one of the above materials. FUNGICIDE: Use same fungicide as TIGHT CLUSTER SPRAY. FOR FIRE BLIGHT CONTROL: Use streptomycin WP at 60 to 100 parts per million in sprays at 3- to 5-day intervals from the start to the end of bloom. INSECTICIDE: DO NOT USE an insecticide at BLOOM SPRAY. FUNGICIDE: captan 50 W 6 to 8 lb OR captan 50 W 3 lb + mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4 F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 W) 3 lb OR fenarimol (various brands) 1 E 12 oz or myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP 5 to 10 oz or triflumizole (Procure) 50 S 8 oz or fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WSP 2.67 oz + mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or mancozeb 4 F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 W) 0.75 lb + captan 50 W 3 lb OR kresoxim-methyl (Sovran) 4 oz OR trifloxystrobin (Flint) 2 oz OR [pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine)] 14.4 to 18.4 oz OR [tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament)] 50 WG 4 to 5 oz. OR fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin (Mervion) 4.4 to 5.5 fl oz OR fluopyram + trifloxystrobin (Luna Sensation) 4.0 to 5.8 fl oz OR fluopyram + pyremethanil (Luna Tranquility) 11.2 to 16 fl oz OR penthiopyrad (Fontelis) 14 to 20 fl oz + mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or 4F 2.4 qt or rmetiram (Polyram 80W) 3 lb If captan is used alone, include mancozeb 75 DF 2.4 lb OR 4F 2.6 qt OR metram (Polyram) 80 W 3 lb for rust control if needed. Include a sterol inhibiting fungicide OR sulfur WP 4 to 12 lb if needed for mildew control with captan. INSECTICIDE: For plum curculio and Oriental fruit moth, apply 5 oz indoxacarb (Avaunt 35WD), or 3 lb phosmet (Imidan 70 WP), or 5 oz acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG), or 6 oz thiacloprid (Calypso 4 F), or 4.5 oz thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WP), or 4 oz clothianidin (Clutch 50 WDG). For preventive control of Euorpean red mite and leafminer, use 10 oz abamectin (Agri-Mek 0.15 EC) PLUS 0.25% horticultural spray oil (not a superior-type oil). If rosy apple aphid control is needed, apply 4 oz imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F). FIRST COVER SPRAY 8 to 10 days after PETAL-FALL SPRAY FUNGICIDE: Refer to relative effectiveness table and AG-572 for appropriate fungicides for summer disease control. INSECTICIDE: For codling moth, apply 3 oz chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35 WDG), or 5 oz spinetoram (Delegate 25 WDG), 16 oz methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2 F), or 20 oz novaluron (Rimon 0.83 EC), or 2 lb azinphosmethyl (Guthion 50 WP), or 3 lb phosmet (Imidan 70 WP). If preventative control of European red mite is desired but was not applied at petal fall, apply 4 oz clofentozine (Apollo SC), or 4 oz hexythiazox (Savey 50 DF), or 3 oz etoxazole (Zeal 72 WD). FUNGICIDE: Refer to relative effectiveness table and AG-572 for appropriate fungicides for summer disease control. INSECTICIDE: Same as FIRST COVER SPRAY for control of codling moth. FUNGICIDE: Refer to relative effectiveness table and AG-572 for appropriate fungicides for summer disease control. INSECTICIDE: For tufted apple bud moth, apply 12 oz methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2 F), 3 oz rynaxypyr (Altacor 35 WDG), or 5 oz spinetoram (Delegate 25 WDG). On plantings susceptible to dogwood borer, apply 1 lb chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 EC) to trunk at base of tree using a handgun application. FUNGICIDE: Refer to relative effectiveness tables and AG-572 for appropriate fungicides for summer disease control. INSECTICIDE: Refer to relative effectiveness tables and AG-572 for appropriate insecticides and miticides for summer insect control. For second generation codling moth sprays (mid to late July), do not use the same insecticide used for first generation control (first and second cover sprays).
PINK SPRAY When blossom buds are pink, stems extended BLOOM SPRAY Omit fungicide if PETAL-FALL SPRAY will be applied within 7 days of preceding spray PETAL-FALL SPRAY When most petals have fallen
SECOND COVER SPRAY 10 to 14 days after FIRST COVER SPRAY THIRD COVER SPRAY 10 to 14 days after SECOND COVER SPRAY
SUMMER COVER SPRAYS 10- to 14-day intervals or as pest density and weather conditions dictate
1
Do not follow oil with captan for 14 days.
Further Information Biology and Control of White Apple Leafhopper. Entomology Fruit Insect Note No. A-3. (www.ncsu.edu/apple/contents.html) Producing Tree Fruit for Home Use. N.C. Cooperative Extension Service, AG-28; http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/ag28.html. Fire Blight of Apple and Pear. Plant Pathology Information Note 167 (http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/oldnotes/fd3.htm). A Growers Guide to Apple Insects and Diseases in the Southeast. (http://www.ncsu.edu/apple/contents.html). Copies of these publications are available from your county Cooperative Extension center.
182

Relative Effectiveness of Various Fungicides for Apple Disease Control
T. B. SUTTON, Plant Pathology Research and Extension ( = ineffective; ++++++ = very effective or very safe on fruit finish) TABLE 6-2. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES FOR APPLE DISEASE CONTROL
Days Between Last Spray and Harvest 0 0 Relative Control Rating Black Brooks Rot/ Spot White Rot +++ ++++ +++ ++++ Bitter Rot +++ ++++ Sooty Blotch and Powdery Flyspeck Mildew +++ ++++
Fungicide and Rate of Usage Per Acre captan (Captan 50W) 6 lb captan (Captan 50W) 8 lb captan (Captan 50W) 4 lb + ziram (Ziram 76W) 4 lb + thiophanate methyl (various brands) 8 oz cyprodinil (Vangard 75 W) 5 oz difenconazole + cyprodinil (Inspire Super) 8.5 to 12 oz dodine (Syllit 65 W) 2 lb fenarimol (various brands) 12 oz + captan (Captan 50 W) 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 DF) 3 lb fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WSP 2.67 oz + captan (Captan 50 W) 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 DF) 3 lb fluopyram + trifloxystrobin (Luna Sensation) 4.0 to 5.8 fl oz fluopyram + pyremethanil (Luna Tranquility) 11.2 to 16 fl oz fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin (Mervion) 4.4 to 5.5 fl oz kresoxim-methyl (Sovran) 4 to 6.4 oz 1 lime-sulfur 2% mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt metiram (Polyram 80 W) 6 lb myclobutanil (various brands) 5 to 10 oz 1 + captan (Captan 50 W) 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF or 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 DF) 3 lb penthiopyrad (Fontelis) 14 to 20 fl oz + mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or 4F 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 W) 3 lb pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 14.4 to 18.4 oz pyrimethanil (Scala) 7 to 10 fl oz sulfur (wettable) 4 to 12 lb tebuconazole (Tebuzol 45 DF) 4 to 8 oz + captan (Captan 50W) 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 DF) 3 lb tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament 50 WG) 4 to 5 oz thiophanate methyl (various brands) 8 to 12 oz thiophanate methyl (various brands) 8 to 12 oz + captan (Captan 50 W) 6 lb or captan (Captan 50 W) 8 lb trifloxystrobin (Flint) 2 to 3 oz 1 triflumizole (Procure 50 WS) 4 to 8 oz1 + captan (Captan 50 W) 3 lb or mancozeb 75 DF 3 lb or F4 2.4 qt or metiram (Polyram 80 DF) 3 lb ziram (Ziram 76 W) 48 lb
1 2 3
FRAC Code M4 M4 M4 M3 1 9 3+9 U12 3 M4 M3 M3 3 M4 M3 M3 7 + 11 7+9 7 + 11 11 M2 M3 M3 3 M4 M3 M3
Scab ++++ +++++
Rusts + +
14 72 72 7 30 77
++++ +++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++
++++ + +++++ +++++
+++++ + ? ++ +++
+++++ +++ ++ +
++++ +++ + ++
+++++ +++ ++ + +++
++ + +++++ + +++++ +++++
++++++ ++++++
77 14
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++
+++ ++
+ ++
++ +
+++ ++
+++++ ++++
77 77 14 72 0 30 0 Do not apply after petal fall Do not apply after petal fall
++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
+++++ +++++ ++++ +++ +++ ++++ + +++++ +++++
+++ +++ ? ? ? +++++ ? +++ +++
+ + ? ? ? ++++ + +
++ ++ ? ? ? +++ + +
+++ +++ ? ? ? +++++ ++ ++ ++
++++ ++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++ ++++ + +
14 77 77 Do not apply after petal fall 0 72 0 75 77 77 75 0
++++++ ++++++
+++++ +++++
++ +++ +++
++ + +
+ ++ ++
+ +++ +++
++++++ ++++++ ++++++
++++++ ++++++
7 + M3 11 + 7 17 M2 3 M4 M3 M3 3 + 11 1 1 M4 M4 11 3 M4 M3 M3
++++++ ++++++ +++++ +
+++++ ++++ + +
+++++ ++ +++ +++ +++? ++++
++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ? ++++
++++ + ++ ++ ?
+++++ + + +++ +++ +++ +++++
+++++ ++++ +++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++ ++++
+++++ +++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ 3
0 0 14 14 77 77 14
++++3 +++++3 ++++++ ++++++ ++++++
++ ++ ++++ +++++ +++++
++++ +++++ +++++ +++ +++ +++ ++++
++++ +++++ ++++ ++ + + +++
+++ ++++ ++++ + ++ ++ ++++
++++ +++++ +++++ + +++ +++ +++++
++ ++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +
++++++ ++++++ +++ ++++
Use higher rate when the likelihood of disease is high. Combine Ziram with Topsin-M 70W at 8 to 12 oz/acre to improve white rot, black rot, sooty blotch, and flyspeck control. Thiophanate methyl is not recommended for scab control in North Carolina because of scab resistance. 4 Combine Ziram with Topsin M 70W at 8 to 12 oz per acre to improve white rot, black rot, sooty blotch and flyspeck control.
183

Relative Effectiveness of Various Insecticides for Apple Insect and Mite Control
J. F. WALGENBACH, Entomology Research and Extension ( = nontoxic; +++++ = highly toxic to insects or very safe on fruit finish) TABLE 6-3A. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES FOR APPLE INSECT AND MITE CONTROL
Insects and Mites (Table continues on next page) Green Apple/ Spirea Aphids Tufted Apple Bud Moth White Apple Leafhopper Twospotted Spider Mite Rosy Apple Aphid Redbanded Leafroller Days Between Last Spray and Harvest 21 7 21 0 7 1 >100 45 7 0 21 21 28 14 14 14 14 28 7 28 21 14
Insecticide, Brand Name, and Amount per Acre abamectin (Agri-Mek 0.15 EC) 2.5 oz acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG) 5.0 oz azinphosmethyl (Guthion 50W) 2 lb B. thuringiensis (various brands) 1 lb bifenazate (Acramite 50WS) 1 lb carbaryl (Sevin XLR) 4 pt chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50W) 3 lb 1 clofentezine (Apollo SC) 4 oz clothianidin (Clutch 50WDG) 3 oz codling moth virus (CYD-X) 3 g diazinon (Diazinon 50WP) 4 lb esfenvalerate (Asana XL) 8 oz etoxazole (Zeal) 72 WDG) 3 oz fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4 EC) 16 oz fenpyroximate (Portal 0.4EC) 2 pt gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5EC) 3 oz hexakis (Vendex 50W) 4 lb hexythiazox (Savey 50DF) 4 oz 1 imidacloprid (Provado 1.6F) 4 oz indoxacarb (Avaunt 30WDG) 5 oz lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior 1CS) 3 oz methozyfenozide (Intrepid 2 F)16 oz per acre novaluron (Rimon 0.83 EC) 20 oz oil, superior-type 3 gal/100 gal oxamyl (Vydate 2L) 2 qt permethrin (Ambush 2E) 8 oz phosmet (Imidan 70W) 3 lb pyridaben (Nexter 75 WP) 4.4 oz pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35 WP) 5 oz chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35 WDG) 3 oz spinetoram (Delegate 25WDG) 5 oz spirotetramat (Movento 2CS) 7.5 oz thiacloprid (Calypso 4F) 4 oz thiomethoxam (Actara 25 WP) 4.5 oz
++ +++ ++
+++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ + ++++ +++++ +++++ + +++++
++++ +++ + +++ ++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++++
++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++
++ +++++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++
++++ +++++ + ++++ +++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++ ++++ ++++
+++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
++++ ++++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++
14 14 >100 7 25 35 14 7 7 30 35
+++++ +++++ ++++ ++ ++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++ ++++
++ +++
+ ++++ ++++ ++
+++ ++++
+++++ +++++ + +++++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +
+++++ + +++++ ++ ++ +++++ +++++ ++ +
+++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++++++ +++++ +++ +
+++++ ++++ ++++ +++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +
+++++ +++++
+++++ ++ +++++ +++++ +++++
184
Oriental Fruit Moth
European Red Mite
San Jose Scale
Coddling Moth

TABLE 6-3B. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES FOR APPLE INSECT AND MITE CONTROL
Insects and Mites
Spotted Tentiform Leafminer
Tarnished Plant Bug
Woolly Apple Aphid
Japanese Beetle
Insecticide, Brand Name, and Amount per per Acre abamectin (Agri-Mek 0.15 EC) 10 oz acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG) 5 oz azinphosmethyl (Guthion 50W) 2 lb B. thuringiensis (various brands) 1 lb carbaryl (Sevin XLR) 4 pt chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50W) 4 lb 1 clofentezine (Apollo SC) 4 oz clothianidin (Clutch 50WDG) 3 oz codling moth virus (CYD-X) 3 oz diazinon (Diazinon 50WP) 4 lb esfenvalerate (Asana XL) 8 oz etoxazole (Zeal 72 WDG) 3 oz fenpropathin (Danitol 2.4 EC) 16 oz fenpyroximate (Portal 0.4 EC) 2 pt gamma-cyhalothrin(Proaxis 0.5EC) 3 oz hexakis (Vendex 50W) 4 lb hexythiazox (Savey 50WP) 4 oz 1 imidacloprid (Provado 1.6F) 4 oz indoxacarb (Avaunt) 30WDG) 5 oz lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior 1CS) 3 oz methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2 F) 16 oz novaluron (Rimon 0.83 EC) 20 oz oil, superior-type 3 gal/100 gal water oxamyl (Vydate 2E) 2 qt permethrin (Ambush 2E) 8 oz phosmet (Imidan 70W) 3 lb pyridaben (Nexter 75 WP) 4.4 oz pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35 WP) 5 oz rynaxypyr (Altacor 35WDG) 3 oz spinetoram (Delegate 25WDG) 5 oz spirotetramat (Movento 2CS) 7.5 oz thiacloprid (Calypso 4F) 4 oz thiomethoxam (Actara 25 WP) 4.5 oz
1
Days Between Last Spray and Harvest >100 7 21 0 1 >100 45 7 0 21 21 28 14 14 14 14 28 7 28 21 14 14 14 >100 7 25 35 14 7 7 30 35
Plum Curculio
Apple Maggot
Predators
Fruit Finish Ratings
Stethorus punctum Lady Beetle +++ +++++ ++ +++++ + +++++ ++ +++++ + +++++ ++ +++++ ++ ++++ +++++ + +++ ++ +++++ + ++++ + +++ +++ + ++++ ++++
Amblyselus fallacis + +++ ++ +++++ + + ++ +++++ + +++++ ++ +++++ + + +++++ + +++ ++ +++++ + + + + ++ + ++ +++
Golden Delicious ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++ ++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ +++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++
Red Delicious +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++
+++++ ++++ ++ +++ + ++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++ ++ ++++ ++++ +++++ +++++ ++ +++ ++++
+++++ ++++ +++ +++ ++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
+++ +++++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++++ + +++ +++ +++++ + ++ +++++ ++
+++ +++++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ + +++ ++++ + ++++ +++++
+++++ ++++ +++++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++ ++++ ++++ ++++
++ + +++ ++ ++ + ++ + +++++ ++ ++
Use prebloom only.
185
Blueberry Management Program

H. J. BURRACK, Entomology Extension and Research; and W. O. CLINE, Plant Pathology Extension The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) groups insecticides and the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) groups fungicides into mode of action (MOA) categories. These categories are listed following the pesticide and formulation names. To reduce the risk of resistance development, avoid successive applications of products with the same MOA. Organically acceptable insecticides (OMRI listed) are indicated in Precautions and Remarks. Insecticides should only be applied if the pest of concern is present in economically damaging levels. If insect injury does not result in greater loss than the cost of treatment, treatment is not justified. Therefore, a degree of insect presence should be tolerated and insecticides should not be applied on a scheduled basis as may be appropriate for fungicides. Fungicides are mainly protectants, and are usually applied prior to the appearance of disease symptoms, based on past history of the particular disease threat on a given cultivar, location and plant growth stage. Not all diseases are present on every farm. To avoid applying fungicides unnecessarily, learn to identify diseases by their symptoms, and keep records of those that occur on your farm. Many pesticides have brand name and generic formulations. Where this is the case, information is either provided for the most common formulation, or if there is no clear consensus on the most common formulation, many formulations are indicated. TABLE 6-4. BLUEBERRY SPRAY PROGRAM
Amount of Formulation to Use Per Acre 2 to 3 gal Re-entry Interval (hours) 4 Minimum Interval (days) Between Last Application and Harvest 0
When to Spray DORMANT
Pest Scales
Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA Oil superior-type, IRAC Unknown
Precautions and Remarks Treat for scale prebloom only. To obtain satisfactory scale control, use 200 to 400 gal water per acre with at least 200 lb of pressure. Some oils are OMRI listed; check labels. Do not make more than two sequential applications with any combination of strobilurin fungicides (Abound or Pristine) before alternation with a fungicide that has a different mode of action (Captan, Ziram, Switch). Do not make more than four applications of strobilurin fungicides per season. Do not tank mix Pristine with any other product. May be applied by ground (min. 20 gpa) or air (min 10 gpa). Do not apply more than twice in a row, or more than 7.5 oz per season, or more than three times per season. Supplemental label for bushberries.
PRE-BLOOM SPRAYS Green-tip on vegetative and flower buds
Twig blight Mummy berry
fenbuconazole (FRAC 3) (Indar 75 WP, Indar 2F) OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (FRAC 11+7) (Pristine 38 W) OR propiconazole (FRAC 3) (Orbit 3.6E, Tilt 3,6E, Bumper 41.8EC, Propimax EC) OR metconazole (FRAC 3) (Quash 50 WDG)
2 oz 6 fl oz
12 12
30 30
18.5 to 23 oz
12
6 fl oz
12
30
2.5 oz
12
Thrips
Thrips do not require treatment in southern high bush blueberries in North Carolina but can occasionally reach damaging levels in rabbiteye blueberries. Thrips present in densities greater than 2/flower in open rabbiteye blooms may justify treatment. A minimum of 10 flower clusters per acre should be observed and either placed in a closed plastic bag at room temperature or shaken onto a white sheet of paper. spinosad (IRAC 5) (Entrust) spinetoram (IRAC 5) (Delegate) 1.25 to 2 oz 3 to 6 oz 4 4 3 3 Entrust is OMRI listed
7 to 10 days later
Mummy berry Exobasidium Fruit and leaf spot
Same as PRE-BLOOM SPRAYS The fungus Exobasidium causes green-to-pink spots on fruit that do not ripen normally, and spots on leaves that are light green above and white below. Affected berries are unsightly and not marketable. Fungicides applied for other diseases may provide some control. The disease is most severe in shaded areas with dense foliage and poor ventilation. For images of this disease, see: http://ncblueberryjournal.blogspot.com/2011/07/exobasidium-fruit-and-leaf-spot.html
BLOOM SPRAYS 10% to 20% bloom
No pesticide (insecticide, fungicide, or herbicide) should be applied while bees are foraging, and pesticide applications should be kept to a minimum during bloom. If pesticide applications are necessary during bloom, they should be made in the evening when bees are not foraging and to allow for the longest amount of dry time possible. See Table 5-1A. Relative Toxicity of Pesticides to Honey Bees for more information on specific active ingredients effects on bees. Twig blight Mummy berry Same as PRE-BLOOM SPRAYS Same as PRE-BLOOM SPRAYS If mummy berry disease pressure is high this year or in previous years, apply fungicides every 7 to 10 days from budbreak through bloom. Foliar sprays using 25 to 50 gal per acre are most effective. 1.5 lb 12 0 Anticipate flower blight caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea when excessive rain occurs during bloom, or following a freeze event that injures blossoms. Elevate, CaptEvate and Switch may not be applied by air. Do not use CaptEvate for more than two consecutive sprays.
Flower blight
Fenhexamid FRAC 17 (Elevate 50 WDG) OR cyprodinil + fludioxonil (FRAC 9+12) (Switch 62.5 WG) OR captan (FRAC M4) (Captan 50 WP) OR captan (FRAC M4) (Captec 4L) OR captan + fenhexamid (FRAC M4+ 17) (CaptEvate) 68 WG
11 to 14 oz 4 lb 2 qt 3.5 to 4.7 lb
12 72 72 48
0 0 0 0
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TABLE 6-4. BLUEBERRY SPRAY PROGRAM
Amount of Formulation to Use Per Acre 2 oz 6 fl oz Re-entry Interval (hours) 12 12 Minimum Interval (days) Between Last Application and Harvest 30 30
When to Spray BLOOM SPRAYS Full bloom
Pest Mummy berry
Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA fenbuconazole (FRAC 3) (Indar 75 WP, Indar 2F) OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (FRAC 11+7) (Pristine 38 W) OR propioconazole (FRAC 3) (Orbit 3.6E, Tilt 3.6E, Banner 41.8EC, Propimax EC) OR metconazole (FRAC 3) (Quash 50 WDG)
Precautions and Remarks Indar should not be used alone at full bloom or between bloom and harvest. Tank mix with Captan, Captec, or Ziram.
18.5 to 23 oz
12
6 fl oz 2.5 oz
12 12
30 7 May be applied by ground (min. 20 gpa) or air (min 10 gpa). Do not apply more than twice in a row, or more than 7.5 oz per season, or more than 3 times per season. Supplemental label for bushberries. Ziram cannot be applied later than 3 weeks after full bloom. Do not make more than two sequential applications of any combination of strobilurin fungicides (Abound or Pristine) before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action (Captan, Ziram, Switch). Do not make more than four applications per season.
Fruit rots
Captan( FRAC M4) (Captan 50 WP) OR captan (FRAC M4) (Captec 4 L) OR Ziram (FRAC M3) (Ziram 76 DF) OR azoxystrobin (FRAC 11) (Abound 2.08 E) OR cyprodinil + fludioxonil (FRAC 9+12) (Switch 62.5 WG) OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (FRAC 11+7) (Pristine38 W) OR metconazole (FRAC 3) (Quash 50 WDG)
4 lb 2 qt 3 lb 6 to 15.5 fl oz 14 oz
72 72 48 4 12
0 0 approx. 30 0 0
11 to 14 oz
12
Do not tank mix Pristine with any other product (fungicide, insecticide, adjuvant, fertilizer, etc.) May be applied by ground (min. 20 gpa) or air (min 10 gpa). Do not apply more than twice in a row, or more than 7.5 oz per season, or more than three times per season. Supplemental label for bushberries. Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Elevate, CaptEvate and Switch may not be applied by air. Do not use CaptEvate for more than 2 consecutive sprays.
18.5 TO 23 oz 2.5 oz
12 12
0 7
Flower blight
Fenhexamid FRAC 17 (Elevate 50 WDG) OR captan + fenhexamid FRAC M4+17 (CaptEvate 68 WG) Same as BLOOM SPRAYS Same as PRE-BLOOM SPRAYS
1.5 lb 3.5 to 4.7 lb
12 48
0 0
PETAL FALL SPRAYS Immediately after Bloom
Fruit rots Thrips Plum curculio
Plum curculio is a very infrequent pest of North Carolina blueberries and should only be treated if damage is observed. bifenthrin (IRAC 3) (Brigade) WSB malathion, (IRAC 1B) (Malathion) 57 EC 5.3 to 16 oz 2 pt 12 12 1 1 There are many malathion formulations. Malathion labels have recently changed, only 3 applications per season of malathion are currently allowed, so use caution if this is the material of choice for multiple insect pests.
fenpropathrin (IRAC 3) (Danitol) 2.4 EC zeta cypermethrin + bifenthrin (IRAC 3) (Hero) kaolin clay, IRAC unknown (Surround) WP
10.67 to 16 fl oz 4 to 10.3 fl oz 25 to 50 lb
24 12 4
3 1 0 Surround acts like a barrier and masks fruit from pest recognition. Because of this barrier, fruit should be washed after harvest, and Surround may be most appropriate for processing fruit.
Cranberry fruitworm Cherry fruitworm
Fruitworm adults can be monitored with pheromone traps, and fruit should be observed for egg laying or evidence of tunneling. Treatments for fruitworms are most effective when timed to egg hatch, as larvae feed inside fruit. fenpropathrin (IRAC 3) (Danitol) 2.4 EC Carbaryl (IRAC 1A) (Sevin) XLR (many other formulations) indoxacarb (IRAC 22) (Avuant) acetamiprid (IRAC 4A) (Assail) 30 SG spinetoram (IRAC 5) (Delegate) WG esfenvalerate, (IRAC 3A) (Asana XL) 0.66 EC indoxacarb (IRAC 22A) (Avaunt) methoxyfenozide (IRAC 18) (Intrepid) 2F novaluron (IRAC 15) (Rimon) 0.83 EC 10.67 to 16 fl oz 24 3
1.5 to 2 qt 3.5 to 6.0 oz 4.5 to 5.3 oz 3 to 5 oz 4.8 to 9.6 oz 3.5 to 6 oz 10 to 16 fl oz 20 to 30 fl oz
12 12 12 4 12 12 4 12
7 7 1 3 14 7 7 8 Rimon is not labeled for cherry fruitworm.
187

Amount of Formulation to Use Per Acre 16 fl oz Re-entry Interval (hours) 12 Minimum Interval (days) Between Last Application and Harvest 7
When to Spray PETAL FALL SPRAYS Immediately after Bloom (continued)
Pest Cranberry fruitworm Cherry Fruitworm (continued) Fruit rots Leaf spots
Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA pyriproxyfen (IRAC 7) (Knack)
Precautions and Remarks Knack is an insect growth regulator and application must be timed carefully to egg hatch.
tebufenozide (IRAC 18) (Confirm) 2F FUNGICIDE: Same as BLOOM SPRAYS fenbuconazole (FRAC 3) (Indar 75 WP, Indar 2F) OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (FRAC 11+7) (Pristine 38 W) OR propiconazole (FRAC 3) (Orbit 3.6E, Tilt 3.6E, Banner 41.8 EC, Propimax EC) OR metconazole (FRAC 3) (Quash 50 WDG)
16 fl oz
14 Indar should not be used alone at full bloom or alone between bloom and harvest. Tank mix with Captan, Captec, or Ziram. Indar is usually limited to five applications per acre per year. Do not make more than two sequential applications with any combination of strobilurin fungicides (Abound or Pristine) before alternation with a fungicide that has a different mode of action (Captan, Ziram, Switch). Do not make more than four applications of strobilurin fungicides per season. May be applied by ground (min. 20 gpa) or air (min 10 gpa). Do not apply more than twice in a row, or more than 7.5 oz per season, or more than three times per season. Supplemental label for bushberries.
PETAL FALL SPRAYS 10 to 14 days later
2 oz 6 fl oz 14 oz
12 12 12
30 30 0
18.5 to 23 oz
12
6 fl oz
12
30
2.5 oz
12
Plum curculio Same as PETAL FALL SPRAYS Cherry fruitworm Cranberry fruitworm FRUIT RIPENING to HARVEST Spotted wing drosophila Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) is a recently introduced pest of soft skinned fruit in North Carolina. Because SWD is new to North Carolina, there are few labeled insecticides. Materials list are likely to be effective against SWD based on current data. Management tools used for blueberry maggot may also be effective against SWD. SWD treatments should begin when fruit start to turn ripen and continued weekly or twice per through the end of harvest. Treatments should be reapplied in the event of rain. Rotate IRAC groups between successive sprays. Fruit should be regularly sampled for SWD larvae during harvest. Sampling information can be found at www.ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com. bifenthrin (IRAC 3A) (Brigade WSB) esfenvalerate, (IRAC 3A) (Asana XL) fenpropathrin (IRAC 3A) (Danitol 2.4 EC) malathion, (IRAC 1B) (Malathion) 57 EC (Malathion) ULV 5.3 to 16.0 oz 9.6 fl oz 10.33 to 16 fl oz 1.6 pt 10 fl oz 12 12 24 12 12 1 14 3 1 1 There are many malathion formulations. Malathion labels have recently changed, only 3 applications per season of malathion are currently allowed, so use caution if this is the material of choice for multiple insect pests.
methomyl (IRAC 1A) (Lannate) phosmet (IRAC 1B) (Imidan) pyrthreins (IRAC 3) (Pyganic 1.4 EC) Spinosad (IRAC 5) (GF-120) (Entrust)
0.75 to 3 pt 1.33 lb 16 to 64 fl oz
48 24 12
3 3 0 Pyganic is OMRI listed, but does not appear to be as effective as Entrust. GF-120 and Entrust are OMRI listed. Cover sprays of Entrust are not as persistent as other materials. GF-120 is a bait spray and kills flies after they feed. Use concentrated sprays under dry conditions; more dilute sprays may be effective under humid conditions.
10 to 20 fl oz 1.25 to 2 fl oz
spinetoram (IRAC 5) (Delegate) zeta cypermethrin (IRAC 3) (Mustang Max) zeta cypermethrin + bifenthrin (IRAC 3) (Hero) HARVEST After adults have been observed for 2 consecutive weeks and every 7 to 10 days during egg-laying period Blueberry maggot
3 to 6 oz 4 fl oz 4 to 10.3 fl oz
4 12 12
3 1 1
Adults usually appear last week of May, but do not begin to lay eggs until 7 to 10 days later. Adults should be monitored with yellow sticky traps baited with ammonia food lures (ammonium acetate, ammonium carbonate, or ammonium bicarbonate). Check traps and change lures at least once per week. Treatments for blueberry maggot are not necessary unless adults have been observed in traps. malathion (IRAC 1B) (Malathion) 57 EC (Malathion) ULV 1.6 pt 10 fl oz 12 12 1 1 There are many malathion formulations. Malathion labels have recently changed, only 3 applications per season of malathion are currently allowed, so use caution if this is the material of choice for multiple insect pests. GF-120 and Entrust are OMRI listed. Cover sprays of Entrust are not as persistent as other materials. GF-120 is a bait spray and kills flies after they feed. Use concentrated sprays under dry conditions; more dilute sprays may be effective under humid conditions.
spinosad (IRAC 5) (GF-120) (Entrust)
10 to 20 fl oz 1.25 to 2 fl oz
188

Amount of Formulation to Use Per Acre 3 to 6 oz 1.33 lb 9.6 fl oz 10.33 to 16 fl oz 2.5 to 5.3 oz 2.1 to 2.8 fl oz Re-entry Interval (hours) 4 24 12 24 12 12 Minimum Interval (days) Between Last Application and Harvest 3 3 14 3 1 3 Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests.
When to Spray HARVEST After adults have been observed for 2 consecutive weeks and every 7 to 10 days during egg-laying period (continued)
Pest Blueberry Maggot (continued)
Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA spinetoram (IRAC 5) (Delegate) phosmet (IRAC 1B) (Imidan) esfenvalerate (IRAC 3A) (Asana XL) fenpropathrin (IRAC 3A) (Danitol 2.4 EC) Acetamiprid (IRAC 4A) (Assail) Imidacloprid (IRAC 4A) (Admire Pro and many other formulatons)
Precautions and Remarks
zeta cypermethrin (IRAC 3) (Mustang Max) zeta cypermethrin + bifenthrin (IRAC 3) (Hero) AFTER HARVEST SPRAY Immediately after harvest Blueberry bud mite
4 fl oz 4 to 10.3 fl oz
12 12
1 1
Only treat for blueberry bud mite if damage was a problem in the previous year. Many varieties are resistant to blueberry bud mite and do not typically require treatment. Blueberry bud mite can be managed culturally by post harvest hedging, which removes infested tissue. Oil superior-type IRAC unknown (many formulations) 2 gal 4 0
Leaf Spots AFTER HARVEST SPRAY 2 weeks after harvest Leafhoppers
FUNGICIDE: Same as PETAL FALL SPRAYS Malathion (IRAC 1B) (Malathion) 57 EC 2.0 pt 12 1 There are many malathion formulations. Malathion labels have recently changed, only 3 applications per season of malathion are currently allowed, so use caution if this is the material of choice for multiple insect pests.
Esfenvalerate (IRAC 3A) (Asana XL) 0.66 EC Imidacloprid (IRAC 4A) (Admire Pro and many other formulatons)
4.8 to 9.6 oz 2.1 to 2.8 fl oz
12 12
14 3 Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests. Allow 7 days between Actara treatments. Maximum 12 oz per acre per season. Allow 7 days between Assail treatments.
Thiamethoxam (IRAC 4A) (Actara) Acetamiprid (IRAC 4A) (Assail) Japanese beetles
3 to 4 oz 2.5 to 5.3 oz
12 12
3 1
Japanese beetle feeding seldom requires treatment in North Carolina blueberries, and some pesticides applied for leafhoppers also control Japanese beetles. Imidacloprid (IRAC 4A) (Admire Pro and many other formulatons) 2.1 to 2.8 fl oz 12 3 Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests.
Esfenvalerate (IRAC 3A) (Asana XL) 0.66 EC Phosmet (IRAC 1B) (Imidan) Leaf spots FUNGICIDE: Same as PETAL FALL SPRAYS INSECTICIDE: Same as AFTER HARVEST SPRAY FUNGICIDE: Same as PETAL FALL SPRAYS
4.8 to 9.6 oz 1.33 lb
12 24
14 3
AFTER HARVEST SPRAY 4 weeks after harvest
Blueberry bud mite Leaf spots Red humped and yellow necked caterpillars
Only treat for blueberry bud mite if damage was problem in the previous year. May be omitted if leaf spot incidence is low.
Several species of caterpillars can feed on blueberries from late summer to early fall. These caterpillars can potentially defoliate bushes, but are often not widespread throughout the planting. Spot treatments may often be sufficient. Bacillus thuringiensis sub. kurstaki (Bt) (many formulations) tebufenozide (IRAC 18) (Confirm) 2F See label 16 fl oz 4 4 0 14 Only treat for leafhoppers if history of stunt on farm. May be omitted if leaf spot incidence is low. Many Bt formulations are OMRI listed.
AFTER HARVEST SPRAY 6 weeks after harvest
Leafhoppers
INSECTICIDE: Same as TWO WEEKS AFTER HARVEST SPRAYS FUNGICIDE: Same as PETAL FALL SPRAYS INSECTICIDE: Same as TWO WEEKS AFTER HARVEST SPRAYS
Leaf spots AFTER HARVEST SPRAY 3 months after harvest Leafhoppers
189

Amount of Formulation to Use Per Acre 1.5 to 2 lb 1 to 1.5 lb Re-entry Interval (hours) 12 4 Minimum Interval (days) Between Last Application and Harvest 1 0
When to Spray POST HARVEST
Pest Red imported fire ants
Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA Pyriproxyfen (IRAC 7C) (Esteem Ant Bait 0.5% B) Methoprene (IRAC 7C) (Extinguish Ant Bait 0.5% B)
Precautions and Remarks Do not water for 24 hours after application. Extinguish can be applied as a mound treatment or broadcast. Extinguish is labeled for use on cropland, but Extinguish Plus is NOT labeled for use on cropland. Read labels carefully. Entrust is labeled for mound drench treatment. Entrust is OMRI listed
Spinosad (IRAC 5) (Entrust) (Seduce Insect Bait) Blueberry flea beetle
3 to 5 tbsp/mound 20 to 44 lb
Blueberry flea beetles are an occasional pest in North Carolina blueberries and active primarily post harvest. Damage is typically not economically significant, but when new shoots are eaten in the fall, yield will be impacted. Acetamiprid (IRAC 4A) (Assail) Esfenvalerate (IRAC 3A) (Asana XL) 0.66 EC Imidacloprid (IRAC 4A) (Admire Pro and many other formulatons) 2.5 to 5.3 oz 4.8 to 9.6 oz 2.1 to 2.8 fl oz 12 12 12 1 14 3 Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests. There are many malathion formulations. Malathion labels have recently changed, only 3 applications per season of malathion are currently allowed, so use caution if this is the material of choice for multiple insect pests. Allow 7 days between Assail treatments.
Malathion (IRAC 1B) (Malathion) 57 EC
2 pt
12
Blueberry flea beetle (continued)
Phosmet (IRAC 1B) (Imidan) Spinosad (IRAC 5) (Entrust) spinetoram (IRAC 5) (Delegate) Thiamethoxam (IRAC 4A) (Actara) zeta cypermethrin (IRAC 3) (Mustang Max) zeta cypermethrin + bifenthrin (IRAC 3) (Hero)
1.33 lb 1.25 to 2 fl oz 3 to 6 oz 3 to 4 oz 4 fl oz 4 to 10.3 fl oz
24 4 4 12 12 12
3 0 3 3 1 1 Allow 7 days between Actara treatments. Maximum 12 oz per acre per season. Entrust is OMRI listed.
Further Information Southeast Regional Blueberry Integrated Management Guide, www.smallfruits.org NC Small Fruit & Specialty Crop IPM, www.ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com Copies of these publications are available from your county Cooperative Extension center.
190
Caneberry Management Program

H. J. BURRACK, Entomology Extension and Research, and T. B SUTTON, Plant Pathology Emeritus The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) and Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) group insecticides into mode of action categories. These categories are listed following the pesticide and formulation names. To reduce the risk of resistance development, avoid successive applications of insecticides with the same IRAC or FRAC designation for the same pest. Organically acceptable insecticides (OMRI listed) are indicated in Comments and Precautions. Insecticides should only be applied if the pest of concern is present in economically damaging levels. If insect injury does not result in greater loss than the cost of treatment, treatment is not justified. Therefore, a degree of insect presence should be tolerated and insecticides should not be applied on a scheduled basis as may be appropriate for fungicides. Pesticides should not be applied when bees are actively foraging. If necessary, apply insecticides and fungicides in the evening when bees are not active. Many insecticide active ingredients are available in generic formulations. For brevity, these formulations are not generally listed. Trade names are listed to aid in identifying products and not intended to promote this use of these products or to discourage use of generic products. Generic products generally work similarly to their brand name counterparts, but formulation changes can impact efficacy and plant response. As with any new chemical, read and follow all label instructions. Chemical names are subject to change; please check the active ingredient for all materials. TABLE 6-5. CANEBERRY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Pest Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC Rate of Formulation Per Acre 6 to 12 gal 5 to 6 lb Many other copper-based fungicides are available. Read product label for rates. Preharvest Interval (PHI) Comments and Precautions This is an important spray for anthracnose control. Make sure canes are thoroughly covered.
When to Spray LATE WINTER OR EARLY SPRING when new growth is less than 0.5 in. long
Anthracnose, Spur blight, FUNGICIDE: Cane blight liquid lime-sulfur, FRAC M2 OR Bordeaux (Cuprofix Disperss), FRAC M1 Raspberry crown borer
Removing infested plants is an important cultural control. In blocks with a history of raspberry crown borer, apply an insecticide either in late October to early November or early April (one application only) to provide a barrier for larvae boring into canes as they emerge from overwintering hibnacula. Follow label instructions for water volume and application methods. bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade WSB) IRAC 3A chlorantranilirpole, IRAC 28 (Altacor) malathion, IRAC 1B (Malathion 57EC) 3 16 oz 3-4.5 oz 1.5 to 3 pt Do not tank mix Pristine with any other pesticide products, adjuvants, liquid fertilizers, nutrients, or other additives. Do not apply more than 20 lb of Captan 50W or 12.5 lb Captan 80WDG per acre per season. Captan 50W is a 24C registration. Do not make more than four applications collectively of the strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Qullt Xcel, Cabrio, Heritage, and Pristine) per season. Strobilurin (Group 11) fungicides will also control rusts and powdery mildew. 3
JUST BEFORE BLOOMS OPEN
FUNGICIDE: Anthracnose, Cane blight, Cane canker, Leaf boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine) spots, Spur blight 38 WDG, FRAC 7 + 11 OR captan, FRAC M4 (Captan 50W) (Captan 80WDG) (Captec 4L) OR pyraclostrobin (Cabrio 20EG), FRAC 11 OR azoxystrobin, FRAC 11 (Abound 2SC) or (Heritage 50W) OR azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Qullt Xcel), FRAC 11 + 3
18.5 to 23 oz
4 lb 2.5 lb 2 qt
14 oz
6.2 to 15.4 fl oz 3.2 to 8.0 oz
14 to 21 fl oz
Strawberry clipper weevil Strawberry clipper weevil females lay their eggs in flower buds and clip the pedicle, causing the bud to wilt and drop off the plant. Some blackberry and raspberry varieties can compensate for bud injury, which may not require treatment. Do not apply insecticides when bees are foraging. bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade 2EC) carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin XLR) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4EC) malathion, IRAC 1B (Malathion 5EC) many other formulations Gall midge 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 1 to 2 qt 3 7 Do not exceed 32 fl oz per acre per season. Do not exceed 12.8 fl oz Brigade per acre per season.
10.66 to 16 fl oz 1.5 to 3 pt
3 1
Gall midge larvae can feed on developing buds, and damage can appear similar to cold injury. Fields with a history of gall midge damage may require treatment. bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade 2EC) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4EC) malathion, IRAC 1B (Malathion 5EC) many other formulations 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 10.66 to 16 fl oz 1.5 to 3 pt 3 3 1 Do not exceed 12.8 fl oz Brigade per acre per season. Do not exceed 32 fl oz per acre per season.
191

TABLE 6-5. CANEBERRY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Pest Double blossom Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC azoxystrobin , FRAC 4 (Abound 2SC) (Heritage 50W OR boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38WDG), FRAC 7 + 11 OR cyprodinil + fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG), FRAC 9 + 12 OR azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Qullt Xcel), FRAC 11 + 3 OR Bordeaux (Cuprofix Disperss), FRAC M1 Rate of Formulation Per Acre 6.2 to 15.4 fl oz 3.2 to 8.0 oz Preharvest Interval (PHI) Comments and Precautions Do not tank mix Pristine with any other pesticide products, adjuvants, liquid fertilizers, nutrients, or other additives. Sprays during bloom are most important for control of double blossom. Begin sprays when first infected blossoms open and continue every 10 to 14 days through bloom. Rotate stobulrin (Group 11) fungicides with Switch to avoid resistance. It is important to protect primocanes as long as infected flowers continue to open. Pristine will also control botrytis. Crop injury may occur with Bordeaux mixture under slow drying conditions or in hot weather. Some injury often accompanies the use of copper fungicides; if injury is excessive, discontinue use. Apply at early bloom and repeat at full bloom. Rotate iprodione, Switch, and Elevate or CaptEvate to reduce the likelihood of resistance.
When to Spray BLOOM AND PETAL FALL SPRAY
18.5 to 23 oz
11 to 14 oz
14 to 21 fl oz
2.5 lb
Botrytis fruit rot
captan, FRAC M4 (Captan 50W) (Captan 80 WDG) (Captec 4L) OR fenhexamid (Elevate) 50 WDG, FRAC 17 OR ipridione (several brands) 50 WG, FRAC 2 4F OR cyprodinil + fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG), FRAC 9 + 12 OR captan + fenhexamide (CaptEvate) 68WDG, FRAC M4 + 17 captan, FRAC M4 (Captan 50W) (Captan 80 WDG) (Captec 4L) OR pyraclostrobin (Cabrio 20EG), FRAC 11 OR boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38WDG), FRAC 7 + 11 OR azoxystrobin, FRAC 11 (Abound 2SC) or (Heritage 50W) OR azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Qullt Xcel), FRAC 11 + 3
4 lb 2.5 lb 2 qt
1.5 lb
1 to 2 lb 1 to 2 pt
11 to 14 oz CaptEvate is registered on raspberries only. The strobilurin fungicides (Group 11) will also control rusts and powdery mildew.
3.5 lb 4 lb 2.5 lb 2 qt
Cane canker, Cane blight, Spur blight
14 oz Do not tank mix Pristine with any other pesticide products, adjuvants, liquid fertilizers, nutrients, or other additives.
18.5 to 23 oz
6.2 to 15.4 fl oz 3.2 to 8.0 oz
14 to 21 fl oz
Rednecked cane borer
Scout canes during winter pruning. If 10% or greater of the primocanes per row, or more of the primocanes than will be removed through pruning have rednecked cane borer galls, control is justified. Treat after first bloom or when adults are observed and may be continued until adults are no longer present. Do not apply pesticides when bees are foraging. bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade 2EC) malathion, IRAC 1B (Malathion 5EC) many other formulations 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 1.5 to 3 pt 3 1 Apply at first flower. bloom. Do not apply pesticides when bees are foraging. See fungicide options in JUST BEFORE BLOOMS OPEN. Additional sprays may be needed to protect primocanes if infected flowers continue to open. See BLOOM AND PETAL FALL SPRAY for fungicide options. GJB feed on overripe fruit. Regular picking can minimize populations. Do not use Japanese beetle pheromone traps. carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin) 50 WP (Sevin) 4 XLR malathion, IRAC 1B 25 WP 7 2 lb 2 qt 1 2 lb Do not exceed 12.8 fl oz Brigade per acre per season.
Strawberry clipper weevil See JUST BEFORE BLOOMS OPEN POST-BLOOM SPRAYSevery 14 days after petal fall until harvest Anthracnose, Leaf spots, Rusts, Powdery mildew Double blossom
Japanese beetles, and Green June beetles
192

Pest Japanese beetles, and Green June beetles (continued) Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol) 2.4 EC zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max) IRAC 3 Rate of Formulation Per Acre 10.66 to 16 fl oz 4 fl oz Preharvest Interval (PHI) 3 Comments and Precautions Do not exceed 32 fl oz Danitol per acre per season.
When to Spray POST-BLOOM SPRAYSevery 14 days after petal fall until harvest (continued)
Leafrollers
Leafrolling caterpillars can feed on caneberry foliage. Foliage damage is typically not economically significant, but caterpillars can occasionally form webs on fruit. bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade 2EC) chlorantranilirpole, IRAC 28 (Altacor) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4EC) malathion, IRAC 1B (Malathion 5EC) many other formulations spinetoram, IRAC 5 (Delegate) spinosad, IRAC 5 (Entrust) 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 3-4.5 oz 10.66 to 16 fl oz 1.5 to 3 pt 3 3 3 1 3 3 to 6 oz 3 1.25 to 2.5 oz Do not exceed 19.5 oz Delegate per acre per season. Do not exceed 9 oz Entrust per acre per season. Entrust is OMRI listed. Do not exceed 32 fl oz per acre per season. Do not exceed 12.8 fl oz Brigade per acre per season.
Stink bugs, Plant bugs
Stink bugs may damage berries but are more common as contamination pests during harvest. Insecticide treatments are usually not necessary. esfenvalerate, IRAC 3A (Asana XL) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4EC) zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang Max) IRAC 3 9.6 fl oz 7 Avoid applications when bees are foraging. Apply during evenings or early morning. Do not exceed 32 fl oz per acre per season. Can be applied up to 1 day before harvest. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb AI per acre per season.
10.66 to 16 fl oz 4 fl oz
3 1
Spider mites
There is no research-based treatment threshold for spider mites in caneberries, but treatment is recommended when a random sample of leaflets from the planting has an average of 10 motile mites. Leaflets should be examined with a minimum 10x hand lens to determine mite counts. Spider mites are more significant pests of raspberries than blackberries. bifenazate, IRAC Unknown (Acramite 50WS) hexythiazox, IRAC 10A (Savey 50DG) horticultural oils, IRAC Unknown (Saf-T-Side) (JMS Stylet Oil) (Organic JMS Stylet Oil) 1 lb 6 oz 1 3 Savey is primarily active against eggs and immature mites. Apply when populations are low. Summer oils are effective in moderating low mite populations pre-harvest. Use on a trial basis only until certain oil will not result in fruit finish problems. DO NOT use oils within 14 days of using any sulfur-containing material. DO NOT apply oils when temperatures will exceed 90F or dip below 50F. Organic JMS Stylet Oil is OMRI listed. Do not tank mix Pristine with any other pesticide products, adjuvants, liquid fertilizers, nutrients, or other additives. Include captan in this spray if ripe rot is a problem. Pristine will also control ripe rot. Captan and CaptEvate have a 3-day PHI.
0 1 to 2% by volume 0.75 to 1.5% by volume 0.75 to 1.5% by volume
HARVEST
Botrytis fruit rot
boscalid + paraclostrobin (Pristine 38 WDG), FRAC 7 + 11 OR cyprodinil + fludioxonil (Switch 62.5 WG), FRAC 9 + 12 OR fenhexamid (Elevate 50 WDG), FRAC 17 OR iprodione (several brands) WG, FRAC 2 4F OR captan + fenhexamide (CaptEvate) 68WDG, FRAC M4 + 17
18.5 to 23 oz
11 to 14 oz
1.5 lb
1 to 2 lb 1 to 2 pt CaptEvate is registered on raspberries only.
3.5 lb
Flower thrips
Flower thrips are an occasional contamination pest at harvest. Fruit can be placed in a clear plastic bag before harvest and observed for flower thrips. There is no data to suggest that flower thrips damage fruit. acetamiprid IRAC 4A (Assail 30SG) spinetoram, IRAC 5 (Delegate) spinosad, IRAC 5 (Entrust) zeta cypermethrin IRAC 3 (Mustang Max) 1 4.5 to 5.3 oz 3 3 to 6 oz 3 1.25 to 2.5 oz 4.0 fl oz 1 Do not exceed 19.5 oz Delegate per acre per season. Do not exceed 9 oz Entrust per acre per season. Entrust is OMRI listed.
193

Pest Spotted wing drosophila Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC Rate of Formulation Per Acre Preharvest Interval (PHI) Comments and Precautions
When to Spray HARVEST (continued)
Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) is a pest of soft skinned fruit. Female SWD lay eggs in ripe and ripening fruit, which can appear otherwise undamaged externally. Because SWD is relatively new to the eastern US, it is not listed on many pesticide labels. Check with your Cooperative Extension agent and purchaser before implementing an SWD management program. Growers are encouraged to both monitor adult flies in their fields and larval presence in berries. Weekly or twice weekly insecticide applications are currently recommended beginning at fruit ripening and continuing through the end of harvest. More information about SWD biology, monitoring, and management is available at www.ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com. bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade 2EC) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4EC) malathion, IRAC 1B (Malathion 5EC) many other formulations spinetoram, IRAC 5 (Delegate) spinosad, IRAC 5 (Entrust) zeta cypermethrin IRAC 3 (Mustang) 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 10.66 to 16 fl oz 1.5 to 3 pt 3 3 1 Do not exceed 19.5 oz Delegate per acre per season. Do not exceed 9 oz Entrust per acre per season. Entrust is OMRI listed. Do not exceed 25.8 fl oz Mustang per acre per season. Do not exceed 12.8 fl oz Brigade per acre per season. Do not exceed 32 fl oz per acre per season.
3 to 6 oz 1.25 to 2.5 oz 4.3 fl oz
3 3 1
Japanese beetles and green June beetles JUST AFTER HARVEST AND 14 DAYS LATER Leaf spots
See POST BLOOM FUNGICIDE: captan (Captan 50W) (Captan 80 WDG) See POST BLOOM Raspberry crown borer treatments should be applied once per year, either in late fall or early spring. bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade WSB) IRAC 3A chlorantranilirpole, IRAC 28 (Altacor) 16 oz 3-4.5 oz 3 3
4 lb 2.5 lb
Japanese beetle LATE OCTOBER or EARLY NOVEMBER Raspberry crown borer
DORMANT
Scale insects
Scale insects may be present on caneberries but are typically kept below economically damaging levels by parasitoids and predators. Pruning to maintain an open canopy minimizes scale populations. Examine plants after harvest and during pruning for scale, and if present in high numbers or resulting in sooty mold growth, consider a dormant season oil treatment. horticultural oils IRAC Unknown (Saf T Side) (JMS Stylet Oil) NC (Organic JMS Stylet Oil) 0 1 to 2% by volume 0.75 to 1.5% by volume 0.75 to 1.5% by volume
Raspberry cane borer, Red neck cane borer SPECIAL RUST SPRAYS Cane and leaf rust, Orange rust
During winter pruning, examine canes for raspberry cane borer injury. Prune canes girdled by raspberry cane borer 2 to 3 cm below the lower girdle or gall. If evidence of boring is present below this cut, successive cuts should be made until no further injury is observed. Destroy or remove cuttings to prevent reinfestaion. boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38 WG), FRAC 7 + 11 OR myclobutanil (several brands) 40 WSP, DF, WDG, FRAC 3 OR pyraclostrobin (Cabrio 20EG), FRAC 11 OR azoxystrobin, FRAC 11 (Abound 2SC) or (Heritage 50W) OR azoxystrobin + propiconazole (Quilt Xcel), FRAC 11 + 3 18.5 to 23 oz Do not tank mix Pristine with any other pesticide products, adjuvants, liquid fertilizers, nutrients, or other additives. Begin applications in the spring just before orange rust pustules are formed on the lower leaf of brambles (use wild blackberries as indicators). Continue at 10- to 14-day intervals until the mean temperature remains above 77 degrees F. Infections can also occur in the late summer and fall. Where orange rust has been a problem, alternate Rally and Cabrio or Pristine or azoxystrobin at 14day intervals. For late leaf rust, begin when symptoms first appear, and continue on a 14-day interval. Apply 0.25 pt per 1,000 linear ft of row in a 3-ft wide band in the spring and fall after harvest. Ridomil Gold is registered for raspberries only. 45-day phi. Begin when growth is 1 to 3 in. long and continue at 45- to 60-day intervals through the growing season. Registered for blackberries and raspberries. Maximum of four applications per year. 60-day phi. Several phosphorus acid products are registered for control of Phytophthora root rot, including Prophyt and Agri-Fos. See label for recommendations.
1.25 to 2.5 oz
14 oz
6.2 to 15.4 fl oz 3.2 to 8.0 oz
14 to 21 fl oz
SPECIAL TREATMENTS FOR PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT
Phytophthora root rot
mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold SL), FRAC 4
fosetyl Al (Aliette WSP), FRAC 33
5 lb
phosphite fungicides, FRAC 33
194

Pest Nematodes Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC 1,3 dichlopropene 37% + chloropicrin 57% (Pic-Clor 60 EC) metam sodium (Vapam, Sectagon II, Busan 1020) Rate of Formulation Per Acre 19.5 to 44.5 gal Preharvest Interval (PHI) Comments and Precautions Preplant interval should be 4 to 8 weeks, or longer if dissipation is slow. See label for additional information. Preplant interval is a minimum of 4 weeks.
When to Spray PREPLANT TREATMENTS FOR NEMATODES
75 gal
Bunch Grape Management Program

T. B. SUTTON, Plant Pathology Research and Extension Emeritus; H. J. BURRACK, Entomology Extension and Research Insect management differs from disease management in that insects (with a few exceptions in wine grapes, which are noted) should only be treated when damaging populations are present. Where treatment thresholds are known, these are provided. For many insect pests of wine grapes in the southeast, thresholds do not exists. Consult cooperative extension personnel for management recommendations if insects for which there are no thresholds are present. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) and the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) group insecticides and fungicides into mode of action categories. These categories are listed following the pesticide and formulation names. To reduce the risk of resistance development, avoid successive applications of insecticides or fungicides with the same IRAC or FRAC code for the same pest. Organically acceptable insecticides (OMRI listed) are indicated in Comments and Precautions. Some insecticide active ingredients are available in several formulations and under several trade names. For simplicity, the most common trade names and associated rates are listed. This is not intended to encourage the use of these products over generic versions. TABLE 6-6. BUNCH GRAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
When to Spray and Disease/Pest DORMANT Anthracnose, Black rot, Phomopsis Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC, FRAC Code Cuprofix Ultra Disperss FRAC M1 OR liquid lime sulfur, FRAC M2 Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 4 lb Reentry Interval (REI) (hours) 48 Preharvest Interval (PHI) (days) 0 A dormant application of lime sulfur may help reduce the overwintering inoculum of fungi that cause black rot and phomopsis. 10 gal 48 0 Precautions and Remarks Needed only where anthracnose is a problem.
BUD SWELL Grape flea beetle
Apply only if damaging numbers of adult beetles are present. If 4% or more of buds have been damaged by grape flea beetles, treatment is justified. Grape flea beetle adults emerge in early spring and feed on newly swollen buds and lay eggs. Larvae and adults from subsequent generations feed on leaves, but foliar feeding typically does not results in economically significant damage or justify treatment. carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) cyfluthrin IRAC 3 (Baythriod 2 EC) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) phosmet, IRAC 1B (Imidan 70WP) 1 to 2 qt 2.4 to 3.2 fl oz 8 fl oz 2 lb 12 12 24 14 7 3 21 14
Climbing cutworms
Scout for cutworm if damaged buds are observed. Look for cutworms at night. Cutworm treatment may be justified if greater than 4% of the buds examined are damaged and the variety does not have fruitful secondary buds. Spray in the evening if possible as cutworms are active at night. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), IRAC 11 carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) chlorantraniliprole IRAC 28 (Altacor) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) methoxyfenozide, IRAC 18 (Intrepid 2F) spinetoram IRAC 5 (Delegate 25 WG) spinosad, IRAC 5 (SpinTor 2SC) (Entrust 80WP) flubendiamide, IRAC 28 (Belt SC) rates vary 4 0 Some Bt formulations are OMRI listed.
1 to 2 qt 2 to 4.5 oz 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 12 to 16 fl oz 3 to 5 oz 8 fl oz 2.5 oz 3 to 4 fl oz
12 4 24 4 4 4
7 14 21 30 7 7 Entrust is OMRI listed.
12
Mealybugs, European Scout for mealybugs and European red mite under bark during dormant season. Use a minimum 10x hand lens to observe European red mite (ERM). red mite, and scale horticultural oils If mealybugs or ERM were of economic concern during the previous insects (Omni Supreme Spray season and present during dormant scouting, a dormant oil treatment Oil) 0.5 to 1% by volume may be justified during bud swell. DO NOT apply oil treatments in (JMS Stylet Oil) 1 to 2% by volume combination with sulfur or within 30 days of sulfur application. DO NOT (Organic JMS Stylet Oil) 1 to 2% by volume apply oils when temperature will exceed 90F or dip below freezing. Organic JMS Stylet Oil is OMRI listed.
195

TABLE 6-6. BUNCH GRAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
When to Spray and Disease/Pest AT OR JUST BEFORE BUDBURST Leafhopper/ sharpshooters (Pierces Disease suppression) Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC, FRAC Code Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre Reentry Interval (REI) (hours) Preharvest Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks
Consider a soil application of a neonicotiniod (4A) insecticide for leafhoppers if plants symptomatic for Pierces Disease have been observed in the vineyard or in nearby vineyards. clothianaidin, IRAC 4A (Clutch) dinotefuran, IRAC 4A (Venom) imidacloprid, IRAC 4A (Admire Pro) 6 oz 5 to 6 oz 7 to 14 fl oz 12 12 12 30 28 30 Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests.
Mealybugs
Only consider a systemic soil applied insecticide (i .e., Venom, Admire Pro, or Clutch) for mealybugs if these insects have been a problem in the previous year or if dormant sampling suggests that high populations are present. Only apply foliar treatments if mealybug presence is confirmed in the planting. clothianaidin, IRAC 4A (Clutch) cyfluthrin, IRAC 3 (Baythriod 2EC) dinotefuran, IRAC 4A (Venom) imidacloprid, IRAC 4A (Admire Pro) (Provado 1.6F) horticultural oils (see BUD SWELL) buprofezin, IRAC 16 (Applaud 70DF) acetamiprid, IRAC 4A (Assail 30SG) 9 to 12 oz 2.5 oz 2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt 12 12 24 30 7 A powdery mildew fungicide is generally not needed in the first spray (1in. shoot growth) unless the disease has been a problem in previous years. Include a fungicide for powdery mildew control in subsequent sprays (sulfur, quinoxyfen, metrafenone or a sterol inhibiting fungicide (SI) fungicide: myclobutanil, fenarimol, tebuconazole, triflumizole, tetraconazole). To avoid resistance of the powdery mildew fungus to sterol inhibiting SI fungicides, limit use to 3 applications per season, use the maximum labeled rate, and combine with sulfur. Avoid sulfur on sulfur sensitive varieties. Some sulfur injury may occur on sulfur-tolerant varieties if the temperature exceeds 85 degrees F. The activity of sulfur is reduced at temperatures less than 65 degrees F. 6 oz 2.4 to 3.2 fl oz 5 to 6 oz (soil) 1 to 3 oz (foliar) 7 to 14 fl oz 0.8 to 0.1 oz 12 12 12 12 30 0 30 3 28 1 Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests.
NEW SHOOTS (7- to 10-day interval beginning at 1-inch shoot growth until Prebloom Spray) Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew
mancozeb, FRAC M3 75 DF or 4F + sulfur (various brands), FRAC M2 or fenarimol (various brands) 1E FRAC 3 or myclobutanil (various brands), FRAC 3 40 WSP, DF, WDG or tebuconazole (various brands), FRAC 3 5 DF, 45 WDG or triflumizole (Procure 50 WS), FRAC 3 or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME), FRAC 3
see label
3 fl oz
4 to 5 oz
4 oz
4 to 8 oz
3 to 5 fl oz 24 2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt This is one of the most important sprays for powdery mildew, phomopsis, downy mildew, and black rot control. Where black rot is a problem, combine mancozeb with a sterol inhibiting fungicide. Sulfur is weak on black rot. Myclobutanil and tebuconazole are more active on black rot than triflumizole or myclobutanil. See comments under NEW SHOOTS regarding resistance to SI fungicides.
PREBLOOM mancozeb, FRAC M3 Phomopsis, Black rot, 75 DF or Powdery mildew, 4F Downy mildew PLUS sulfur (various brands), FRAC M2 or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2SC) FRAC 43 or metrafenone (Vivando) 2.5SC), FRAC 48 or fenarimol (various brands) 1 E, FRAC 3 or myclobutanil (various brands), FRAC 3 40 WSP, DF, WDG or tebuconazole (various brands), FRAC 3 5 DF, 45 WDG or triflumizole (Procure 50 WS), FRAC 3 or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME), FRAC 3 OR
see label
3 to 4 fl oz
10.3 to 15.4 fl oz
3 fl oz
4 to 5 oz
4 oz
4 to 8 oz
3 to 5 fl oz
196

When to Spray and Disease/Pest PREBLOOM Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew (continued) Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC, FRAC Code Ridomil MZ, FRAC 4 + M3 or Gavel 75 DF, FRAC 22 + M3 PLUS mancozeb, FRAC 3 75 DF 4F PLUS sulfur (various brands), FRAC M2 or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2SC) FRAC 43 or metrafenone (Vivando 2.5SC), FRAC 48 or fenarimol (various brands) 1 E, FRAC 3 or myclobutanil (various brands), 40 WSP, DF, WDG, FRAC 3 or tebuconazole (various brands) 5 DF, 45 WDG, FRAC 3 or triflumizole (Procure 50 WS), FRAC 3 or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME), FRAC 3 OR fluopicolide (Presido), FRAC 43 or famoxadone + cymoxanil (Tanos), FRAC 11 + 27 or mandipropamid (Revus), FRAC 40 or fenamidone (Reason 500SC), FRAC 11 or cyazofamid (Ranman) FRAC 21 or ametoctradin + dimethomorph (Zampro) FRAC 45+40 PLUS mancozeb, FRAC M3 75 DF 4F PLUS sulfur (various brands), FRAC M2 or fenarimol (various brands) 1 E, FRAC 3 or myclobutanil (various brands), FRAC 3 40 WSP, DF, WDG or tebuconazole (various brands), FRAC 3 5 DF, 45 WDG or triflumizole (Procure 50 WS), FRAC 3 or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME), FRAC 3 OR Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre Reentry Interval (REI) (hours) Preharvest Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks Ridomil MZ contains mefenoxam + mancozeb, and Gavel 75 DF contains zoxamide + mancozeb. 2.5 lb 24
1 to 2 lb 0.8 to 1.6 qt
see label
3 to 4 fl oz
10.3 to 15.4 fl oz
3 fl oz
4 to 5 oz
4 oz
4 to 8 oz
3 to 5 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 24
8 oz Do not add a crop oil to Revus if the Revus application is within 2 weeks of a sulfur or captan application.
8 fl oz
12
2.7 fl oz
12
2.1 to 2.75 fl oz
11 to 14 fl oz
12
3 lb 2.4 qt
see label
3 fl oz
4 to 5 oz
4 oz
4 to 8 oz
3 to 5 fl oz
197

When to Spray and Disease/Pest PREBLOOM Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew (continued) Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC, FRAC Code azoxystrobin (Abound 2 SC), FRAC 11 OR kresoxim-methyl (Sovran 50 WG), FRAC 11 OR trifloxystrobin (Flint 50 WG), FRAC 11 OR boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38W), FRAC 7 + 11 OR tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament), FRAC 3 + 11 OR azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (Quadris Top), FRAC 11 + 3 OR mandipropamid, FRAC 40 + difenoconazole, FRAC 3 (Revus Top) OR difenoconazole + cyprodinil (Inspire Super) FRAC 3 + 9 OR fluopyram + tebuconazole (Luna Experience) FRAC 3+9 PLUS mancozeb FRAC M3 75DF 4F See Bud Swell recommendations Grape berry moth is present in NC, but it is not uniformly distributed in the state. If grape berry moth presence is suspected, observe flowers and fruit for injury and consider monitoring moth presence with pheromone baited traps. chlorantraniliprole IRAC 28 (Altacor) methoxyfenozide, IRAC 18 (Intrepid 2F) indoxacarb (IRAC 22) (Avaunt 30DG) methomyl, IRAC 1A (Lannate SP) (Lannate LV) spinosad, IRAC 5 (Entrust) spinetoram, IRAC 5 (Delegate) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) PREBLOOM Leafhoppers/Sharpsh ooters (Pierces Disease suppression) Initiation of foliar treatments should be based on trap captures. 14 2 to 4.5 oz 12 to 16 fl oz 5 to 6 oz 0.5 to 1 lb 1.5 to 3 pt 1.25 to 2.5 oz 3 to 5 oz 10.6 fl oz 4 Minimum application of Intrepid for airblast sprayers is 40 gal per acre. 4 12 7 30 7 14 Entrust is OMRI listed. 4 4 24 7 7 21 chlorantraniliprole IRAC 28 (Altacor) Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 11 to 15.4 fl oz Reentry Interval (REI) (hours) 4 Preharvest Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks Resistance of the downy mildew fungus to the QoI fungicides (Abound, Flint, Sovran, or Pristine) and the Qol component of Adament and Luna Experience is widespread in North Carolina. Do not rely on them for downy mildew control. Resistance of the powdery mildew fungus to Qol fungcides has also been reported from some states. To help avoid resistance, tank mix Qol fungicides with sulfur (but not on sulfur-sensitive varieties).
3.2 to 4 oz 1.5 to 2 oz
12 12
8 to 10.5 oz
See label
Do not make more than two sequential applications of Flint, Sovran, Abound, Pristine, Adament , Luna Experience, or Quadris Top before rotating to a non-QoI fungicide. Do not apply Pristine to Concord, Worden, Fredonia, or related grape varieties due to possible injury. Do not apply Flint or Adament to Concord grapes. Do not make more than 6 total applications of Adament per season.
3 to 7.2 oz
12
10 to 14 oz
12
7.0 fl oz
12 A fungicide with downy mildew activity must be added to Inspire Super in this spray. Do not apply more than 80 fl oz/acre per season.
16 to 20 fl oz
12
5 to 8.6 fl oz
10 days
Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Luna Experience or any other Group 7 or Group 3 fungicide before rotating to a fungicide in another group.
3 lb 2.4 qt
PREBLOOM Flea beetle Grape berry moth
If foliar and soil applications of group 4A pesticides are part of a management plan for Pierces disease (i.e., Admire Pro applied via drip and Venom foliar), at least one application of a different IRAC insecticide should occur as a rotation between these treatments. Synthetic pyrethriod insecticides (Group 3) and organophosphates (Groups 1A and 1B) are broad spectrum insecticides and have the potential to flare spider mite populations. Observe spider mites before and after treatments to determine if these populations increase. acetamiprid, IRAC 4A (Assail WSP) dinotefuran, IRAC 4A (Venom) imidacloprid, IRAC 4A (Provado) (Admire Pro) 2.5 oz 12 7 Venom may be applied to the soil at this time, however, only one soil application can be made per year; see label for details. Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests. Provado is a foliar spray. Admire Pro is applied to the soil and may be applied in drip or trickle or microsprinkler irrigation, as a subsurface sidedressing shanked into the root zone followed by irrigation or a drench in sufficient water to ensure penetration into the root zone followed by irrigation. See label.
1 to 3 oz 7 to 14 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz
12 12
1 0 30
clothianidin, IRAC 4A (Clutch) cyfluthrin (IRAC 3) (Baythriod 2EC) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC)
1 to 2 oz 2.4 to 3.2 fl oz 5.33 to 10.66 fl oz 12 24 3 21
198

When to Spray and Disease/Pest PREBLOOM Leafhoppers/Sharpsh ooters (Pierces Disease suppression) Initiation of foliar treatments should be based on trap captures. (continued) Grape phylloxera (foliar) Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC, FRAC Code carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin 80S) malathion, IRAC 1B (Malathion 57EC) (Malathion 5) Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 1.25 to 2.5 lb 3 pt 3 pt Reentry Interval (REI) (hours) 12 12 Preharvest Interval (PHI) (days) 7 3 Precautions and Remarks
Grape phylloxera has root feeding and foliar feeding forms. Rootstocks used in grape propagation are resistant to root feeding forms and do not require treatment. Foliar phylloxera may be problematic in European-American hybrid varieties (i.e., Vidal, Seyval, etc.) and cause distinctive, wart-like galls on leaves. The mobile crawler stage of phylloxera is susceptible to insecticide treatment, but closed galls are not. Scouting for galls and crawlers should begin once leaves are expanded. If infested leaves are found in susceptible varieties, insecticide treatments should be timed to crawler emergence. imidacloprid, IRAC 4A (Provado) (Admire Pro) 12 7 to 14 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 0 30 Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests. Provado is a foliar spray. Admire Pro is applied to the soil and may be applied in drip or trickle or microsprinkler irrigation, as a subsurface sidedressing shanked into the root zone followed by irrigation or a drench in sufficient water to ensure penetration into the root zone followed by irrigation. See label.
acetamiprid, IRAC 4A (Assail WSP) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) Kaolin clay (Surround WP Crop Protectant)
2.5 oz
12
7 21
5.33 to 10.66 fl oz 25 lb
24 4 Surround is a barrier that reduces insect feeding. Harvest parameters may be altered and maturity may be delayed, especially in white wine varieties. Closely monitor harvest parameters to determine optimal time to harvest. Changes in harvest parameters can affect final taste. Wine grapes sprayed up to veraison will have minimal adherence to berries. Applications after veraison will adhere more on grape berries. Surround is OMRI listed. A spray for botrytis during bloom may be beneficial in wet seasons and in vineyards with a botrytis problem. Elevate, Endura, iprodione, Inspire Super, Luna Experience, and Vangard should be rotated through the season to avoid resistance development. See product labels for complete information on resistance management and use restrictions.
BLOOM Botrytis
iprodione (various brands), FRAC 2 75 WG or 4F or cyprodinil (Vangard 75 WG), FRAC 9 or fenhexamid (Elevate 50 WDG), FRAC 17 or pyrimethanil (Scala SC), FRAC 17 or boscalid (Endura 30W), FRAC 7 OR difenoconazole + cyprodinil (Inspire Super) FRAC 3 + 9 OR fluopyram + tebuconazole (Luna Experience) FRAC 7+3
1 to 1.33 lb 1 to 2 pt
48
10 oz
12
1 lb
12
18 fl oz
24 Endura, Inspire Super and Luna Experience will also control powdery mildew. A fungicide with down mildew activity must be added to Inspire Super in this spray. Do not apply more than 80 fl oz/acre per season.
8 oz
12
16 to 20 fl oz
12
5 to 8.6 fl oz
10 days A bloom spray should be made if the time interval between the last prebloom spray and the postbloom spray is more than 10 days.
Phomopsis, Black rot, See PREBLOOM Powdery mildew, recommendations Downy mildew Thrips
Thrips treatment may be justified if populations exceed an average of 10 thrips per cluster. To sample for thrips, beat blossom clusters over a white surface and count the number of thrips dislodged onto the surface. Count immediately after beating the blossom cluster. Sample at least 10 blossom clusters from different locations in the vineyard. During periods of heavy thrips pressure, a second application may be needed, but make it only if thrips numbers remain high. Wait at least 5 days before making a second application. spinetoram, IRAC 5, (Delegate) spinosad, IRAC 5 (Entrust 80WP) dinotefuran, IRAC 4A (Venom) azadirachtin, IRAC Unknown (Aza-Direct) pyrethrins, IRAC 3 (Pyganic 1.4 EC) (Pyganic 5 EC) 3 to 5 oz 1.25 to 2.5 oz 3 to 5 oz 4 4 12 7 Entrust is OMRI listed. 7 1 Foliar applications of Group 4A insecticides should NOT be used following a long acting soil application of any group 4A insecticide (i.e., Admire Pro, Venom, or Clutch). Aza-direct is OMRI listed. Data on thrips control is limited. 1 to 2 pt 4 12 16 to 64 fl oz 4.5 to 18 fl oz 0 0 Pyganic 1.4 EC and Pyganic 5 EC are OMRI listed. Data on thrips control are limited. Pyganic should be buffered to a pH between 5.5 and 7.
POSTBLOOM See PREBLOOM (immediately after recommendatations. bloom) Grape berry moth, grape flea beetle, and leafhoppers/sharpsho oters (Pierces Disease suppression)
199

When to Spray and Disease/Pest POSTBLOOM (immediately after bloom) European red mite, twospotted spider mite Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC, FRAC Code Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre Reentry Interval (REI) (hours) Preharvest Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks
Sample for mites weekly using a minimum 10x hand lens. If greater than 50% of leaves observed have spider mites and no predatory mites are present, treatment is justified. Fast moving predatory mites can be distinguished from slower moving spider mites through direct observation. Rotate acaricides between IRACs to minimize selection for resistance. abamectin, IRAC 6 (Agri-Mek 0.15EC) (many other formulations) bifenazate, IRAC Unknown (Acramite 50 WS) etoxazole, IRAC 10B (Zeal) dicofol, IRAC Unknown (Difocol 4EC) (Kelthane 50WSP) fenpyroximate, IRAC 21A (FujiMite 5EC) fenbutatin-oxide, IRAC 12B (Vendex 50WP) pyridiben, IRAC 21 (Nexter 75WPSB) (Pyramite 60 WP) spirodiclofen, IRAC 23 (Envidor 2SC) horticultural oils, IRAC Unknown many materials, including (Saf T Side) (Glacial Spray Fluid) 16 fl oz
The reentry interval is 5 days for cane turning, tying, and girdling of table grapes. Minimum of 50 gallons per acre spray volume. 1 lb 3 oz 2.5 pt 2.5 lb 12 12 12 14 28 7 Zeal is a growth regulator and kills eggs and young mites. It is most effective if applied when mite populations are low. Use Kelthane at 1 lb/acre on small vines. Do not make more than 2 applications per season. Do not apply more than 2 pints of FujiMite per acre per season. Apply in a minimum spray volume of 50 gal per acre. 2 pt 12 14 Do not make more than 2 applications of Vendex per season. 2.5 lb 5.2 oz 13.2 oz 18 fl oz 1 to 2% by volume 12 14 Some oils are OMRI listed; check label. DO NOT use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as Captan or any product containing sulfur. DO NOT use with carbaryl or dimethoate. DO NOT use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications. 48 12 28 7 The maximum amount of pyridiben allowed per acre per season is 26.4 oz. Do not make more than two applications of pyridiben per season.
Grape phylloxera (leaf See PREBLOOM recommendations. form) POSTBLOOM (7 to 10 days after the Prebloom Spray) Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew, Bitter rot, Ripe rot mancozeb, FRAC M3 75 DF or 4F PLUS myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WGD, FRAC 3 or tebuconazole (various brands) 45 DF, 45WDG, FRAC 3 or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME), FRAC 3 or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC), FRAC13 or metrafenone (Vivando) 2.5 SC), FRAC U8 OR Ridomil MZ, FRAC 4 + M3 or Gavel 75 DF, FRAC 22 + M3 PLUS mancozeb, FRAC M3 75 DF 4F PLUS myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WGD, FRAC 3 or tebuconazole (various brands) 45 DF, 45WDG, FRAC 3 or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME), FRAC 3 or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC), FRAC 13 or metrafenone (Vivando 2.5 SC), FRAC U8 OR 24 2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt 66 Very important spray for black rot, phomopsis, and powdery mildew control. See comments under PREBLOOM spray regarding resistance of the downy mildew fungus to the QoI fungicides. Do not make more than 6 applications per season of Pristine or Adament or 4 applications of QoI fungicides (Flint, Sovran, Quadris Top and Abound). Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Flint, Sovran, Abound, Pristine, or Adament. See comments under NEW SHOOTS regarding resistance to SI fungicides.
4 to 5 oz
4 oz Do not make more than 2 applications of Quintec in sequence or 3 applications per season to avoid resistance.
3 to 5 fl oz
3 to 4 fl oz Do not make more than 3 applications of Vivando or 46.2 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Vivando. 10.3 to 15.4 fl oz 24 66 Very important spray for black rot, phomopsis, and powdery mildew control. See comments under PREBLOOM spray regarding resistance of the downy mildew fungus to the QoI fungicides. Do not make more than 6 applications per season of Pristine or Adament or 4 applications of QoI fungicides (Flint, Sovran, Quadris Top and Abound). Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Flint, Sovran, Abound, Pristine, or Adament. See comments under NEW SHOOTS regarding resistance to SI fungicides.
2.5 lb
1 to 2 lb 0.8 to 1.6 qt
4 to 5 oz
4 oz
3 to 5 fl oz Do not make more than 2 applications of Quintec in sequence or 3 applications per season to avoid resistance. Do not make more than 3 applications of Vivando or 46.2 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Vivando.
3 to 4 fl oz
10.3 to 15.4 fl oz
200

When to Spray and Disease/Pest POSTBLOOM (7 to 10 days after the Prebloom Spray) Phomopsis, Black rot, Powdery mildew, Downy mildew, Bitter rot, Ripe rot (continued) Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC, FRAC Code fluopicolide (Presido), FRAC 43 or famoxadone + cymoxanil (Tanos), FRAC 11 + 27 or mandipropamid (Revus), FRAC 40 or fenamidone (Reason) FRAC 11 or cyazofamid (Rahman) or ametoctradin + dimethomorph (Zampro) FRAC 45+40 PLUS mancozeb, FRAC M3 75 DF 4F PLUS myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WGD,FRAC 3 or tebuconazole (various brands) 45 DF, 45WDG, FRAC 3 or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME), FRAC 3 or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC), FRAC 13 or metrafenone (Vivando 2.5 SC), FRAC U8 OR mandipropamid + difenoconazole (Revus Top), FRAC 40 + 3 PLUS mancozeb, FRAC M3 75 DF 4F OR azoxystrobin (Abound 2 SC) , FRAC 11 OR kresoxim-methyl (Sovran 50 WG), FRAC 11 OR trifloxystrobin (Flint 50 WG), FRAC 11 OR boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38W), FRAC 7 + 11 OR tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament), FRAC 3+11 OR azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (Quadris Top), FRAC 11 + 3 1st COVER SPRAY (7 to 10 days after Postbloom Spray) Grape berry moth, leafhoppers/sharpsho oters (Pierces Disease suppression) Japanese beetle, Green June beetles See PREBLOOM recommendations Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 3 to 4 fl oz Reentry Interval (REI) (hours) 24 Preharvest Interval (PHI) (days) 66 Precautions and Remarks
8 oz Do not add a crop oil to Revus if the Revus application is within 2 weeks of a sulfur or captan application.
8 fl oz
12 12
30 30
2.7 fl oz 2.1 to 2.75 fl oz
11 to 14 fl oz
12
28
3 lb 2.4 qt
4 to 5 oz
4 oz
3 to 5 fl oz
3 to 4 fl oz Do not make more than 3 applications of Vivando or 46.2 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Vivando. 24 7 fl oz 66 Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications of Revus Top before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
10.3 to 15.4 fl oz
2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt
11 to 15.4 fl oz
14
3.2 to 4.8 oz
12
14
2 oz
12
14
8 to 10.5 oz
See label
14 Do not make more than 6 total applications of Adament per season. Use the high rate on varieties susceptible to powdery mildew or in blocks where powdery mildew has been a problem.
3 to 7.2 oz
12
14
10 to 14 oz
12
14 If foliar and soil applications of group 4A pesticides are part of a management plan for Pierces Disease (ie. Admire Pro applied via drip and Venom foliar), at least one application of a different IRAC insecticide should occur as a rotation between these treatments. Current information indicates that in areas where Pierces disease is a problem, controlling leafhoppers and sharpshooters through July reduces the risk of Pierces disease. See labels for preharvest intervals.
DO NOT use Japanese beetle traps. Japanese beetle foliar feed only warrants treatment if it occurs on leaves below the top trellis wire. acetamiprid, IRAC 4A (Assail WSP) azadirectin, IRAC Unknown (Aza-Direct) 1.1 oz 12 7 Foliar applications of Group 4A insecticides should NOT be used following a long-acting soil application of any group 4A insecticide (i.e., Admire Pro, Venom, or Clutch). Aza-Direct is OMRI listed. Data on Japanese beetle control is limited. 1 to 2 pt oz 4 0
201

When to Spray and Disease/Pest 1st COVER SPRAY (7 to 10 days after Postbloom Spray) Japanese beetle, Green June beetles (continued) Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC, FRAC Code carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 2 qt Reentry Interval (REI) (hours) 12 Preharvest Interval (PHI) (days) 7 Precautions and Remarks Synthetic organophosphates (Groups 1A and 1B) are broad spectrum insecticides and have the potential to flare spider mite populations. Observe spider mites before and after treatments to determine if these populations increase. Do not apply Danitol within 21 days of harvest. 10.6 to 21.3 fl oz 24 12 4 lb 2.7 pt Rates are based on 200 gal per acre spray volume. 1.33 to 2.125 lb 25 to 50 lb 48 to 96 2 to 4 lb 1 to 2 qt 1.25 to 2.5 lb 14 14 Surround may delay fruit maturity, and therefore, anticipated harvest date. Fruit harvest characters should be carefully monitored if Surround is used to ensure timely harvest. Surround is OMRI listed. This is also a very important spray for early season disease control. If conditions are favorable for these diseases, follow the fungicide recommendations under POSTBLOOM spray. See comments under POSTBLOOM spray. Do not use more that 24 lb of captan 50 W or 12 qt of captan 4F or 15 lb of captan 80 WDG per acre per season. The REI for Captan varies; follow label directions. 14 For additional control of downy mildew, tank mix with one of the downy mildew fungicides below. 4 oz 14 21 3
fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) malathion, IRAC 1B (7EC) (5) phosmet, IRAC 1B (Imidan 70W) kaolin clay (Surround WP)
Phomopsis, Black rot, captan, FRAC M4 Powdery mildew, 50 W or Downy mildew, Bitter 4L or rot, Ripe rot 80 WDG + myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WDG, FRAC 3 or tebuconazole (various brands) 45 DF, 45 WDG, FRAC 3 or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC), FRAC 13 or metrafenone (Vivando) 2.5 SC, FRAC 48 OR mancozeb, FRAC M3 75 DF or 4F + myclobutanil (various brands) 40 WSP, DF, WDG, FRAC 3 or tebuconazole (various brands) 45 DF, 45 WDG, FRAC 3 or tetraconazole (Mettle 125ME), FRAC 3 or quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC), FRAC 13 or metrafenone (Vivando) 2.5 SC, FRAC 48 OR mancozeb, FRAC M3 75 DF or 4F + mandipropamid, FRAC 40 + difenoconazole (Revus Top), FRAC 3 Downy mildew Prophyt, FRAC 33 OR Phostrol, FRAC 33 OR Agri-Fos, FRAC 33 OR fenamidone (Reason), FRAC 4 OR cyazofamid (Ranman), FRAC 21 OR mandipropamid (Revus), FRAC 40 OR fluopicolide (Presido), FRAC 43 OR ametoctradin + dimethomorph (Zampro) FRAC 45 +50
4 to 5 oz
3 to 4 fl oz
12
14 Do not make more than 3 applications of Vivando or 46.2 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Vivando.
10.3 to 15.4 fl oz 2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt 24
14 24
Mancozeb has a 66-day preharvest interval.
4 to 5 oz
4 oz
3 to 5 fl oz
3 to 4 fl oz Do not make more than 3 applications of Vivando or 46.2 fl oz per acre per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Vivando. 14 14 .
10.3 to 15.4 fl oz 2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt
Revus Top will also control downy mildew. 7 fl oz 2.4 pt 2.5 to 5 pt 1.5 to 2.5 qt 4 4 4 0 0 0 These phosphorus acid-based products are excellent eradicants and have pre- and post-symptom activity, providing approximately 7 days protectant activity. They all have a 0-day PHI. Do not exceed a 0.6% spray solution concentration of Prophyt. Use lower rate of Agri-Fos in 100 gal water per acre early in season, and higher rates in 150 to 200 gal of water per acre in late season and when the canopy is thick. Other phosphite fungicides may be available. See label for correct rates.
2.7 fl oz
12
30
2.1 to 2.75 fl oz
12
30
8.0 fl oz
14
See labels for resistance management strategies for Reason, Ranman, Revus, Presido, and Zampro.
3.0 to 4.0 fl oz
12
21
11 to 14 fl oz
12
28
202

When to Spray and Disease/Pest CLOSING Botrytis Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC, FRAC Code Same as BlOOM SPRAY Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre Reentry Interval (REI) (hours) Preharvest Interval (PHI) (days) Precautions and Remarks At closing, add Elevate, Endura, Rovral, or Vangard to the appropriate cover spray for botrytis control. See Bloom Spray for information on resistance management when using Elevate, Endura, Rovral, and Vangard.
Japanese beetle, June beetle
Same as 1st Cover Foliar applications of Group 4A insecticides should NOT be used following a long-acting soil application of any group 4A insecticide (i.e. Admire Pro, Venom, or Clutch). Current information indicates that in areas where Pierces disease is a problem, controlling leafhoppers and sharpshooters through July reduces the risk of Pierces disease. See labels for preharvest intervals. 48 to 96 2 to 4 lb 2 to 4 qt 1.25 to 2.5 lb 0 If additional sprays are needed for powdery mildew control, use sulfur. On sulfur-intolerant varieties and when temperatures exceed 85o F, use an SI fungicide (Rally, Elite, Procure, Rubigan, or Vivando) in rotation with quinoxyfen (Quintec 2 SC) to keep resistance from developing.
Same as PREBLOOM Grape berry moth, Leafhopper/sharpsho oter (Pierces Disease suppression)
2nd & SUBSEQUENT COVER SPRAYS (10- to 14-day intervals until the Preharvest Spray) Ripe rot, Bitter rot, Macrophoma rot Downy mildew Phylloxera, Japanese and June beetles
captan 50 W or 4 L or 80 WGD
Same as 1st COVER Same as 1st COVER
See recommendations for downy mildew control under 1st cover spray above. Check labels for preharvest intervals. Current information indicates that in areas where Pierces disease is a problem, controlling leafhoppers and sharpshooters through July reduces the risk of Pierces disease. If Venom was applied as a soil treatment during prebloom, a second soil application is not permitted, but a foliar spray of Venom is permitted at this time. See label for further restrictions.
2nd & SUBSEQUENT Same as PREBLOOM COVER SPRAYS (10- to 14-day intervals until the Preharvest Spray) Grape berry moth, Leafhopper/sharpsho oter (Pierces Disease suppression) Mites VERAISON Botrytis Same as POSTBLOOM Same as Bloom Spray OR cyprodinil + fludioxinil (Switch 62.5 WDG), FRAC 9 + 12 captan, FRAC M4 50 W or 4 F or 80 WGD + iprodione (various brands), FRAC 2 50 WP or 4F or cyprodinil (Vangard 75 WG), FRAC 9 or fenhexamide (Elevate 50 WDG), FRAC 17 or pyrimethanil (Scala SC), FRAC 17 or boscalid (Endura 30W), FRAC7 or cyprodinil + fludioxinil (Switch 62.5 WDG), FRAC 7 + 12 OR azoxystrobin (Abound 2 SC), FRAC11 OR kresoxim-methyl (Sovran 50 WG), FRAC 11 OR trifloxystrobin (Flint 50 WG), FRAC 11 OR boscalid + pyraclostrobin (Pristine 38W), FRAC 7 + 11
Switch may reduce the severity of sour rot.
11 to 14 oz 48 to 96 4 lb 1 qt 1.25 to 2.5 lb 0 The REI for captan varies with trade name.
PREHARVEST (10 to 14 days before harvest) Ripe rot, Bitter rot, Macrophoma rot, Botrytis
1 to 2 lb 1 to 2 pt
10 oz
1 lb
18 fl oz
8 oz
14
11 to 14 oz
12
15.4 fl oz
14
4.8 oz
12
14
3 oz
12
14
18.5 to 23 oz
5 to 12
14
203

When to Spray and Disease/Pest Pesticide, Formulation, and IRAC, FRAC Code Amount of Formulation to Use per Acre 2.4 pt 2.5 to 5 pt 1.5 to 2.5 qt Reentry Interval (REI) (hours) 4 4 4 Preharvest Interval (PHI) (days) 0 0 0 Precautions and Remarks Phosphite fungicides are not very good protectants but they are good eradicants and have pre- and post-symptom activity. All have a 0-day PHI. Other phosphite fungicides may be available. Do not exceed a 0.6% spray solution concentration of Prophyt. Use higher rate of Agri-Fos in 150 to 200 gal of water per acre late in the season when the canopy is thick. Other phosphite fungicides may be available. Check label for correct rates.
PREHARVEST (10 to Prophyt, FRAC 33 14 days before OR harvest) Phostrol, FRAC 33 OR Downy mildew Agri-Fos, FRAC 33 OR mandipropamid (Revus), FRAC 40
8 fl oz
14
Spotted wing drosophila
Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) is a recently detected invasive pest of ripe and ripening fruit. It is unclear how significant SWD will be in bunch grapes. Growers are encouraged to monitor adult flies in vineyards and larvae in fruit and treat if present. Weekly or twice weekly treatments may be necessary to manage damaging populations. Insecticides effective against SWD may also have activity against leafhoppers. For more information on SWD biology, monitoring, and management, see www.ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com. beta-cyfulthrin, IRAC 3A (Baythroid XL 1EC) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4EC) 5.33 to 21.33 fl oz imidacloprid + cyfluthrin, IRAC 4A + 3 (Leverage 2.4) malathion IRAC 1B (Malathion 5EC) spinosad, IRAC 5 (Entrust) spinetoram, IRAC 5 (Delegate) zeta-cypermethrin, IRAC 3 (Mustang) 24 12 1.6 to 3.2 fl oz 12 3
3 to 8 fl oz 1.5 pt 1.25 to 2.5 oz 3 to 5 oz
12 12 4 4
3 3 Entrust is OMRI listed. 7 7
2.15 to 4.3 fl oz
12
HARVEST Yellowjackets and bees Spotted wing drosophila Multicolored Asian lady beetle
Check to make sure wasps are not nesting in vines. Spot treat or manually remove nests if present. Widespread insecticide treatment for wasps or bees is not recommended, because treatments with short PHI will not provide control, and only foraging worker wasps or bees will be killed, leaving the rest of the nest for reinfestation. Damaged fruit should be removed to reduce attraction for other bees and wasps. See PREHARVEST MALB can be a contaminant pest at harvest. Sample at least 10 clusters per acre within a few days of harvest, place in a plastic bag for approximately 30 minutes, and count beetles. Treatment thresholds vary by variety. imidaclorpid, IRAC 4A (Provado) 3 to 4 fl oz 12 0 Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests. Data on control with imiaclorpid are limited. Premature defoliation may predispose vines to winter injury. Use shorter spray intervals when conditions are favorable for disease development. Copper may cause injury under cool, slow-drying conditions. Use mancozeb on copper sensitive varieties for downy mildew control. Use JMS Stylet Oil for powdery mildew control on sulfur sensitive varieties. Do not use captan, sulfur, or copper within 2 weeks of a JMS Stylet Oil application. Prophyt or Phostrol can also be used for downy mildew control.
POSTHARVEST (14to 21-day intervals from harvest until first killing frost) Downy mildew
copper compounds (various formulations), FRAC M1 OR mancozeb, FRAC M3 75 DF, 80 W or 4F sulfur (various formulations), FRAC M2 OR JMS Stylet Oil, FRAC NC mating disruption (Isomate GRB)
See label
See label
2 to 4 lb 1.6 to 3.2 qt See label 1.5 to 2% (See label) 100 dispensers
24
Powdery mildew
See label 4
Grape root borer
NA
NA
Dispensers should be placed prior to the beginning of grape root borer moth flight activity and be left in the vineyard until the end of flight activity. Moth flight timing varies between vineyards, but can be as early as July and last until October. Pheromone baited traps can help determine grape root borer populations and flight activity, but traps will not be effective if mating disruption is underway. Use clean cultivation, mound soil (July 1 to Aug. 1) or at first moth emergence when using pheromone traps) or using tightly-sealed plastic mulch 3 ft from the base of vines. This practice will inhibit adult emergence from the soil when well timed. Mounded soil needs to be removed by Sept. 1.
Soil mounding, cultural control
NA
chloropyrifos (Lorsban Advanced) IRAC 1B
4.5 pt/100 gal water
24
35
Apply 2 quarts of mixture to soil at base of each vine. A single application should be sufficient, either pre or post harvest, depending upon grape root borer flight timing. Spray should not contact fruit or foliage. Application can be made with flood nozzles and low pressure (40 to 60 psi). The preharvest interval for Lorsban is 35 days.
For further information, see www.smallfruits.org.
204
Muscadine Grape Management Program

W. O. CLINE, Plant Pathology Extension, and H. J. BURRACK, Entomology Extension For effective disease control, commercial growers should apply fungicides every two weeks from mid May through mid July, beginning prior to the onset of disease symptoms. Fungicides are generally not necessary in home plantings. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) groups insecticides and the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee groups fungicides into mode of action (MOA) categories. These categories are listed following the pesticide and formulation names. To reduce the risk of resistance development, avoid successive applications of products with the same MOA for the same pest. Organically acceptable insecticides (OMRI listed) are indicated in Precautions and Remarks. Insect management differs from disease management because some insect injury can be tolerated before economic damage occurs. Apply insecticides only if potentially damaging populations are present. Sampling techniques and tools are described when available. Many insecticide active ingredients come in several formulations, or generic versions of the same formulation; information for the most common brand name is provided. This is not an endorsement of any particular brand name product. Always read and follow the label on any pesticide.
TABLE 6-7A. MUSCADINE SPRAY PROGRAM FOR DISEASE CONTROL

Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest; Preharvest Interval (PHI) 14 24 hrs
When to Spray When shoots are 6 to 10 in.
Pest Black rot, Bitter rot, Angular leaf spot, Powdery mildew
Pesticide and Formulation
Amount of Formulation Per Acre
Restricted Entry Interval (REI) 4 hrs
Precautions and Remarks Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Flint, or Pristine) before alternating with nonstrobilurin fungicides (Captan, Nova, Rally, or Topsin M). The REI for Pristine is 12 hrs for all crop uses except cane tying, cane turning or cane girdling. These operations, not normally performed on muscadines, require a five day (5d) re-entry interval.
Azoxystrobin, FRAC 11 (Abound 2.08 SC) 11 to 15.4 fl oz OR 3 to 5 oz Myclobutanil, FRAC 3 (Nova, Rally 40 W) OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid, FRAC 11+7 8 to 12.5 oz (Pristine38 W) OR thiophanate-methyl, FRAC 1 (Topsin M70 1 to 1.5 lb WSB) OR Trifloxystrobin, FRAC 11 (Flint 50 WG) 2 oz EBDCs, FRAC M3 (Manzate Prostick, Penncozeb 75 DF, Dithane M45) 1.5 to 4 lb 2 to 5 lb
12 hrs/5 days
2 days 12 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs 66 1
Cannot be used within 66 days of harvest. Must be applied every 7 to 10 days. Dilute sulfur in 100 gal of water per acre. Sulfur corrodes sprayers and trellis wires. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Flint, or Pristine) before alternating with nonstrobilurin fungicides (Captan, Nova, Rally, or Topsin M). The REI for Pristine is 12 hrs for all crop uses except cane tying, cane turning or cane girdling. These operations, not normally performed on muscadines, require a five day (5d) re-entry interval.
Powdery mildew only Bloom Black rot, Bitter rot, Angular leaf spot, Powdery mildew
wettable sulfur, FRAC M2 (Microthiol, other brands) 80 to 92% S
Azoxystrobin, FRAC 11 (Abound 2.08 SC) 11 to 15.4 fl oz OR Myclobutanil, FRAC 3 (Nova, Rally 40 W) 3 to 5 oz OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid, FRAC 11+7 (Pristine 38 W) 8 to 12.5 oz OR thiophanate-methyl, FRAC 1 (Topsin M 70 WSB) 1 to 1.5 lb OR Trifloxystrobin, FRAC 11 (Flint 50 WG) 2 oz Azoxystrobin, FRAC 11 (Abound 2.08 SC) 11 to 15.4 fl oz OR Captan, FRAC M4 (Captan 50 WP) 2 to 4 lb (Captec 4L) 2 qt OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid, FRAC 11+7 (Pristine 38 W) 8 to 12.5 oz OR Trifloxystrobin, FRAC 11 (Flint 50 WG) 2 oz
4 hrs 14 24 hrs
12 hrs/5 days
2 days 12 hrs 4 hrs 14
Fruit rots, Sooty blotch
Fry is susceptible to sooty blotch. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Flint, or Pristine) before alternating with nonstrobilurin fungicides (Captan, Nova, Rally, or Topsin M). The REI for Pristine is 12 hrs for all crop uses except cane tying, cane turning or cane girdling. These operations, not normally performed on muscadines, require a five day (5d) re-entry interval. Tank mix Topsin M or Nova, Rally with Captan or Captec, OR alternate Topsin M or Nova, Rally with Abound, Flint, or Pristine.
48 hrs 48 hrs
2 (re-entry) 2 (re-entry)
12 hrs/5 days 12 hrs
14 14
Every 2 weeks until harvest
Same as sprays for BLOOM
205

Relative Effectiveness of Various Fungicides for Muscadine Grape Disease Control
TABLE 6-7B. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES FOR MUSCADINE GRAPE DISEASE CONTROL
( = ineffective or injurious; +++++ = very effective or very safe) Fungicide azoxystrobin (Abound) captan (Captan, Captec) myclobutanil (Nova, Rally) 40 W pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) sulfur (various) thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) trifloxystrobin (Flint) Angular Leafspot ++++ +++ ++ ++++ +++ +++ Bitter Rot +++ + ++ +++ ++ +++ Powdery Mildew +++ ++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++ ++++ Ripe Rot Macrophoma Rot ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ + ++++ + ++++ Black Rot ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ Plant Safety +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++++
TABLE 6-7C. MUSCADINE INSECT MANAGEMENT

Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest Precautions and Remarks
Pest APHIDS
Restricted Entry Interval
Aphids are not common pests in North Carolina muscadines and are typically only problematic in spring on new growth; aphid populations in late summer do not typically justify treatment. Treatment is only justified when sooty mold is present or new growth is deformed. acetamiprid, IRAC 4A (Assail 30 SG) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4) EC 2.5 oz 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 12 hours 24 hr 21 Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season.
CLIMBING CUTWORMS
Scout for cutworm if damaged buds are observed. Look for cutworms at night. Cutworm treatment may be justified if greater than 4% of the buds examined are damaged and the variety does not have fruitful secondary buds. Spray in the evening if possible as cutworms are active at night. Only treat if cutworms are present. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), IRAC 11 (many formulations) carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) flubendiamide, IRAC 28 (Belt SC) methoxyfenozide, IRAC 18 (Intrepid 2F) rynaxypyr, IRAC 28 (Altacor) spinosad, IRAC 5 (Entrust 80WP) spinetoram, IRAC 5 (Delegate) rates vary 1 to 2 qt 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 3 to 4 fl oz 12 to 16 fl oz 3 to 4.5 fl oz 2.5 oz 3 to 5 oz 4 hours 12 hours 24 hours 12 hours 4 hours 4 hours 4 hours 4 hours 0 7 21 7 30 14 7 7 days Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season. Minimum application volume of 50 gpa. Do not apply more than 4 fl oz every 5 days or 12 fl oz per crop season. Minimum application for airblast sprayers of 40 gpa. Use between 100-200 gallons per acre total spray volume. Entrust is OMRI listed. Do not exceed 5 applications of Delegate per year or 19.5 oz per acre per crop year. Many Bt formulations are OMRI listed.
GRAPE BERRY MOTH
Grape berry moth is present in NC, but it is not uniformly distributed in the state. If grape berry moth presence is suspected, observe flowers and fruit for injury and consider monitoring moth presence with pheromone baited traps. bifenthrin, IRAC 3 (Brigade 2EC) bifenthrin + imidacloprid, IRAC 3 + 4A (Brigadier) indoxacarb IRAC 22 (Avaunt) methoxyfenozide, IRAC 18 (Intrepid 2F) spinosad , IRAC 5 (Entrust 80 WP) phosmet, IRAC 1B (Imidan 70 WP) methomyl, IRAC 1A (Lannate SP) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) pyriproxyfen IRAC 7C (Esteem 0.83EC) rynaxypyr, IRAC 28 (Altacor) 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 3.8 to 6.4 fl oz 5 to 6 oz 12 to 16 fl oz 1.25 to 2.5 oz 1.33 to 2.125 lb 0.5 to 1 lb 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 16 fl oz 3 to 4.5 fl oz 12 hours 12 hours 12 hours 4 hours 4 hours 14 days 7 days 24 hours 12 hours 4 hours 30 30 7 30 7 14 1, fresh market 14, wine 21 21 14 Use between 100-200 gallons per acre total spray volume. Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season. Entrust is OMRI listed. Do not apply more than 6.5 lb Imidan per acre per year.
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Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest Precautions and Remarks
Pest GRAPE FLEA BEETLE
Restricted Entry Interval
Grape flea beetle larvae feed on developing buds during bud swell. If greater than 4% of buds observed are damaged by grape flea beetles, treatment may be justified. Apply only if damaging numbers of adult beetles are present. bifenthrin + imidacloprid, IRAC 3 + 4A (Brigadier) carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) phosmet, IRAC 1B (Imidan 70 WP) 3.8 to 6.4 fl oz 2 qt 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 1.33 to 2.125 lb 12 hours 12 hours 24 hours 14 days 30 7 21 14 Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season. Do not apply more than 6.5 lb Imidan per acre per year.
LEAFHOPPERS, SHARPSHOOTERS
Leafhoppers are important vectors of Pierces Disease in Vinifera grapes, but Pierces Disease is not a common problem of muscadine grapes. Var. Carlos has been observed with Pierces Disease symptoms, but the disease does not appear to persist in plants over-winter. Therefore, leafhoppers should not be preventatively treated in muscadines. Large leafhopper populations may result in leaf stippling and yellowing, and populations of this size may result in economic damage and justify treatment. abamectin IRAC 6 (Agri-Mek 0.15EC, many formulations) acetamiprid, IRAC 4A (Assail 30 SG) bifenthrin, IRAC 3 (Brigade 2EC) bifenthrin + imidacloprid, IRAC 3 + 4A (Brigadier) dinotefuran, IRAC 4A (Venom) clothianidin IRAC 4A (Clutch 50 WDG) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) imidacloprid, IRAC 4A (Provado 1.6 F) (Admire Pro) 8 to 16 fl oz 2.5 oz 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 3.8 to 6.4 fl oz 1 to 3 oz 6 oz 5.3 to 10.6 fl oz 12 hours 12 hours 12 hours 12 hours 12 hours 12 hours 24 hours 12 hours 3 to 4 fl oz 7 to 14 oz 0 30 30 30 28 30 21 Venom may be applied as a foliar spray at 1 to 3 oz or to the soil at 5 to 6 oz. See label for details. Clutch is applied to the soil either via drip or trickle irrigation. Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season. Provado is a foliar spray. Admire Pro is applied to the soil and may be applied in drip or trickle or microsprinkler irrigation, as a subsurface sidedress shanked into the root zone followed by irrigation, or a hill drench in sufficent water to ensure penetration into the root zone followed by irrigation. See label. Malathion may cause injury to berries if applied after bloom. Rates are based on 200 gpa spray volumes. Do not apply more than 6.5 lb Imidan per acre per year. 28
malathion, IRAC 1B (57 EC or Malathion 5) phosmet, IRAC 1B (Imidan 70 W) thiamethoxam IRAC 4A (Actara) JAPANESE BEETLE, JUNE BEETLE acetamiprid, IRAC 4A (Assail 30 SG) bifenthrin, IRAC 3 (Brigade 2EC) bifenthrin + imidacloprid, IRAC 3 + 4A (Brigadier) carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin XLR Plus) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC) indoxacarb IRAC 22 (Avaunt) phosmet, IRAC 1B (Imidan 70 W) SPIDER MITES
3 pt 1.33 to 2.125 lb 1.5 to 3.4 oz 2.5 oz 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 3.8 to 6.4 fl oz 2 qt 10.66 to 21.33 fl oz 5 to 6 oz 1.5 to 3.4 oz
12 hours 14 days 12 hours
3 14 5
Southeastern data for Assail on Japanese beetles are limited. 12 hours 12 hours 12 hours 24 hours 12 hours 12 hours 30 30 7 21 7 5 Do not apply more than 6.5 lb Imidan per acre per year. Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season.
Sample for mites using a minimum 10x hand lens. There is no clearly defined threshold for mites in muscadine grapes. Treatment for Vinifera grapes is recommended when greater than 50% of leaves are infested. Fast moving predatory mites can be distinguished from slower moving spider mites through direct observation. Some insecticides, such as carbaryl, can flare mite populations, and care should be used with these materials when mites are present. Rotate acaricides between MOAs to minimize selection for resistance. abamectin, IRAC 6 (Agri-Mek 0.15EC) (many other formulations) bifenazate, IRAC Unknown (Acramite 50 WS) etoxazole, IRAC 10B (Zeal) fenpyroximate, IRAC 21A (Portal 5EC) fenbutatin-oxide, IRAC 12B (Vendex 50WP) pyridiben IRAC 21 (Nextor 75 WSB) 16 fl oz 12 hours 28
1 lb 3 oz 2 pt 2.5 lb 8.8 to 10.67 oz
12 hours 12 hours 12 hours 48 hours 12 hours
14 28 14 28 7
The reentry interval is 5 days for can turning, tying, and girdling. Apply in a minimum spray volume of 50 gal per acre. Zeal is a growth regulator and kills eggs and young mites. It is most effective if applied when mite populations are low. Do not apply more than 2 pints of Portal per acre per season. Apply in a minimum spray volume of 50 gal per acre. Do not make more than 2 applications of Vendex per season. The maximum amount of pyridiben allowed per acre per season is 26.4 oz. Do not make more than two applications of pyridiben per season. Stink bug feeding may result in malformed fruit or early fruit drop. Few materials are labeled for stink bugs in grapes. Do not exceed 2.66 pts of Danitol per acre per season. Make no more than 2 applications of Danitol per season.
STINK BUGS
fenpropathrin IRAC 3 (Danitol 2.4 EC)
10.66 to 21.33 fl oz
24 hours
21
207

Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest Precautions and Remarks NA Dispensers should be placed prior to the beginning of grape root borer moth flight activity and be left in the vineyard until the end of flight activity. Moth flight timing varies between vineyards, but can be as early as July and last until October. Pheromone baited traps can help determine grape root borer populations and flight activity, but traps will not be effective if mating disruption is underway. Use clean cultivation, mound soil (July 1 or at first moth emergence when using pheromone traps) or using tightlysealed plastic mulch 3 ft from the base of vines. This practice will inhibit adult emergence from the soil when well timed. Mounded soil needs to be removed by Sept 1. 4.5 pt per 100 gal 24 hours 35 Apply 2 quarts of mixture to soil at the base of each vine. Make a single application 35 days before harvest. Spray should not contact fruit or foliage. Application can be made with flood nozzles and low pressure (40 to 60 psi).
Pest GRAPE ROOT BORER
Pesticide and Formulation mating disruption (Isomate GRB)
Amount of Formulation Per Acre 100 dispensers
Restricted Entry Interval NA
Cultivation or soil mounding
chlorpyrifos, IRAC 1A (Lorsban Advanced)
RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT
Bait treatments can effectively manage fire ants, but they are not typically fast acting. They act by sterilizing the queen, but must be applied when ants are actively foraging. Test for foraging by placing food near the nest. Check for ant activity after 30 minutes. Bait treatments may take several weeks for full effectiveness. pyriproxyfen IRAC 7C (Esteem Ant Bait) methoprene MOA 7A (Extinguish Professional Fire Ant Bait) spinosad IRAC 5 (Seduce Insect Bait) 1.5 to 2 lb 1 to 1.5 lb 20 to 44 lb 12 hours 4 hours 4 hours 1 0 7 Do not exceed 0.22 lb of active ingredient per season.
Further Information Muscadine Grape Diseases and Their Control, Plant Pathology Information Note 145, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/ pp/notes/Fruit/fdin012/fdin012.htm Southest Regional Muscadine Integrated Management Guide, www.smallfruits.org NC Small Fruit & Specialty Crop IPM, www.ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com Copies of these publications are available from your county Cooperative Extension center.
Peach and Nectarine Spray Guide

D. F. RITCHIE, Plant Pathology Extension, and J. WALGENBACH, Entomology Extension Although many pesticides are registered for disease and insect control on peaches, the following spray program lists the ones that have performed well under North Carolina conditions. The rates of pesticides recommended should give control when pest pressure is moderate to severe, assuming they are applied correctly. Where the rate is given as a range, the lower rate can be used when pest pressure is low; the higher rate should be used when the pest pressure is great. Thus, the following spray program is intended to be only a guide since pest and orchard conditions can vary from orchard to orchard and year to year. The rates given are based on the use of 200 gallons of water per acre as a dilute spray. However, 75 to 125 gallons of water per acre with the per acre rate of material used will provide optimal spray coverage for pest/disease control in most orchards. If concentrated sprays are used (less than 100 gallons of water per acre), use the amount of pesticide listed per acre. Note: For imported fire ant, treat active mounds off season with directed bait formulations like Clinch, Esteem, Extinguish, and Logic. Insect growth regulators will give complete control after 30 days. Always follow label directions for best results. TABLE 6-8. PEACH AND NECTARINE SPRAY GUIDE
Formulation When to Spray DORMANT Before buds swell in late winter Pest Leaf curl Pesticide FUNGICIDE: chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik) 6 F OR ziram (Ziram) 76 DF Per 100 Gal Per Acre 4 pt 5 lb Remarks Other chemicals registered for leaf curl include copper-containing compounds (consult labels). Copper provides adequate leaf-curl control when at least 4 lb/A is applied before bud-swell. To control white peach scale, two dormant oil sprays 2 weeks apart are necessary. Oil will NOT control leaf curl. Addition of an insecticide with oil will improve control of scales. Where white peach scale is a problem, two applications of oil at 14 to 21-day intervals may improve control. Insecticides should be added with the second application.
Scale insect, mite
INSECTICIDE: oil, superior-type + buprofezin (Centaur) 70WDG OR chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 4E OR pyriproxyfen (Esteem) 35WP OR spirometetramat (Movento) 2F
2 gal
4 gal 25 oz 2 pt 4 to 5 oz 6 oz
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TABLE 6-8. PEACH AND NECTARINE SPRAY GUIDE
Formulation When to Spray BLOOM Pest Brown rot, blossom blight Pesticide FUNGICIDE: captan (Captan, Captec) 50 WP, 4L OR chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik, Echo 720) 6 F OR thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M, T-Methyl) + captan (Captan, Captec) 50WP, 4L Per 100 Gal Per Acre 5 lb, 2.5 qt Remarks Fungicide sprays at full pink to early bloom and again at full bloom may reduce blossom blight, but another spray may be needed if bloom extends beyond 2 weeks. Demethylation inhibiting (DMI) fungicides (Elite, Indar, Nova, Orbit, Quash) are effective against blossom blight but are prone to resistance problems if used regularly. Resistance to any one of the DMI fungicides results in cross-resistance to the others. It is recommended that DMI fungicides be saved for preharvest sprays and that they not be used in bloom and cover sprays. Do not use more than one application of thiophanate-methyl or if resistant strains are present. Vangard is another alternative to DMI fungicides during bloom.
3.125 pt 1.0 lb + 4 lb, 2 qt
OR
cyprodinil (Vangard) 75 WG INSECTICIDE: None PETAL-FALL After petals are off but before fruit are showing Scab, brown rot FUNGICIDE: captan (Captan, Captec) 50 WP, 4L OR sulfur INSECTICIDE: beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid) 1 EC OR endosulfan (Thionex) 50 WP OR esfenvalerate (Asana) 0.66 EC OR indoxacarb (Avaunt) 30 WG OR methomyl (Lannate) 2.4 L OR permethrin (Permethrin, Pounce) 3.2 EC (Ambush) 25 WP OR phosmet (Imidan) 50 WP OR thiamethoxam (Actara) 25 WDG FUNGICIDE: captan (Captan, Captec) 50 WP, 4 L OR chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik, Echo 720) 6 F OR sulfur INSECTICIDE: Same as in PETAL-FALL FUNGICIDE: Same as SHUCK SPLIT
5 oz
5 lb, 2.5 qt 9 lb actual sulfur 2.5 oz 4 lb 11.6 oz 5 oz 2 pt 8 fl oz 12 oz 3 lb 5 oz
Including a fungicide at petal fall may enhance scab control.
Plum curculio, catfacing insect, Oriental fruit moth
Do not make more than two applications of endosulfan before harvest.
Make no more than 4 applications of Avaunt per season.
Do not apply more than 11 oz of Actara per acre per season. Very critical period for start of scab control. Tank-mix of thiophanate-methyl 0.75 lb a.i./acre (Topsin M, TMethyl) with captan or sulfur first two sprays enhances scab control. Chlorothalonil cannot be used later than shuck split.
SHUCK SPLIT to SHUCK FALL After fruit are showing, but before 75% of the fruit have shucks off
Scab, brown rot
5 lb., 2.5 qt
4 pt 9 lb actual sulfur
Plum curculio, catfacing insect COVER SPRAYS Begin 7 to 10 days after shuck fall, continue 10 to 14 days, stopping at least 2 weeks before harvest Scab, brown rot
When cool weather delays shuckoff, a second application of insecticide in 7 to 10 days may be necessary to control catfacing insects. First through third cover sprays are very important for scab control on peach. Chlorothalonil used at shuck split can give 3 weeks of scab control. NOTE: Chlorothalonil cannot be used after the shuck split spray.
Plum curculio, catfacing insect, Oriental fruit moth
INSECTICIDE: beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid) 1 EC OR esfenvalerate (Asana) 0.66 EC OR fenpropathrin (Danitol) 2.4 EC OR indoxacarb (Avaunt) 30 WG OR methomyl (Lannate) 2.4 L OR permethrin (Permethrin, Pounce) 3.2 EC (Ambush) 2.0 EC OR phosmet (Imidan) 50 WP OR spinetoram (Delegate) 25WDG OR chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) 35WDG
2.5 fl oz 11.6 fl oz 16 fl oz 6 fl oz 2 oz 8 fl oz 12 oz 3 pt 5 fl oz 3 oz
Spray trunks and larger limbs thoroughly during each cover spray to aid in control of peach tree borers. Do NOT apply esfenvalerate or permethrin within 2 weeks of harvest. Do NOT apply more than 42 2/3 fl oz Danitol per acre per season or within 3 days of harvest. Do NOT make more than four applications of Avaunt per season. Do NOT apply phosmet within 3weeks of harvest.
Delegate and Altacor are primarily for oriental fruit moth control.
209

TABLE 6-8. PEACH AND NECTARINE SPRAY GUIDE
Formulation When to Spray Pest Pesticide FUNGICIDE: azoxystrobin (Abound) 2.08 F OR azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (Quadris Top) 2.71SC OR difenoconazole + cyrodinil (Inspire Super) 2.82EW OR fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WSP OR metconazole (Quash) 50 WDG OR penthiopyrad (Fontelis) 1.67SC OR propiconazole (Bumper, Orbit, PropiMax) 3.6 EC OR pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 WG OR pyraclostrobin+fluxapyroxad (Merivon) 4.18 OR tebuconazole (Elite, Orius, Tebuzol) 45 DF OR tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament) 50 WG dichloran (Botran) 75 WP 1.25 lb Per 100 Gal Per Acre 12 to 15 fl oz 12 to 14 fl oz Remarks NOTE: Check product label for any preharvest interval (PHI) or reentry interval (REI) times and other restrictions. azoxystrobin (PHI = 0 day, RE = 4 hr) azoxystrobin+difenoconazole( PHI =0 day,REI=12 hr) 16 to 20 fl oz difenoconazole + cyrodinil (PHI=2 days, REI=12 hr) fenbuconazole (PHI = 0 day, REI = 12 hr) 2 oz pouch 3.5 to 4.0 oz 14-20 fl oz 4 fl oz metconazole (PHI =14 days, REI = 12 hr) penthiopyrad (PHI=0 day, RE=12 hr) propiconazole (PHI = 0 day, REI = 24 hr) pyraclostrobin + boscalid (PHI= 0 day, REI= 12 hr) pyraclostrobin+fluxapyroxad (PHI=0 day, REI=12 hr) tebuconazole (PHI = 0 day, REI = 12 hr) 10.5 to 14.5 oz 4 to 6.7 fl oz Preharvest use of propiconazole, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, and difenoconazole + cyrodinil, is limited to 2 applications. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of these fungicides before alternating with a fungicide having a different mode of action. 10-day preharvest interval. Do NOT apply Sevin less than 3 days before harvest. 2.5 lb 6 oz Provado has a 0-day preharvest interval, but a 12 hr re-entry interval. Tree trunks and limbs should be sprayed to drip, after harvest or after August 1, whichever comes last. Best control results when applied the week of September 1. Some populations of peach tree borers are resistant to endosulfan.
PREHARVEST Brown rot Begin 2 to 3 weeks before harvest; apply fungicides at 7- to 10day intervals. In periods of high disease pressure, closer spray intervals may be necessary.
4 to 8 oz 4 to 6 oz 3 lb
Rhizopus rot
INSECTICIDE: June beetle, Japanese beetle carbaryl (Sevin) 80 WSP OR imidaclorprid (Provado) 1.6F BORER SPRAY Peachtree borer INSECTICIDE: chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 4 EC OR endosulfan 3 EC OR endosulfan 50WP OR esfenvalerate (Asana) 0.66 EC INSECTICIDE: formetanate (Carzol) 90 SP OR hexekis (Vendex) 50 WP OR hexythiazox (Savey) 50 WP OR clofentezine (Apollo) SC OR
3 qt 2 to 3.33 qt 3 lb 5.8 oz 0.5 lb 0.75 lb 1 lb 1.5 lb
SPECIAL SPRAY
Spider mite
When undiagnosed, mites may cause severe injury. Examine outer leaves for mites and mottled appearance, especially during hot, dry periods. Stay abreast of label changes. Carzol also helps to control catfacing insects. Do not apply Carzol within 21 days of harvest. Do not make more than one application per year. Do not apply more than a total of 6 oz formulated product per acre per year. Do not apply by air. Apollo is primarily an ovicide, so apply to trees and ground cover in early spring before mites begin to hatch. Do not apply more than once per season. Do not apply within 3 days of harvest.
3 to 6 oz
4 to 8 oz
0.5 to 1.0 lb
bifenazate (Acramite) 50 WP
0.5 lb
1 lb
210

Relative Effectiveness and Safety of Various Insecticides for Peach Insects
J. F. WALGENBACH, Entomology Extension ( = ineffective or does not apply; +++++ = very effective) TABLE 6-9. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES FOR PEACH INSECTS
Days Between Last Spray and Harvest 7 14 7 3 10 Prebloom and postharvest only 30 14 3 14 0 14 14 4 7 14 14 7 7 14 Catfacing Insects Oriental Peachtree (stink Fruit Moth Borer bugs) ++++ +++++ ++ +++++ + + + ++ +++++ ++ ++++ +
Insecticide Formulation and Rate per 100 Gal Water acetamiprid (Assail 30 SG) 7 oz buprofezin (Centaur 70WSB) 17 oz beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) 1 oz carbaryl (Sevin 80 SP) 1.25 lb chlorantraniliprole (Altacor 35WDG) 2.5 oz chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4.0 EC) 3 qt
Plum Curculio ++ ++++ +
Scales (White Peach, San Jose) +++ +++++ + ++ +++++
Beetles (June, Japanese) +++++ +++ ++++
Safety* Caution Caution Warning, restricted Caution Caution Danger, Restricted
endosulfan (Thionex 50 WP) 1 lb esfenvalerate (Asana 0.66 EC) 5.8 oz fenpropathin (Danitol 2.4 EC) 16 oz gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis 0.5EC) 3.8 oz imidacloprid (Provado 1.6F))3 oz indoxacarb (Avaunt 30 WG) 3 oz lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate 2.08CS) 1.9 oz methomyl (Lannate 2.4 L) 1 pt oil superior 2 gal permethrin (Pounce 2.0 EC, 25 WP) 6 oz phosmet (Imidan 50 WP) 1.5 lb pyriproxyfen (Esteem 35 WP) 5 oz spinetoram (Delegate 25WDG) 2.5 oz Spirotetramat (Movento 2SC) 8 oz thiamethoxam (Actara 25WDG) 2.5 oz
+++ ++++ ++++ ++++ + +++++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++ + +++++
++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++ +++++ +++
++++ +++ +++ +++ + +++ + +++ +
+++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ + + ++++ ++++ +++++ + ++++
++ + + +++++ + +++++ +++++ +++
+ ++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++ ++++ +++ + ++++
Danger, Poison Warning, Restricted Warning, Restricted Warning, Restricted Caution Caution Warning, Restricted Danger, Restricted Caution Warning, restricted Warning Caution Caution Caution Caution
* Relative Toxicity (Safety): Danger = most toxic to man Caution = least toxic to man Restricted = restricted use compound; may be applied only by licensed pesticide operators
211

Relative Effectiveness of Chemicals for Disease Control on Peaches and Nectarines
D. F. RITCHIE, Plant Pathology Extension ( = ineffective; +++++ = very effective; NA = not applicable) TABLE 6-10. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHEMICALS FOR DISEASE CONTROL ON PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Fungicide/Bactericide and Rate Per Acre azoxystrobin (Abound) 2.08 F12 fl oz azoxystrobin+difenoconazole (Quadris Top)2.71SC 14 fl oz captan (Captan, Captec) 50 WP, 4L5lb, 2.5 qt chlorothalonil (Bravo Weather Stik, Echo 720) 6 F4 pt copper 3000; Cuprofix ULTRA 40D) 4 to 8 lb *** cyprodinil (Vangard) 75 WG5 oz dichloran (Botran) 75 W3 lb difenoconazole + cyrodinil (Inspire Super) 2.82EW 20 fl oz dodine (Syllit) 3.4FL3 pt + captan (Captan) 50 WP4 lb fenbuconazole (Indar) 75 WSP2 oz fenhexamid (Elevate) 50 WDG1.5 lb iprodione (Rovral)1.5 lb, 1.5 pt**** metconazole (Quash) 50WDG myclobutanil (Rally)40 WP4 oz oxytetracycline (FireLine, Mycoshield) 17 WP0.75 lb penthiopyrad (Fontelis) 1.67SC 20 fl oz propiconazole (Bumper, Orbit, PropiMax) 3.6 EC4 fl oz pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) 38 WG10.5 to 14.5 oz pyraclostrobin+fluxapyroxad (Merivon) 500SC 6.7 fl oz pyrimethanil (Scala SC) 60 SC1 pt sulfur9 lb actual sulfur tebuconazole (Elite, Orius, Tebuzol) 45 DF, WP4 oz tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (Adament) 50WG thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) 70 WP, 4.5FL1 lb, 1.5 pt + captan (Captan) 50 WP4 lb ziram (Ziram) 76 DF5 lb FRAC Code 11 11, 3 M4 M5 M1 9 2 3, 9 M7, M4 3 17 2 3 3 41 7 3 11, 7 11, 7 9 M2 3 3, 11 1, M4 M3 Days Between Reentry Last Spray Interval (REI)* and Harvest (hours) 0 0 0 NA at least 21 NA 10 2 15 0 0 NA 14 0 21 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 14 4 12 24 to 96 12** 12 to 24 12 12 12 96 12 12 12 12 24 12 12 24 12 12 12 24 12 24 12 24 to 96 48 Leaf Curl ++++ +++ - - ++++ Blossom Blight +++ ++++ ++ +++ NA +++ + ++++ ++++ ++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++ ++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Brown Rot +++ ++++ +++ NA NA NA + +++++ +++ ++++ +++ NA ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++++ ++ ++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Peach Scab ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ NA NA +++++ ++++ + NA +++ +++ ++ +++++ +++ +++ +++++ + Rhizopus Rot NA NA NA +++ - - Bacterial Spot +++ ++ - +++ - +
* REI = reentry interval. Hours between last spray and reentry without using personal protective equipment. This time interval can vary depending on product formulation, always consult label of product being used. ** Consult chlorothalonil label for REI precautions related to risk of eye injury. *** Rate of copper stated is for dormant spray. ****Rovral is not registered for use after bloom. FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee) Codes fungicides having the same code have a similar mode of action and thus are not appropriate mixing or alternating partners for use in resistance management.
212
Nematode Control on Peaches

D. F. RITCHIE, Plant Pathology Extension PREPLANT SOIL FUMIGATION In light, sandy soil where root-knot and ring nematodes are present, preplant soil fumigation is imperative. If the nematode assay indicates the presence of root-knot or ring nematodes, it may be advantageous to fumigate the entire orchard site in October to midNovember before planting the trees in late winter to early spring. If the nematode assay does not indicate the presence of root-knot or ring nematodes, an 8- to 10-foot strip to be used for the tree row may be fumigated. TABLE 6-11. PREPLANT SOIL FUMIGATION
Materials 1,3 dichloropropene (Telone II) OR metam-sodium (Vapam, Sectagon II, Busan 1020) tarped Rate/treated acre* 27 to 36 gal 75 to 100 gal
* Rate will vary depending on soil type. Follow manufacturers directions for rate and application procedures.
POSTPLANT TREATMENT (Bearing and Nonbearing Trees) NO MATERIALS REGISTERED for postplant use. Further Information Southeastern Peach Growers Handbook (http://www.ent.uga.edu/peach/peachhbk/toc.htm) 2013 Southeastern Peach, Nectarine and Plum Pest Management and Culture Guide. University of Georgia Bulletin 1171 (http://www.ent.uga.edu/peach/PeachGuide.pdf) updated annually
213
Pecan Spray Program

M. R. Abney, Entomology Extension; D. F. RITCHIE, Plant Pathology Extension Pecan Weevil: This insect is a serious problem in most sections of the state. Damage may be observed in two ways: (1) shedding of immature pecans because of the feeding punctures of the adult weevil; (2) mature pecans with a hole in the side. Adult weevils may be found by shaking or jarring the branches of pecan trees to dislodge the weevil. A sheet placed on the ground under the tree is the best method of collecting weevils when they are dislodged. Various traps are also available. Pyramidal traps and folded strips of burlap tied around the trunk of the tree in mid-July and examined weekly for weevils have been most effective in North Carolina. A good rain following a dry spell in August or September usually results in the emergence of large numbers of weevils from the soil, so spray immediately after the rain. Asian Ambrosia Beetle: Look for adults/damage in March. Note: For imported fire ant, treat active mounds off season with directed bait formulations like Clinch, Esteem, Extinguish, and Logic. Insect growth regulators will give complete control after 30 days. Always follow label directions for best results. TABLE 6-12. PECAN SPRAY PROGRAM
Amount of Minimum Formulation Interval (Days) to Use Per Between Last 100 Gal of Water Application or Per Acre and Harvest Precautions and Remarks 12 fl oz/acre 45 Do not apply fungicides after shuck split or as indicated for minimum days before harvest.
When to Spray FIRST PREPOLLINATION When buds are burst and first leaves are showing
Pest
Pesticide
Scab (see note (11) azoxystrobin (Abound) at end of table)* 2.08 F OR (3)fenbuconazole (Enable) 2F OR (3) metconazole (Quash) 50WDG OR (3)propiconazole (Orbit, Propimax, Bumper) 3.6EC OR (3) propiconazole + (11) azoxystrobin (Quilt Xcel) 2.2F OR (3) tebuconazole (Folicur) 3.6F OR (3) fenbuconazole + (3) triphenyltin hydroxide (Enable) 75WSP/AgriTin Co-Pack) 80 WSP OR (11) pyraclostrobin (Headline) 2.09F OR (3) propiconazole (Orbit, Propimax) + (3) triphenyltin hydroxide (Orbit 45WP/SuperTin 80WP Co-Pack) OR (1) thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) 70 WP, 70WDG, 70WSB Aphids (4A) acetamiprid (Assail) 30 SG (4A) imidacloprid Soil treatment (Admire Pro) 4.6F (various) 2F Foliar treatment (Admire Pro) 4.6F various 1.6F (9B) pymetrozine (Fulfill) (23) spirotetramat (Movento) 2SC (4A) thiamethoxam Centric 40 WG Leaf phylloxera (1B) chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 4E (4A) imidacloprid Foliar treatment (Admire Pro) 4.6 F (4A) thiamethoxam Centric 40 WG
8.0 fl oz/acre 2.5 - 3.5 oz/acre
28 25 For Quash, do not make more than 2 sequential applications and do not exceed a maximum of 4 applications per season. Use sufficient water per acre to achieve thorough coverage.
6.0 8.0 fl oz/acre
14 fl oz
4.0 8.0 fl oz/acre 7.5 oz See label for details
4 oz See label for details
1 lb/acre
Do not apply more than 3.0 lb of Topsin M product per acre per season. 14 Apply between May 15 and July 15. Apply to soil, but see label for approved application procedures.
2.5 to 9.6 oz
7 7 to 14 fl oz 16 to 32 fl oz 1.2 to 2.4 fl oz 3.5 to 7.0 fl oz 4 oz 6 to 9 fl oz 2 to 2.5 oz 7 14 7 14
2 to 4 pts
28
1.2 to 2.4 fl oz 2 to 2.5 oz
7 14
SECOND PREPOLLINATION When leaves are half grown
Scab
Same fungicide as above
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TABLE 6-12. PECAN SPRAY PROGRAM
Amount of Minimum Formulation Interval (Days) to Use Per Between Last 100 Gal of Water Application or Per Acre and Harvest Precautions and Remarks Do not graze livestock in treated areas or feed crops to livestock. 2 to 4 pts 8 to 16 fl oz 3 to 4 oz 4 to 8 oz 28 28 14 14
When to Spray FIRST COVERWhen young nuts first appear
Pest Scab
Pesticide Same fungicide as above
Nut case-bearer, (1B) chlorpyrifos leaf casebearer (Lorsban) 4E (15) diflubenzuron (Dimilin) 2L (28) flubendiamide (Belt) SC (18) methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) 2 F (5) spinosad (SpinTor) 2SC (18) tebufenozide (Confirm) 2 F Stinkbug SECOND COVER2 weeks after first cover THIRD COVER2 to 3 weeks after second cover FOURTH COVER2 to 3 weeks after third cover Scab (3) pyrethroid (various) Same fungicide as above. If powdery mildew is a problem, use sulfur WP. Same fungicide as above Same fungicide as above see above (25) bifenazate (Acramite) 50WS (10) etoxazole (Zeal) WSP (21) fenpyroximate (Portal) 0.4 EC (12B) Fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex) 50 WP Pecan weevil (1A) carbaryl (Sevin) 80 WP 4XLR (1B) chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 4E (15) diflubenzuron (Dimilin) 2L (28) flubendiamide (Belt) SC (18) methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) 2 F (1B) phosmet (Imidan) 70 W (3) pyrethroids (various) (5) spinosad (SpinTor) 2SC (18) tebufenozide (Confirm) 2 F Stinkbug FIFTH COVER3 weeks after fourth cover SIXTH COVER3 weeks after fifth cover Same as above Scab, aphid See above Same fungicides and insecticides as above Same fungicides and insecticides as above
4 to 10 fl oz 8 to 16 oz
1 14 Do not graze livestock in treated orchards. Stinkbug control in pecan is difficult as adult bugs quickly move in and out of orchards.
3 lb
Scab Scab Aphid Mites
Do not apply more than one spray per season. 0.75 to 1.0 lb 2 to 3 oz 32 fl oz 1 to 2.5 lb 14 Zeal is primarily an ovicide/larvicide 28 14 Do not apply more than twice per season. 14 Pecan weevil sprays should be made every 7 days from mid-August through mid-September. Watch for aphids where Sevin is used.
3 lb 2 qt 2 to 4 pts 8 to 16 fl oz 3 to 4 oz 4 to 8 fl oz 2 to 3.125 lbs
0 0 28 28 14 14 14
Shuckworm
See label for use patterns, 4 to 10 fl oz 8 to 16 fl oz 1 14
Do not use fungicides after shuck split.
Further Information Insects and Related Pests of Pecan. Entomology Fruit Insect Note No. P-1. Some Common Pecan Diseases and Their Control in North Carolina. Plant Pathology Information Note No. 139. Pecan Insects and Their Management in North Carolina. Entomology Fruit Insect Note No. P-2. Copies of these publications are available from your county Cooperative Extension center. Numbers in parenthesis indicate FRAC/IRAC group. * There are many fungicides sold under numerous trade names labeled for pecan scab control. Georgia has a detailed listing of these and use recommendations for commercial pecan production. For details see Pecan Insect and Disease Control (http://www.caes.uga.edu/commodities/fruits/pecan/documents/Pecansprayguide.2011.pdf). Most but possibly not all fungicides are labeled for use in North Carolina.
215
Strawberry Disease Control

F. J. LOUWS, Plant Pathology Extension For more information and details, see the Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Management Guide, which is online at http://www.smallfruits.org/SmallFruitsRegGuide/.
Pre-Planting Disease Control

TABLE 6-13. PRE-PLANTING DISEASE CONTROL
Pest/Problem Anthracnose Angular leaf spot Phytophthora crown rot Viruses Nematodes and soilborne pathogens Sample soil Crop rotation and cover crop selection Weeds Root and crown rot disorders (Black root rot; Phytophthora crown rot) Pre-plant fumigation and laying down plastic mulch Management Options Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) ***** +++++ Comments Use of certified plants or plants produced in a similarly stringent program is the most important method to prevent these diseases.
*** ***
Sample soils for nematode analysis through local state services to determine which fumigant or IPM management plan may be required Selected summer cover crops and rotating fields to other crops for 2 to 3 years can suppress nematode populations and reduce black root rot and other soilborne disease problems. See fumigation table below. Consult with custom applicators and/or Extension agents for product and rate recommendations.
+++++
Relative Efficacy of Currently Registered Fumigants or Fumigant Combinations for Managing Soilborne Nematodes, Diseases, and Weeds1
Product Telone C353 (1,3-D + chloropicrin) Telone C35 + VIF3 Metam sodium (MS)3 Chloropicrin
3 3
Rate per Broadcast Acre 35 gal See comments below 75 gal 150 lb 150 lb 150 lb + 75 gal 160 lb 35.0 51.3 gal
Nematodes +++++ +++++ ++ + +++++ ++ +++++ ++++
Disease +++++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++
Nutsedge + +++ + + ? +++++ ++++
Weeds: Annual +++ +++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++++ +++

5
Pic-Chlor 60 (chloropicrin + 1,3-D) Chloropicrin + MS3 Midas 50:50 (iodomethane + chloropicrin)3, 4 Paladin (dimethyl disulphide) should be formulated with chloropicrin.
1
Each of the fumigants listed in this table has performed well in regional trials. Some alternative fumigants may need to be complemented with herbicides or hand weeding depending on weed pressure. Methyl bromide can only be used in response to specific pest problems listed in the 2012 Critical Use Exemption (CUE), and it is not available to new strawberry growers (only to qualified existing growers). Because of methyl bromides high cost and diminishing supply, this fumigant is distributed as a 50:50 formulation with chloropicrin. It is recommended that the rates of MB be reduced for use with virtually impermeable film (VIF); thus, the regular recommended rate of 400 lb methyl bromide per broadcast acre would be reduced to 300 lb per broadcast acre with VIF on land with a history of strawberry production. Metam sodium can be Vapam, Sectagon, or other registered formulations.
3 4 5
Refer to the Herbicide Recommendation section of this guide for directions pertaining to herbicide applications. Reduced rates can be used with VIF. VIF must be used for the Midas 50:50 rate of 160 lb/treated acre. Various formulations of Midas are available. Paladin has low efficacy on certain small seeded broadleaf weeds and grasses.
FRAC codes This acronym refers to industry-sponsored committees addressing resistance to crop protection materials; Fungicide Resistance Action Committee. Pesticides affect their target pest in a variety of ways, and the way a pesticide kills the target organism is called the mode of action (MoA). Although pesticides have different names and may have different active ingredients, they may have the same MoA. Over time, pests can become resistant to a pesticide, and typically this resistance applies to all pesticides with the same MoA. When rotating pesticides, it is important to select pesticides with different MoAs. The FRAC have grouped crop protection materials into groups with shared MoAs and given them numerical designations, which appear on pesticide labels. The code UN means the MoA is unknown. When selecting pesticides, avoid successive applications of materials in the same MoA group to minimize potential resistance development. More information about this topic can be found at www.frac.info.
216

Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) listed materials are acceptable for production systems certified as organic. Organically acceptable materials (OMRI listed) are in the Comments section. Many pesticide active ingredients are available in generic formulations. For brevity, these formulations are not generally listed. Trade names are listed to aid in identifying products and not intended to promote this use of these products or to discourage use of generic products. Generic products generally work similarly to their brand name counterparts, but formulation changes can impact efficacy and plant response. As with any new chemical, read and follow all label instructions. Chemical names are subject to change; please check the active ingredient for all materials. Several products are registered for plant dips to kill pathogens or to protect plants just prior to field setting, but only a limited amount of research has been done with plant dips. In general, these treatments are not recommended except under specific circumstances, for example, if a disease has been diagnosed to be on the transplants. AboundMix 5 to 8 fl. oz/100 gal of water. Dip plants for 2 to 5 minutes. Transplant treated plants as quickly as possible. This treatment has been developed for bare root transplants with a known problem of anthracnose. The dip is a whole plant dip, and some growers do not re-use the water for fear of spreading bacterial angular leaf spot and other diseases. It is reasonable to expect Abound to have some Rhizoctonia activity, but there are no research results to demonstrate a benefit. For managing Rhizoctonia, a root dip should suffice, rather than dipping whole plants. Rhizoctonia (and the black root rot problem) builds up over time, and it is doubtful that a root dip would offer much benefit in early plant growth. Growers must ensure root dip waste is properly disposed of. Switch Switch offers options for treating plants known to be infected with Colletotrichum species and has shown good efficacy in reducing losses due to the crown rot pathogen in bare root transplants (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Use 5 to 8 fl oz/100 gal. water. Wash transplants to remove excess soil prior to dipping. Completely immerse planting stock in dip solution. Dip or expose plants for a minimum of 2 to 5 minutes. Do not reuse solution. Dispose of dip solution according to local regulations. Plant treated plants as quickly as possible. Delayed planting could cause plant stunting. PhosphitesDip plants in 2.5 lb/100 gal (Aliette), 2 pints/100 gal (ProPhyt), or 2.5 pints/100 gal (Phostrol) for 15 to 30 minutes, and then plant within 24 hours after treatment. This treatment should help to suppress Pythium and Phytophthora problems. RovralDip the plants in a solution of 2 pints/100 gallons for 1 to 5 minutes and plant immediately. This is primarily for botrytis crown rot and will not improve root health. This treatment is not likely to offer a lot of benefit. Products like Oxidate are registered for plant dip use. However, little data are available, and it is doubtful that they would offer management of root diseases. In most cases, root pathogens are internal to the tissue and these products are primarily surface disinfectants.
Planting and Early Post-Planting: Disease and Insect Control

The * and ** noted in the management option columns below throughout the disease control sections refer to the following fungicide resistance management recommendations: *Botrytis cinerea historically has a high potential to develop resistance, therefore it is important to give these recommendations serious consideration: 1. Limit the number of times fungicides of the same class are applied in 1 year. 2. Tank-mix a benzimidazole (Topsin-M) fungicide with a broad spectrum fungicide such as Captan or Thiram.. **It is currently suggested that the strobilurin (now called QoI or group 11) fungicides (Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine) be saved for use in controlling anthracnose diseases when disease pressure is high. Captan or Thiram should help to suppress anthracnose when utilized in Botrytis or other disease control applications, but the QoI materials are currently the most efficacious materials for control of anthracnose. Some of these QoI materials may have activity against multiple pathogens other than the anthracnose pathogens, but unless anthracnose occurs in conjunction with these other diseases of concern, it is suggested that the QoIs not be used. With only 5 total applications of the QoI fungicides per crop, it is an imperative that they be utilized effectively. Also, resistance management is extremely important with the QoIs; make sure to follow all resistance management guidelines. In 2009 and 2010, we have documented reduced activity with azoxystrobin (Abound) with certain strains of the anthracnose ripe fruit (ARF) rot pathogen. Pyraclostrobin (Cabrio/Pristine) has offered better control of AFR in recent research efforts. Powdery mildewMonitor the field for the first signs of powdery mildewleaf distortion and discoloration. The mildew in the fall does not appear to cause significant damage and may not reappear in the spring. Therefore, most growers will not need to spray for powdery mildew. However, fields have been observed in the fall with severe foliar disease incidence, and plant productivity may then be hampered, justifying control measures. Likewise, if powdery mildew pressure occurs in the spring and affects the fruit, the fruit will have a dull appearance and be unmarketable unless managed well. AnthracnoseMost plantings are not at risk for anthracnose. Thus, anthracnose fungicides may not be needed. In most cases, contaminated plant sources are identified before or soon after planting. Know your plant source. If present, anthracnose on plants can cause stunting and plant death. Fall fungicide applications will be required for Colletotrichum only if plant source problems are identified, usually appearing as symptomatic plants or assayed for quiescent infections. Research results show that QoIs are more effective against the fruit rot pathogen (acutatum) compared to the crown rot pathogen (gloeosporioides). Captan, Topsin M or Switch are as effective as the QoIs for controlling the crown rot pathogen. In general, it is most effective to save the QoI (Group 11) chemistry for spring applications and protect the fruit if anthracnose (acutatum) is known to be present.
217
TABLE 6-14A. PLANTING AND EARLY POST-PLANTING: DISEASE AND INSECT CONTROL
Management Options Amount of Formulation per Acre Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) REI PHI Comments (FRAC/IRAC Code)
Red stele; Phytophthora and Pythium crown/root rots mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold SL) 1.0 pt ++++ 12 hr 0 days Apply in sufficient water in drip applications to move the fungicide into the root zone. Use proportionately less Ridomil Gold for band treatments. Do not exceed 1.5 qt/year. FRAC4 Apply in sufficient water to move the fungicide into the root zone. Use proportionately less mefenoxam for band treatments. Do not exceed 6 pts/year. FRAC4 The phosphite-based chemicals are not as effective as Ridomil Gold. Consider phosphites if the pathogen is known to be resistant to mefenoxam or if strawberry plants have poor root systems but sufficient foliage for chemical uptake. FRAC33
mefenoxam (Ultra Flourish)
2.0 pt
++++
12 hr
0 days
phosphites, e.g. Aliette ProPhyt, Phostrol
Various rates; see label.
++
12 hr
0 days
Rhizoctonia sp. (seedling root; basal stem rot) Abound FL** 0.40 to 0.80 fl oz/1,000 row feet ++ 4 hr 0 days Can be considered especially for plug plants with poor root systems or plants placed into non-fumigated beds or beds with excess water in heavy soils. FRAC11
Powdery mildew (only) Procure 50WS Procure 480SC 4 to 8 oz 4 to 8 fl oz +++++ 12 hr 1 day Do not plant leafy vegetables within 30 days after application. Do not plant root vegetables within 60 days after application. Rotation to all other crops within 1 year after application, unless Procure is registered for use on those crops, is prohibited. FRAC3 Rally is registered for control of leaf spot, leaf blight, and powdery mildew. Do not apply more than 30 oz per year. (Rally replaces Nova.) FRAC3 Spray as needed. See label. FRACM2 Do not use more than 4 times per crop and no more than 2 times in a row. Rotate with other mildewcides. Rotation to all other crops within 1 year after application, unless Quintec is registered for use on those crops, is prohibited. FRAC13
Rally 40WSP
2.5 to 5 oz
+++++
24 hr
0 days
Sulfur (multiple formulations) Quintec
5 to 10 lb 4 to 6 fl oz
+++ +++++
24 hr 24 hr
1 day 1 day
Anthracnose (acutatum) Pristine WG** 18.5 to 23 oz +++++ 12 hr 0 days No more than 2 sequential applications of a Group 11 fungicide (Pristine, Abound or Cabrio) should be made before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action. Do not apply a Group 11 fungicide more than 1/3 the total number of sprays, if used alone, and no more than 50% of the total applications if mixed with a partner (e.g., Captan). Typically this number is 3 and 4 applications, respectively. FRAC11, FRAC7 Abound FL**; failure in management of some acutatum populations has been observed with Abound. FRAC11
Abound FL**
6.2 to 15.4 fl. oz
+++++
4 hr
0 days
Anthracnose (gloeosporioides crown rot) Captan 50W or Captan 80WDG or Captec 4L or Thiram 75 WDG or Topsin-M 70WP* 1.5 to 3 lb active ingredient ++ 1 day 1 day In plantings known to be infected with the anthracnose crown rot pathogen, Captan applications plus Topsin-M at a 10- to 14day interval for 2 to 3 applications in the fall should be considered. FRACM4 FRACM4 FRACM4 See note (page 2) on resistance management. FRAC1
2.5 qt 3 lb 1 lb
++ +++ ++
1 day 1 day 12 hr
1 day 1 day 1 day
218

New Leaf Growth to Pre-Bloom: Disease Control
TABLE 6-14B. NEW LEAF GROWTH TO PRE-BLOOM: DISEASE CONTROL
Management Options Botrytis crown rot Botrytis crown rot may occur during warm winter periods after early bloom is frost killed and colonized by Botrytis. The pathogen typically grows down the flower stem (peduncle) and colonizes the upper crown tissue causing death of the leaf petioles, particularly if plants are large or planted densely. Rovral 50 W (iprodione) or Switch 62.5 WG* or Elevate 50 WDG or CaptEvate 68 WDG or Captan 50W or Captan 80WDG 1.5 to 2 lb ++++ 24 hr NA Do not apply after first fruiting flower, and do not make more than 1 application of Rovral per season. Crown rot control during the early winter and prior to bloom may be the most effective use of the one Rovral application allowed in strawberries. FRAC2 FRAC12, FRAC9 See notes below. FRAC17 See notes below. FRACM4, FRAC17 Amount of Formulation per Acre Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) REI PHI Comments (FRAC/IRAC Code)
11 to 14 oz 1.5 lb 3.5 to 5.25 lb
++++ +++ +++
12 hr. 4 hr 24 hr
0 days 0 days 0 days
1.5 to 3 lb active ingredient
++
1 day
1 day
See notes below. FRACM4
Phomopsis and the various leaf spots and blights generally do not become economically important diseases in the fall or early spring. Thus, fungicides are generally not required for these problems. Thresholds have not been established, so the need for fungicides should be determined on a farm-by-farm basis depending on the disease pressure present. Phomopsis and leaf spot may be associated with plant sourcestherefore, disease incidence can vary from year to year. Warm wet weather favors disease progress. See previous notes on powdery mildew under Planting and Early Post-planting: Disease Management (page 2). In the spring, monitor fields closely observing the underside of strawberry leaves to determine if powdery mildew is present. Phomopsis leaf blight Captan 50W or Captan 80WDG or Captec 4L or Topsin-M 70WP* or Rally 40WSP Rovral 4FL 1.5 to 3 lb active ingredient ++ 1 day 1 day When foliar symptoms appear, make 1 or 2 Captan applications plus Topsin-M at a 10- to 14day interval for better control than Captan products alone would provide. Do not apply more than 24 lb Captan active ingredient per acre per year. FRACM4
2.5 qt 1 lb 2.5 to 5 oz 1.5 to 2 pt
++ ++ ++++ ++
1 day 12 hr 24 hr 24 hr
1 day 1 day 0 See note (page 2) on resistance management. FRAC1 Rally is registered for control of leaf spot, leaf blight, and powdery mildew. Do not apply more than 30 oz per acre. (Rally replaces Nova.) FRAC3
See Do not make more than 1 application per season. Do not apply after the first fruiting flower. remarks FRAC2
Common leaf spot, Leaf scorch, Leaf blight Captan 50W or Captan 80 WDG plus Topsin-M 70WP* or Captan 50W or Captan 80 WDG (alone) or Syllit 65WP or Thiram 65 WP (alone) or Rally 40WSP Rovral 4FL Powdery mildew (only) Procure 50WS Procure 480SC Rally 40WSP Quintec 4 to 8 oz 4 to 8 fl oz 2.5 to 5 oz 4 to 6 fl oz +++++ 12 hr 1 day Do not plant leafy vegetables within 30 days after application. Do not plant root vegetables within 60 days after application. Rotation to all other crops within 1 year after application, unless Procure is registered for use on those crops, is prohibited. FRAC3 Rally is registered for control of leaf spot, leaf blight, and powdery mildew. Do not apply more than 30 oz per year. FRAC3 Do not use more than 4 times per crop and no more than 2 times in a row. Rotate with other mildewcides. Rotation to all other crops within 1 year after application, unless Quintec is registered for use on those crops, is prohibited. FRAC13 2 lb active ingredient 1 lb 3 lb active ingredient 1 to 2 lb ++ ++++ 1 day 1 day When foliar symptoms appear, make 1 or 2 Captan applications plus Topsin-M at a 10- to 14day interval for better control than Captan products alone would provide. Do not apply more than 24 lb Captan active ingredient per acre per year. Do not tank mix Captan products with highly alkaline pesticides, such as Bordeaux mixture. FRACM4, FRAC1
12 hr 1 day
1 day 1 day
+++
2 days 14 days Syllit 65WP provides control of fungal leaf spot diseases and should be applied early in the season. Syllit 65WP can sometimes cause leaf burn. Captan mixed with Syllit 65WP reduces the potential of leaf burn. If leaf burn occurs, discontinue use of Syllit 65WP. FRACM7 1 day 3 days Make 3 to 5 applications of Thiram 65WP at 10-day intervals or rotate with other fungicides. FRACM3 Rally is registered for control of leaf spot, leaf blight, and powdery mildew. Do not apply more than 30 oz per year. FRAC3
4 to 5 lb
++
2.5 to 5 oz 1.5 to 2 pt
++++ ++
24 hr 24 hr
0 day
See Do not make more than 1 application per season. Do not apply after the first fruiting flower. remarks FRAC2
+++++ +++++
24 hr 24 hr
0 day 1 day
219

TABLE 6-14B. NEW LEAF GROWTH TO PRE-BLOOM: DISEASE CONTROL
Management Options Amount of Formulation per Acre Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) REI PHI Comments (FRAC/IRAC Code)
Angular (bacterial) leaf spot Basic copper sulfate (various formulations) or copper hydroxide (various formulations) or copper salts of fatty and rosin acids (various formulations) or cuprous oxide (various formulations) 2 to 3 lb/100 gal + 48 hr 0 hr Angular (bacterial) leaf spot can be a serious problem during cool, wet conditions. These compounds provide some control if started when disease first appears. Repeat applications at 7 to 10 day intervals. Discontinue when phytotoxicity appears, usually after 4 to 5 applications. NOTE: All copper sulfate, copper hydroxide and other copper products products labeled for strawberry can be used, but check label for the proper rate because different products will contain different percents of active ingredient. FRACM1. FRACM1.
0.35 to 0.58 a.i. (various formulations) 3 4 pts (various formulations)
24 hr
0 days
12 hr
0 days
1.05 4.2 lbs a.i. (various formulations)
12 hr
0 days
Red stele; Phytophthora and Pythium crown/root rots mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold SL) Ultra Flourish phosphites (e.g., Aliette, ProPhyt, Phostrol) Remove dead and dying leaves just before bloom 1 pt ++++ 12 hr 0 days Strawberry plants initiate considerable root growth in the early spring. Time control applications in problem fields when new growth begins in the spring. Apply in sufficient water to move the fungicide into the root zone. Use proportionately less fungicide for band treatments (e.g., for drip applications). FRAC4 The phosphite-based chemicals are not as effective as Ridomil Gold. Consider phosphites if the pathogen is known to be resistant to mefenoxam or if strawberry plants have poor root systems but sufficient foliage for chemical uptake. FRAC33 Pruning leaves may suppress botrytis, especially in systems where fungicides are not used. Leaf removal does not appear economically beneficial where fungicides are used for botrytis management. If anthracnose fruit rot is present, hand-pruning plants creates more disease problems.
2 pt Various rates; see label ++ 12 hr 0 days
** +++
Summary of Fungicide Use in Strawberries for Botrytis and Anthracnose Control in the Spring
F. J. LOUWS, Plant Pathology Extension The primary diseases of concern at early bloom and into harvest are botrytis fruit rot and anthracnose ripe fruit rot. Most growers do not experience anthracnose problems and may not need an anthracnose management program. Several key principles should be kept in mind: 1. Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine belong to the same family of chemicals (QoI; Group 11 chemistry). In 2009 and 2010, we have documented reduced activity with azoxystrobin (Abound) with certain strains of the anthracnose ripe fruit (ARF) rot pathogen. Pyraclostrobin (Cabrio/Pristine) has offered better control of ARF in recent research efforts. No more than 2 sequential applications of a Group 11 fungicide should be made before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action. Do not apply a Group 11 fungicide more than 1/3 the total number of sprays, if used alone, and no more than 50% of the total applications if mixed with a partner (for example, Captan). Typically this number is 3 and 4 applications, respectively. Pristine also has a second chemical (boscalid) that has good broad spectrum activity against a number of diseases, especially those caused by botrytis. Captan, Thiram, and Switch offer a broad spectrum of disease control. Elevate may be not be used in more than 2 consecutive sprays. It is very good against Botrytis but nothing else. CaptEvate is a premix of Captan and Elevate and when combined has good broad-spectrum activity. Bloom sprays are the most important for managing botrytis because 90% of fruit infection occurs through the flower at bloom. Recent research suggests bloom sprays are also critical for anthracnose ripe fruit rot control. Fruit rot diseases develop rapidly during wet periods or in poorly ventilated locations. Control is easier when initiated before the problem develops. Spray coverage is important and dependent on nozzle condition, tractor speed, pressure, and plant density. Spray coverage can be checked with water sensitive cards. For growers who adopt a conservative (low risk) fungicide program, apply sprays every 7 to 10 days according to ONE of the following suggested schedules.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
220

SCHEDULE 1. For cases when there is no risk of anthracnose and growers need to focus on gray mold control (most fields): Application 1: At 10 % bloom apply Captan + Topsin-M OR Switch. Application 2: Apply Elevate OR Pristine. Application 3: Same as Application 1 if there is a full-bloom situation. Application 4 and weekly: Rotate two or more of the following: Captan; CaptEvate; Elevate; Switch; Pristine. Options: For a reduced fungicide program, initiate applications at 10% bloom as above but apply subsequent sprays before predicted wet weather that favors Botrytis; and end applications about 26 to 30 days before expected final harvests. Increase the time between spray applications when dry weather persists. Research trials have documented that 4 sprays during bloom are sufficient to offer season-long botrytis fruit rot control. SCHEDULE 2. For cases where anthracnose fruit rot risk is high and gray mold control is also needed: Application 1: At 10 % bloom apply Pristine. Application 2: Apply ONE of these three alternatives: CaptEvate OR Captan. Application 3: Same as Application 1. Application 4 and weekly: Rotate two or more of the following: Captan; Elevate + (Abound or Cabrio); Pristine; Switch + (Abound or Cabrio). In other words, there should be continuous coverage with Captan or a QoI, or the combination. Follow key principle 1 above. During periods of cool wet weather and during bloom, incorporate Elevate or Switch for better Botrytis control. Pristine shows the best efficacy under high anthracnose (AFR) pressure in our studies.
Pre-Harvest Early Bloom (10%) and into Harvest: Disease Control

TABLE 6-14C. Pre-harvestEarly Bloom (10%) and into Harvest: Disease Control
Management Options Botrytis blight Captan 50W or Captain 80WDG or Captec 4L or Topsin-M 70WP* or Thiram 65WP or Elevate 50WDG or 1.5 to 3 lb active ingredient +++ 1 day 1 day For better control and resistance management, use Captan applications plus Topsin-M (see label). See suggested schedule above. Do not apply more than 24 lb of Captan active ingredient per acre per year. FRACM4 Amount of Formulation per Acre Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) REI PHI Comments (FRAC/IRAC Code)
2.5 qt 1 lb
+++ ++++
1 day 12 hr
1 day 1 day See note above (page 2) on resistance management. Research has demonstrated Topsin-M is helpful if used one to two times, after which resistant populations seem to predominate. FRAC1 Make 3 to 5 applications at 10-day intervals. Thiram is a broad spectrum fungicide similar to Captan. FRACM3 Do not apply more than 6 pounds of Elevate per season per acre. Avoid making more than 2 consecutive applications. After the second application, use an alternative botrytis material for 2 consecutive applications before reapplying Elevate. Under light pressure, reduced rates plus Captan may be used (see label). FRAC17 Begin application at or before bloom and continue on a 7-10 day interval. Do not exceed 56 ounces of product per acre per year. Follow the label concerning rotational crop waiting periods. FRAC12, FRAC9 CaptEvate is a combination product of Captan plus Elevate. Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications before switching to a fungicide with a different mode of action. Do not apply more than 21.0 lb/acre/season. With plastic mulch, do not apply within 16 feet of naturally vegetated or aquatic areas. FRACM4, FRAC17 Use lower rate only in a tank mix with another fungicide active against gray mold (e.g. Captan or Thiram). FRAC12
4 to 5 lb 1.5 lb
+++ +++++
1 day 4 hr
3 days 0 days
Switch 62.5WG* or CaptEvate 68 WDG or
11 to 14 oz
+++++
12 hr
0 days
3.5 to 5.25 lb
+++++
24 hr
0 days
Scala
18 fl oz or 9 fl oz
+++
12
24
Botrytis blight and Anthracnose Pristine WG** 18.5 to 23 oz +++++ 12 hr 0 days No more than 2 sequential applications of Pristine should be made before alternating with fungicides that have a different mode of action. Do not apply more than 5 applications of Pristine per acre per crop year. FRAC11, FRAC7 For better control and resistance management, use Captan applications plus Topsin-M (see label). See suggested schedule above. Do not apply more than 24 lb of Captan active ingredient per acre per year. FRACM4
Captan 50W or Captan 80 WDG
1.5 to 3 lb active ingredient
+++
1 day
1 day
221

TABLE 6-14C. Pre-harvestEarly Bloom (10%) and into Harvest: Disease Control
Management Options Anthracnose Abound 2.08 F 6.2 to 15.4 fl oz +++ (failure found in some fields) ++++ ++++ 4 hr 4 hr See notes on page 17 to manage risk of developing fungicide resistance. In recent research, Abound has performed less well than Cabrio/Pristine. FRAC11 See notes on page 17 to manage risk of developing fungicide resistance. FRAC11, FRAC 7 See notes on page 17 to manage risk of developing fungicide resistance. FRAC11 Amount of Formulation per Acre Effectiveness (+) or Importance (*) REI PHI Comments (FRAC/IRAC Code)
Pristine WG Cabrio EG Powdery mildew (only) Procure 50WS Procure 480SC Rally 40WSP Quintec
18.5 to 23.0 oz 12.0 to 14.0 oz
12 hr 12 hr
0 days 0 days
4.0 to 8.0 oz 4.0 to 8.0 fl oz 2.5 to 5.0 oz 4 to 6 fl oz
+++++
12 hr
1 day
Do not plant leafy vegetables within 30 days after application. Do not plant root vegetables within 60 days after application. Rotation to all other crops within 1 year after application, unless Procure is registered for use on those crops, is prohibited.FRAC3 Rally is registered for control of leaf spot, leaf blight, and powdery mildew. Do not apply more than 30 oz per year. FRAC3 Do not use more than 4 times per crop and no more than 2 times in a row. Rotate with other mildewcides. Rotation to all other crops within 1 year after application, unless Quintec is registered for use on those crops, is prohibited. FRAC13
+++++ +++++
24 hr 24 hr
0 days 1 day
Powdery mildew and Anthracnose Abound 2.08 F Pristine WG Cabrio EG 6.2 to 15.4 fl oz 18.5 to 23.0 oz 12.0 to 14.0 oz ++++ ++++ ++++ 4 hr 12 hr 12 hr 4 hr 0 days 0 days See notes on page 17 to manage risk of developing fungicide resistance. FRAC11 See notes on page 17 to manage risk of developing fungicide resistance. FRAC 11, FRAC7 See notes on page 17 to manage risk of developing fungicide resistance. DO NOT EXCEED 1.5 QT/YEAR. FRAC11
Red stele; Phytophthora and Pythium crown/root rots mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold SL) (Ultra Flourish) Phosphates e.g., Aliette ProPhyt, Phostrol 1.0 pt ++++ 12 hr 0 days Strawberry plants initiate considerable root growth in the early spring. Time control applications in problem fields when new growth begins in the spring. Apply in sufficient water to move the fungicide into the root zone. Use proportionately less fungicide for band treatments (e.g., for drip applications). FRAC4 The phosphate-based chemicals are not as effective as Ridomil Gold. Consider phosphites if the pathogen is known to be resistant to mefenoxam or if strawberry plants have poor root systems but sufficient foliage for chemical uptake. FRAC33
2.0 pt Various rates, see label ++ 12 hr 0 days
Angular (bacterial) leaf spot Basic copper sulfate (various formulations)or copper hydroxide (various formulations)or copper salts of fatty and rosin acids (various formulations)or cuprous oxide (various formulations) 2 to 3 lb/100 gal 0.35 to 0.58 a.i. (various formulations) 3 4 pts (various formulations) 1.05 4.2 lbs a.i. (various formulations) + + 48 hr 24 hr 0 hr 0 days In most cases angular (bacterial) leaf spot will dry up during warmer weather. However, if cool wet weather persists during bloom and fruit development, the pathogen can colonize the calyx and cause a brown discoloration. These compounds provide some control if started prior to such predicted weather patterns. Repeat applications at 7- to 10-day intervals. Discontinue when phytotoxicity appears, usually after 4 to 5 applications. NOTE: All copper sulfate, copper hydroxide and other copper products labeled for strawberry can be used, but check label for the proper rate because different products will contain different percentages of active ingredient. All copper materials are FRAC11.
12 hr
0 days
12 hr
0 days
222

Relative Effectiveness of Various Chemicals for Strawberry Disease Control
F. J. LOUWS, Plant Pathology Extension ( = ineffective; +++ = very effective; ? = efficacy unknown); TABLE 6-15. RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS CHEMICALS FOR STRAWBERRY DISEASE CONTROL
Relative Control Rating Anthracnose (crown rot)
Phytophthora crown rot
Leaf blight and fruit rot
Anthracnose (fruit rot)
Common leaf spot
Pesticide Strobilurins: azoxystrobin (Abound) pyraclostrobin (Cabrio) pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) captan (Captan) copper cyprodinil + fludioxinil (Switch) fenhexamide (Elevate) fenhexamide + captan (CaptEvate) fosetyl-Al (Aliette) iprodione (Rovral) mefenoxam (Ridomil) or similar products myclobutanil (Nova) phosphites (Phostrol and others) pyrimethanil (Scala) sulfur thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) thiram (Thiram) triflumizole (Procure) azoxystrobin+propiconazole (QuiltXcel)
R P
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++
R
+ +++ +++ ++ + ++ ++ ++
+ + +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++

R R
+ + + ? +++ ++P +
R R
+ + +++ ++ +
P
+++ + +? + ++
R
+++ +++ + +
P
? + ? + X
? + ? + +
+
P
++ +++ ++
++ +++ ++
+? ++ ++ ++
R
+ ++ +++ ++ +
R
X +
++ +
R
++ + ? ?
++ +++
++ ?
+++ ++
? ?
= Not effective if pathogen is resistant to the fungicide. = Phytotoxicity could occur. X = Chemical use increases problem.
223
Red stele root rot
Angular leaf spot
Powdery mildew
Mucor fruit rot
Rhizopus rot
Leather rot
Gray mold
Strawberry Insect Management

H. J. BURRACK, Entomology Extension Examine strawberry plants for insects and mites prior to and following transplant. Consider treating if damaging populations of early season pests (cutworms and spider mites) are present. Initiate a weekly insect sampling program in early spring, prior to flowering. Base insecticide treatments on comparison of field counts to treatment thresholds, when available. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) mode of action groupings are listed following insecticide names. Materials in the same IRAC grouping have the same mode of action. When selecting insecticides, avoid successive applications of materials in the same IRAC group to minimize potential resistance development. Organically acceptable materials (OMRI listed) are noted under Precautions and Remarks. Many insecticide active ingredients are available in generic formulations. For brevity, these formulations are not generally listed. Trade names are listed to aid in identifying products and not intended to promote this use of these products or to discourage use of generic products. Generic products generally work similarly to their brand name counterparts, but formulation changes can impact efficacy and plant response. As with any chemical, read and follow all label instructions. Chemical names are subject to change; please check the active ingredient for all materials. TABLE 6-16. STRAWBERRY INSECT CONTROL
Amount of Formulation per Acre Reentry Interval (hours) Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest
Time of Year
Insect
Insecticide, Formulation, and IRAC Group
POST TRANSPLANT Cyclamen mite
Cyclamen mites are rare in North Carolina strawberries and are typically introduced on infested plants. dicofol, IRAC Unknown (Dicofol 4 E) fenpyroximate IRAC 21 (Portal) imidacloprid, IRAC 4A (Admire Pro) 4 pt 2 pt 10.3 to 14 fl oz 31 days 12 12 12 2.5 lb 1 to 2 qt 40 lb 10.67 to 21.33 fl oz 1.5 to 3 pt 24 12 12 2.5 lb 4 lb 1 to 3 qt 40 lb max single application 10.67 to 21.33 fl oz 6 to 12 fl oz 24 4 4 1 to 1.25 oz 2 3 1 Rotate to a different class of insect control products after 2 successive applications of spinosad. Do not apply more than 9 oz of Entrust (0.45 AI of spinosad) per acre per crop. Entrust is OMRI listed. Malathion 8 Flowable can be applied via drip lines, allowing treatment under plastic. Many Bt formulations are OMRI listed. 2 3 7 Foliar applications for carbaryl can flare spider mites. Apply late in afternoon when plants clipped at the base are first noticed. Sevin 5% bait should be applied near the base of plants where damage is observed. Do not make more than 2 total applications. Apply in at least 100 gal of water per acre. 2 1 14 7 Apply in transplant water or through irrigation. Do not apply when bees are foraging or within 10 days of bloom.
Cricket
carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin 80 WP) (Sevin 4 XLR) (Sevin 5 D) fenproparthrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4 EC) malathion, IRAC 1B (numerous products) 57 EC
Cutworm
carbaryl, IRAC 1A (80 WSP) (Sevin 50 WP) (Sevin 4 XLR) (Sevin 5% Bait) fenproparthrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol) methoxyfenozide, IRAC 18 (Intrepid) spinosad, IRAC 5 (Entrust)
Do not make more than 2 total applications.
malathion, IRAC 1B (Malation 8 Flowable) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), IRAC 11B2 (numerous products) Slug and snail metaldehyde (Deadline Bullets) iron phosphate (Sluggo) PREHARVEST and HARVEST Red imported fire ants
1.5 to 2 pt rates vary
12 4
3 0
0.4 to 1.6 lb 10 to 44 lb
NA NA
See label 1
Repeated applications may be necessary. Repeated applications may be necessary. Soil should be moist with no standing water when product is applied. Sluggo is OMRI listed.
Treat active mounds off season or before picking begins with directed bait formulations. Insect growth regulators (pyriproxyfen and methoprene) will give complete control after 30 days. Ensure that ants are actively foraging before applying baits. pyriproxyfen, IRAC 7C (Esteem Ant Bait 0.5% B) methoprene, IRAC 7C (Extinguish Ant Bait 0.5% B) spinosad, IRAC 5 (Seduce Insect Bait) 1.5 to 2 lb 1 to 1.5 lb 12 4 1 0 Do not water for 24 hours after application. Extinguish can be applied as a mound treatment or broadcast. Extinguish is labeled for use on cropland, but Extinguish Plus is NOT labeled for use on cropland. Read labels carefully. Do not make more than 5 applications per calendar year.
20 to 44 lb (0.5 to 1 2 lb/ft )
224

TABLE 6-16. STRAWBERRY INSECT CONTROL
Amount of Formulation per Acre Reentry Interval (hours) Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest
Time of Year PREHARVEST and HARVEST (continued)
Insect Aphids
Insecticide, Formulation, and IRAC Group
Aphids are infrequent pests in strawberries, and late season populations are often controlled by natural enemies. Aphids should not be treated unless populations exceed 10 per newly expanded leaves and/or excessive sooty mold is present. diazinon, IRAC 1A (Diazinon AG 500) (Diazinon 50 W) imidacloprid, IRAC 4A (Admire Pro, soil) (Admire Pro, foliar) 3 1 pt 1 lb 10.5 to 14 fl oz 1.3 fl oz 12 12 14 7 Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests. Soil applications should be made through the irrigation system. DO NOT make imidacloprid applications when bees are foraging or within 10 days of bloom. Rate is per 100 gal of water. Test for phytotoxicity effects on a limited area before widespread use. OMRI listed. 5 Rates are per 100 gallons of water.
insecticidal soap (M-pede) malathion, IRAC 1B (Malathion) 57 EC thiamethoxam, IRAC 4A (Actara) Flower thrips
2.5 fl oz 1.5 to 3 pt 1.5 to 3 oz
12 12 12
0 3 3
See resistance management restrictions on product label. DO NOT apply material immediately prior to bud opening, during bloom, or when bees are foraging.
Treatment is only necessary when thrips injury is present on berries. Thrips injury, which resembles bronzing on the stem end of berries, will typically not be present until the end of the season, if at all. spinosad, IRAC 5 (Entrust) spinetoram, IRAC 5 (Radiant SC) 1.25 to 2.5 fl oz 6 to 10 fl oz 4 4 1 1 Entrust is OMRI listed.
Spittlebug
Spittlebugs are occasional pests in strawberries and should only be treated if present on plants. bifenthrin, IRAC 3 (Brigade WSB) fenpropathrin, IRAC (Danitol 2.4 EC) imidacloprid, IRAC 4A (Admire Pro, foliar) 6.4 to 32 oz 10.67 oz 1.3 fl oz 12 0.2 lb 12 0 2 7 Do not apply when bees are foraging. Do not apply when bees are foraging. Do not make more than two applications. Several concentrations of imidacloprid (1.6F, 2F, 4F, and 4.6F) are available. Carefully read the label to determine the correct rate for target pests. DO NOT apply during bloom, within 10 days of bloom, or when bees are foraging.
Strawberry weevil (clipper)
Preventative treatments for strawberry clipper are not generally recommended. bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade WSB) carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin 4 XLR) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4EC) 6.4 to 32 oz 12 12 1 to 2 qt 16 to 21.66 fl oz 24 2 0 1 Do not apply when bees are foraging. Do not apply when bees are foraging, but Sevin XLR is relatively less bee toxic compared to other carbaryl formulations when dry. Do not apply when bees are foraging.
Two-spotted spider mite
Under leaf coverage is very important for spider mite management. Materials should generally be used at the high label rate, in high volumes of water (200 gal/acre recommended), and applied using high pressure or air assist equipment. abamectin, IRAC 6 (numerous products) 0.15 EC (Agri-Mek 0.15 EC) acequinocyl, IRAC 20B (Kanemite 15 SC) bifenazate, IRAC Unknown (Acarmite 50WP) etoxazole, IRAC 10B (Zeal) rosemary & peppermint oils (Ecotec) (Ecotrol) fenpyroximate IRAC 21 (Portal) hexythiazox, IRAC 10A (Savey 50 WP) spiromesifen, IRAC 23 (Oberon 2SC) mineral/petroleum oils (numerous products) (JMS Stylet Oil, Organic JMS Stylet Oil) (Omni Supreme Spray) (Saf T Side) 12 See label 16 oz 3 Make 2 applications 7 to 10 days apart when mites first appear. Do not exceed 64 fl oz per acre in a growing season. Do not apply in less than 100 gal of water per acre. Do not repeat treatment within 21days of second application. Do not use in strawberry nurseries. Allow 21 days between treatments. Do not make more than 2 applications per season. Use only 2 applications per year. Use in a minimum of 100 gal/acre. Zeal is an ovicide/larvicide and should be applied early in the life cycle of mites. Because oils lack the residual activity of conventional acaricides, they may need to be applied repeatedly for control. Ecotec and Ecotrol are OMRI listed.
31 oz 1 lb 3 oz 32 to 64% by volume 2 pt 7 oz 16 fl oz
12 12 12 0
1 1 1 0
12 12 12 4
1 3 3 4 hours One application per season. Will control eggs and suppress small mites. Do not use in nurseries. Do not apply more than 48 fl oz or make more than three applications per season. Oils should not be applied 48 hours or less before freezing temperature, at temperatures over 90 degrees F, or to water-stressed plants. Use sufficient water to achieve coverage. Because oils lack the residual activity of conventional acaricides, they may need to be applied repeatedly to control mites. Organic JMS Stylet Oil and Saf T Side are OMRI listed.
See label 0.75% by volume 1 to 2% by volume 1.25 to 2.5 fl oz
225

TABLE 6-16. STRAWBERRY INSECT CONTROL
Amount of Formulation per Acre 0.8 to 1.0% v/v Reentry Interval (hours) 48 Minimum Interval (Days) Between Last Application and Harvest 0
Time of Year PREHARVEST and HARVEST (continued)
Insect
Insecticide, Formulation, and IRAC Group sucrose octanoate (SucraShield)
Precautions and Remarks Data on SucraShield for spider mite management are limited. Apply in a volume of 100 to 200 gal per acre. SucraShield is OMRI listed. Release 2 to 3 mites per plant when mite populations are low. Predatory mite releases must be initiated at or before Twospotted spider mites reach threshold levels (2 to 5 mites/leaflet), and spider mite populations must be followed closely after predatory mite releases. Consult commercial insectaries for predatory mite release rate and species recommendations. Other predatory mite species may also provide good control of twospotted spider mites in NC strawberries. Do not apply more than 48 fl oz or make more than three applications per season. DO NOT apply material immediately prior to bud opening, during bloom, or when bees are foraging.
Two-spotted spider mite (continued)
predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis and others)
NA
30,000 to 60,000
NA
Whitefly
spiromesifen, IRAC 23 (Oberon 2SC) thiamethoxam, IRAC 4A (Actara)
12 to 16 fl oz 1.5 to 3 oz
12 12
3 3
HARVEST
Sap beetle
Bait buckets and fruit removal
Cultural control is the most effective form of sap beetle management. Sap beetles are attracted to the odor of overripe fruit. Thorough picking will reduce sap beetle populations and can eliminate the need for treatment. Culls should be disposed of offsite or buried. Bucket traps baited with rotting fruit or bread dough placed outside the field will attract sap beetles and can be used to determine when populations are present or to lure insects from field. Buckets should be checked and emptied at least weekly. Baits should be disposed of offsite or buried. 12 fl oz 6.4 to 32 oz 16 to 21.33 fl oz 12 12 24 1 0 2 DO NOT apply when bees are foraging. DO NOT apply when bees are foraging.
novaluron IRAC 15 (Rimon 0.83 EC) bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade WSB) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4 EC) Spotted wing drosophila
Strawberry growers are encouraged to both monitor for presence of spotted wing drosophila (SWD) adults in fields and larvae in fruit. If SWD are present, treat on a weekly or twice per week basis through the end of harvest. Treatments should be reapplied in the event of rain. Many materials effective against SWD are toxic to bees. Apply SWD treatments in the evening or night, when bees are not actively foraging. bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade WSB) diazinon, IRAC 1B (Diazinon 50W) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4 EC) malathion, IRAC 1B (Malathion 57 EC) spinosad, IRAC 5 (Entrust) spinetoram, IRAC 5 (Radiant SC) 6.4 to 32 oz 1 to 2 lb 16 to 21.33 fl oz 1.5 to 3 pt 1.25 to 2.5 fl oz 6 to 10 fl oz 12 3 days 24 12 4 4 0 5 2 3 1 1 Entrust is OMRI listed.
Corn earworm European corn borer
Corn earworm and European corn borer larvae can feed on strawberry fruit. This damage is most common in warm years. Watch for eggs on strawberry fruit near the stem end. Adult moths can also be monitored using pheromone traps. chlorantraniliprole IRAC 28 (Coragen) novaluron IRAC 15 (Rimon 0.83 EC) 3.5 to 5 fl oz 9 to 12 fl oz 4 12 1 1 Rimon treatments must be timed to egg hatch.
Tarnished plant bugs or Lygus bugs
Lygus bugs are typically only present in North Carolina strawberries at the end of the spring season, although they may be more problematic in day neutral, ever-bearing, or other strawberry season extension systems. Lygus bug injury results in malformed fruit and can resemble poor pollination. Lygus injury can be distinguished from poor pollination based on seed size. The seeds of Lygus damaged fruit are all the same size, while poor pollination results in varied seed sizes. novaluron IRAC 15 (Rimon 0.83 EC) bifenthrin, IRAC 3A (Brigade WSB) fenpropathrin, IRAC 3A (Danitol 2.4 EC) 9 to 12 fl oz 6.4 to 32 oz 16 to 21.33 fl oz 12 12 24 12 4 lb 2.5 lb 2 qt 40 lb 1 0 2 7 DO NOT apply when bees are foraging. DO NOT apply when bees are foraging. Make two or three applications at 2-week intervals after harvest. Crown borers are not pests in annual strawberry production.
POSTHARVEST (PERENIAL PRODUCTION ONLY)
Strawberry crown borer
carbaryl, IRAC 1A (Sevin 50 WP) (Sevin 80 WP) (Sevin 4 XLR) (Sevin 5 D)
Further Information Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Management Guide, www.smallfruits.org NC Small Fruit & Specialty Crop IPM, www.ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com Copies of these publications are available from your county Cooperative Extension center.
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2013 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual The 2013 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual is published by the

VI INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL OF FRUITS

Chapter VI Insect and Disease Control of Fruits

Apple Spray Program

Do not follow oil with captan for 14 days.

Chapter VI Insect and Disease Control of Fruits

FRAC Code M4 M4 M4 M3 1 9 3+9 U12 3 M4 M3 M3 3 M4 M3 M3 7 + 11 7+9 7 + 11 11 M2 M3 M3 3 M4 M3 M3

Scab ++++ +++++

++++ +++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++

++++ + +++++ +++++

+++++ +++ ++ + +++

++ + +++++ + +++++ +++++

++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++

++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++ ++++ ++++

+++++ +++++ ++++ +++ +++ ++++ + +++++ +++++

+++ +++ ? ? ? +++++ ? +++ +++

+++ +++ ? ? ? +++++ ++ ++ ++

++++ ++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++ ++++ + +

14 77 77 Do not apply after petal fall 0 72 0 75 77 77 75 0

++++++ ++++++ ++++++

++++++ ++++++ +++++ +

+++++ ++ +++ +++ +++? ++++

++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ? ++++

+++++ + + +++ +++ +++ +++++

+++++ ++++ +++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ +++++ ++++

+++++ +++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ 3

++++3 +++++3 ++++++ ++++++ ++++++

++ ++ ++++ +++++ +++++

++++ +++++ +++++ +++ +++ +++ ++++

++++ +++++ ++++ ++ + + +++

+++ ++++ ++++ + ++ ++ ++++

++++ +++++ +++++ + +++ +++ +++++

++ ++ ++++ +++++ +++++ +++++ +

++++++ ++++++ +++ ++++

Chapter VI Insect and Disease Control of Fruits

++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++

++ +++++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +++++ +++++

+++++ +++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ ++++

+++++ +++++ ++++ ++ ++ +++++ +++ +++++ +++ ++++

+++++ + +++++ ++ ++ +++++ +++++ ++ +

+++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++++++ +++++ +++ +

+++++ ++++ ++++ +++ +++++ +++++ ++++ +

+++++ ++ +++++ +++++ +++++

Oriental Fruit Moth

European Red Mite

San Jose Scale

Chapter VI Insect and Disease Control of Fruits

Spotted Tentiform Leafminer

Tarnished Plant Bug

Woolly Apple Aphid

Days Between Last Spray and Harvest >100 7 21 0 1 >100 45 7 0 21 21 28 14 14 14 14 28 7 28 21 14 14 14 >100 7 25 35 14 7 7 30 35

Fruit Finish Ratings

Use prebloom only.

Chapter VI Insect and Disease Control of Fruits

Blueberry Management Program

When to Spray DORMANT

Pesticide, Formulation, and MOA Oil superior-type, IRAC Unknown

PRE-BLOOM SPRAYS Green-tip on vegetative and flower buds

Twig blight Mummy berry

Mummy berry Exobasidium Fruit and leaf spot

BLOOM SPRAYS 10% to 20% bloom

Chapter VI Insect and Disease Control of Fruits

When to Spray BLOOM SPRAYS Full bloom

Pest Mummy berry