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LECTURES ON BUILDINGS

Updated and Revised

Mark Ronan

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO AND LONDON

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CONTENTS
Introduction to the 2009 Edition Introduction Leitfaden Chapter 1 - CHAMBER SYSTEMS AND EXAMPLES
O. Buildings and the Origin of Chamber Systems 1. Chamber Systems 2. Two Examples of Buildings Exercises
1
x

xi
XlIl

2 3
7

Chapter 2 - COXETER COMPLEXES


1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Coxeter Groups and Complexes Words and Galleries Reduced Words and Homotopy Finite Coxeter Complexes Self-Homotopy Exercises

12 17 19 22
24

Chapter 3 - BUILDINGS
1. A Definition of Buildings 2. Generalized m-gons - the rank 2 case 3. Residues and Apartments Exercises

27 28

30
35

Chapter4 - LOCAL PROPERTIES AND COVERINGS


1. 2. 3. 4.

Chamber Systems of Type M Coverings and the Fundamental Group The Universal Cover Examples Exercises

39
41 44 47

51

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VUl

CONTENTS

Chapter 5 - BN - PAIRS
1. Tits Systems and Buildings 2. Parabolic Subgroups Exercises

55 59 61

Chapter 6 - BUILDINGS OF SPHERICAL TYPE AND ROOT GROUPS


1. 2. 3. 4.

Some Basic Lemmas Root Groups and the Moufang Property Commutator Relations Moufang Buildings - the general case Exercises

63 66

68
73

80

Chapter 7 - A CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS


1. Blueprints 2. Natural Labellings of Moufang Buildings 3. Foundations Exercises

83 86
89 91

Chapter 8 - THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPHERICAL, BUILDINGS


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A3 Blueprints and Foundations Diagrams with Single Bonds C 3 Foundations Cn Buildings for n 2: 4 Tits Diagrams and F 4 Buildings Finite Buildings Exercises

92 94 97 98 100 106

108

Chapter 9 - AFFINE BUILDINGS I


1. 2. 3. 4.

Affine Coxeter Complexes and Sectors The Affine Building.A n _ 1 (K, v) The Spherical Building at Infinity The Proof of (9.5) Exercises

110 114

120 124 127

Chapter 10 - AFFINE BUILDINGS II


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Apartment Systems, Trees and Projective Valuations Trees associated to Walls and Panels at Infinity Root Groups with a Valuation Construction of an Affine BN-Pair The Classification AnApplication Exercises

129
133

138
144

152 157
160

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CONTENTS Chapter 11 - TWIN BUILDINGS 1. Twin Buildings and Kac-Moody Groups 2. Twin Trees 3. Twin Apartments 4. An Example: Mfine Twin Buildings 5. Residues, Rigidity, and Proj. 6. 2-Spherical Twin Buildings 7. The Moufang Property and Root Group Data 8. Twin Trees Again Appendix 1 - MOUFANG POLYGONS
1. The m-function 2. The Natural Labelling for a Moufang Plane 3. The Non-existence Theorem
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162 165 167 170 172 174 178 182

184 187 190 197 202

Appendix 2 - DIAGRAMS FOR MOUFANG POLYGONS Appendix 3 - NON -DISCRETE BUILDINGS Appendix 4 - TOPOLOGY AND THE STEINBERG REPRESENTATION Appendix 5 - FINITE COXETER GROUPS Appendix6 - FINITE BUILDINGS AND GROUPS OF LIE TYPE BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX OF NOTATION INDEX

206 212

213 216 223 225

INDEX

2-spherical 174
An apartment 4 Affine apartment system 129, 202 BN-Pair 144 building 110 classification 152 Coxeter complex 110 diagrams 110 root 129, 146 twin building 170 anisotropic 101 apartment 4, 31, 34, 129, 203 asymptote class 133 asymptotic 133 automorphism 11

BN-pair 55 bipartite graph 28 Blueprint 83 conform to 84 realisable 84 Borel subgroup 59 bounded subgroup 117 Bruhat decomposition 55 Building 27 at infinity 122, 129, 170, 204 affine 110 Moufang 66, 74 spherical 63 twin 162, 164

carrefour 130 Cayley plane 92, 97, 197 chamber 1, 2 chamber system 2 oftypeM39 cloison de quartier 113 codistance 164, 165 commutator relations 68, 181, 182 condition (co) 176 contractible 207 convex 14 cotype 3 cover 41 Covering topological 41 universal 44 Coxeter building 168 complex 9, 10 group 3, 9 of spherical type 212 of affine type 110 system 3 cross-polytope 6
D 4 building 95 Dn building 96 Desarguesian plane 92, 197 Diagram Coxeter 9 of spherical type 212 of affine type 110 Tits 100, 197

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Cn apartment 6 Cn building 5,98

226

LECTURES ON BUILDINGS
Generalised m-gon 28, 36, 68, 196 hexagons 200 octagons 201 quadrangles 36, 197 geometric realisation 6 girth 28 groups of Lie type 106, 213 half-apartment 14, 129, 202 homology 207 Homotopy of galleries 42 of words 12, 17 strict 32 type 206 interior chamber, panel, residue 178 irreducible components 25 isometry 31, 164 isomorphism 3 isotropic 5 Iwahori subgroup 126 junction 130 J-reduced 173 Kac-Moody group 74, 80, 162 label 83 Labelling 83 natural 88 of a foundation 89 lattice 115, 172 length 13 m-function 184 morphism3 Moufang building 66,74 hexagons 200 plane 81, 97, 102, 187, 197 polygons 184, 197 octagons 201 quadrangles 197

diameter 19, 28 Dieudonne determinant 116 direct product 3, 33 direction 121, 130, 170 distance 13, 27

En building 96 Elementary contraction 12 equivalence 85 expansion 12 homotopy 12 homotopy of galleries 42 homotopy, strict 39 end 130,166 equipollent valuations 143 equivalent valuations 144 exchange property 24
F4 building 103

Finite Coxeter complex 19 Coxeter group 20, 212 building 106 flag 4 flag complex 1 folding 15 Form alternating 5,98 Hermitian 98 pseudo-quadratic 99 quadratic 99 sesquilinear 98 symmetric bilinear 99 symplectic 5,98 trace-valued 99 foundation 89 free constructions 67, 182 fundamental group 42 Gallery 3, 12 closed 42 J-3 length of13 minimal 13

INDEX
twin building 178 twin tree 182 non-fragile 177 opposite 14, 19, 35, 63, 64, 165, 166 opposition involution 64 oriflamme 96 p-adics 74,120,157,170 panel 1, 3 parabolic subgroup 59 parahoric subgroup 126 parallel 121, 204 parameter set 83 parameter system 83 parameters 30 polarity 36 polyhedra 24 polysimplicial complex 110, 206 positive roots 76, 148 prenilpotent 73, 181 proj 16, 32, 173 projective module 209 projective plane 36 . projective valuation 131 projectivity 137 quartier 113 R-tree 203 RGD-system 180 reduced word 12, 17 reflection 13 residue 13 residue field 114 retraction 32 Root 14, 31 data with valuation 139 group 66, 74, 119, 178 group data 178, 181 twin 178 s-extended 164 s-reduced 164 sap 130 second interior 179 Sector 112, 120, 202 base chamber of 113 vertex of 113 direction 124 face of 121, 129,202 panel 113, 202 self-homotopy 22 simple-transitive 11 simplex 1 simply-connected 42 spherical type 20, 63 special vertex 112 Steinberg representation 207 strict homotopy 39 strongly transitive 56 supports 89 thick 29 thin 29 Tits diagram 100, 197 Tits system 55 topology 161, 206 totally isotropic 5,99 totally singular 99 trace at infinity 121 tree 36, 130,203 with sap 130 Twin apartment 167 building 162, 164 Coxeter building 168 ends 167 root 178 tree 165, 182 type 1,3 typeM9, 10,27,39 uniformizer 114 universal cover 44 valency 29 Valuation discrete 114, 131, 140, 170

227

228
Valuation (continued) of root groups 138 ring 114 special 161 W-codistance 163, 164 W-distance 27

LECTURES ON BUILDINGS
wall 13, 31, 129, 146, 202, 203 Weyl chambers 20 Witt index 99 word 3, 12

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