Rana 2

Active Filter Circuits
Assessment Problems
/R )s
AP 15.1 H(s) = (R2 1

s+(1/R1C)
1
rad/s;
R1C = 1
R
R1 = 1,
AP 15.2
R1 = 1 ,
. C = 1F
. R2 = R1 = 1
s
Hprototype(s) =
s+1
(1/R1C)
H(s)
=
20,000
s+(1/R2C) = s + 5000
1
F
R1C = 20,000; C = 5
. R1
=
1
(20,000)(5 106) = 10
1
R2C = 5000
. R2
=
1
(5000)(5 106) = 40
15-1
15
15-2
CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits
AP 15.3 c = 2fc = 2 104 = 20,000 rad/s

. kf = 20,000 = 62,831.85
. km =
1
0.5 106 =
kf km
C = C
kf km
1
(0.5 106)(62,831.85) = 31.83
AP 15.4 For a 2nd order prototype Butterworth high pass filter

H(s)
=
s2
s2 + 2s + 1
For the circuit in Fig. 15.25

s2
H(s) =
(
s2 +
2 )
( 1
R2C s+
R1R2C2
Equate the transfer functions. For C = 1F,

2
R2C
. R2 = 2=1.414
2,
. R1 = = 0.707
2
AP 15.5 Q=8,K =5,o =1000rad/s,C =1F
R1R2C2 = 1,
For the circuit in Fig 15.26

(
H(s) =
s2
+
1 )
)
2 ) R1C(
R1 + R2
R3C s+
R1R2R3C2
= Ks
s2 + s + o
= R3C ,
= o
Q=1
8
R3 =
2
C
= 125 rad/s
Problems
2106
(125)(1) = 16 k
. R3
=
1
K
=
R1C
. R1
=
o
1
1
k
KC = 5(125)(1 106) = 1.6
= R1 + R 2
R1R2R3C2
106
=
(1600 + R2)
(1600)(R2)(16,000)
(106)2
Solving for R2,

R22 =
R )106,
+ 246R2 = 16,000, R2 = 65.04
(1600
256 105
AP 15.6 o = 1000 rad/s;
Q=4;
C =2F
s2 +
(1/R2C2)
H(s) =
]
(
[ 4(1 )
2
s +
s+
RC
=
s2 + o
s
+ s +
o ;
2
R2C2
1
o =
RC ;
4(1 )
=
RC
R= 1
1
oC = (1000)(2 106) = 500
= o
= 250
Q = 14
4(1
= 250
RC
4(1 ) = 250RC = 250(500)(2 106) = 0.25

1=
0.25
= 0.0625;
4
=0.9375
15-3
15-4
Problems
P 15.1
Summing the currents at the inverting input node yields

0Vi
0V
o =0
Zi +
Zf
Vo
i
Zf = Z
H(s) = Vo
Vi = Z
i
P 15.2
[a]
R2
)
Zf =[R R2(1/sC2
2 + (1/sC2)] = R2C2s + 1
(1/C2)
= s+(1/R C )
2 2
Likewise
Zi
=
(1/C1)
s+(1/R1C1)
. H(s)= (1/C2)
[s+(1/R1C1)]
[s + (1/R2C2)](1/C1)
C [s + (1/R1C1)]
=
1
C2 [s + (1/R C )]
2 2
]
[b] H(j) = C1j + (1/R1C1)

C2 j + (1/R2C2)
H(j0) =
C1
[c]
C2
R2C2
R1C1
j
1
= R2
R1
= C1
H(j) = C
C2 j
C2
[d] As 0 the two capacitor branches become open and the circuit reduces to a
resistive inverting amplifier having a gain of R2/R1.
As the two capacitor branches approach a short circuit and in this case
we encounter an indeterminate situation; namely vn vi but vn = 0 because
of the ideal op amp. At the same time the gain of the ideal op amp is infinite so
we have the indeterminate form 0 . Although = is indeterminate we
can reason that for finite large values of H(j) will approach C1/C2 in
value. In other words, the circuit approaches a purely capacitive inverting
amplifier with a gain of (1/jC2)/(1/jC1) or C1/C2.
Problems
P 15.3
[a] Zf =
15-5
(1/C2)
s+(1/R2C2)
Zi = R1
+
1
sC1 =
Rs
[s + (1/R1C1)]
(1/C2)
s
H(s) =
[s + (1/R2C2)] R1[s + (1/R1C1)]
1
s
=
R1C2 [s + (1/R1C1)][s + (1/R2C2)]
1
j
[b] H(j) =
1
R1C2 (
)
1
j R1C1 ) (
j +
+
R2C2
H(j0) = 0
[c] H(j) = 0
[d] As 0 the capacitor C disconnects v from the circuit. Therefore
1
i
vo = vn = 0.
As the capacitor short circuits the feedback network, thus Zf = 0 and
therefore vo = 0.
P 15.4
[a] K =10(10/20)
R2
R2
=
=3.16=
R1
1
1
3
cC = (2)(10 )(750 109) = 212.21
R1 = R2
K=
23
= 67.11
16
[b]
P 15.5
[a] R1 =
cC = (2)(8 103)(3.9 109) = 5.10
K =10(14/20)
=5.01= R2
R1
. R2 = 5.01R1 = 25.57 k
15-6

[b]
P 15.6
For the RC circuit

(1/RC)
H(s) = Vo
Vi
=
s+(1/RC)
R = kmR;
C = C
kmkf
. RC = kmR C
kmkf = k1f
RC
1
=
1
RC = kf
(1/RC)
f
s+(1/R C ) = s+ kf
H (s)
=
1
(s/kf ) + 1
H (s)
=
For the RL circuit

H(s) = V0
Vi = s + (R/L)

= kkmmR
R;
LR
=
kf
H(s)
=
H(s)
=
=
L kf
L = km
kf L
(
= kf
(R/L)
f
s+(R /L ) = s+ kf
1
(s/kf ) + 1
kf
Problems
P 15.7
For the RC circuit

s
H(s) = Vo
Vi =s+(1/RC)
R = kmR;
C = C
kmkf
1
. RC = RC = 1
kf ;
kf
H(s)
=
RC = kf
s
(s/kf )
s
s+(1/RC) = s+kf = (s/kf ) + 1
For the RL circuit

H(s)
=
s
s+(R/L)
R = kmR;
(
R
L =
k
H (s)
=
P 15.8
=
L = kmL
kf
R )
= kf
s
(s/kf )
s+(R /L ) = s+s kf = (s/kf )

+1
(R/L)s
s
H(s) s + (R/L)s + (1/LC) = s2s +
o
For the prototype circuit o = 1 and = o/Q = 1/Q.
For the scaled circuit
2
H (s)
=
(R/L)s
s2 + (R/L)s + (1/LC)
where R = kmR; L = km
. R
km
kf f
(R
L=
km
L C = kkm C
km
= kf
kf
15-7
LC = kf
kf L;
L = kmR
kf
and C
=kC
15-8

Q = o = kf o =Q
kf
therefore the Q of the scaled circuit is the same as the Q of the unscaled circuit.
Also note = kf .
(
kf
)
Q s
(
. H (s)=
kf
s2 + Q )s+kf
H (s) =
P 15.9
H;
s
kf )2
1
Q
)( )
s
kf
[((
+1
[a] L = 1
kf
+1]
C =1F
1
R= 1
Q =20 = 0.05
[b] kf = o
o = 40,000;
Thus,
km = R = 5000 = 100,000
R
0.05
R = kmR = (0.05)(100,000) = 5k
L = km
H
kf L = 40,000 (1) = 2.5
[c]
1
C = C
kmkf = (40,000)(100,000) =
250 pF
P 15.10 [a] Since o = 1/LC and o = 1 rad/s,

C=1
L=Q
[b] H(s)
=
(R/L)s
s2
(R/L)s
(1/LC)
H(s)
=
(1/Q)s
s + (1/Q)s + 1
2
Problems
[c] In the prototype circuit
R=1;
L=16H;
C=1
F
L =0.0625
. km = R
R
=10,000;
kf = o
o = 25,000
Thus
R = kmR = 10k
L = km
H
kf L = 25,000 (16) = 6.4
0.0625
(10,000)(25,000) = 250 pF
C = C
kmkf
=
[d]
[e] H(s) = (
s
25,00
0
1
16
)2
H(s) =
s
25,000
+1
16
25,000
+1
1562.5s
s2 + 1562.5s + 625 106

P 15.11 [a] Using the first prototype
o = 1 rad/s;
C =1F;
k m = R
R=4
25
L=1H;
= 1600;
R=25
kf = o
o = 50,000
Thus,
1600
L = km
kf L = 50,000 (1) = 32
R = kmR =
40k;
mH;
1
C =k C
mkf =(1600)(50,000) = 12.5 nF
Using the second prototype
o = 1 rad/s;
C =25F
L= 1
mH;
25 = 40
R=1
15-9
15-10

k m = R
R
=40,000;
kf = o
o = 50,000
Thus,
L = km
kf L = 50,000 (0.04) = 32
R = kmR =
40k;
mH;
25
C =k C
mkf = (40,000)(50,000) = 12.5 nF
[b]
P 15.12 For the scaled circuit

(
s +
H(s) =
(
s2 + R )s+(L1 )
1
LC
L = km
kf L;
C = C
kmkf
1
f2
R = kmR
LC = LC;
(R
. R
L = kf L
It follows then that
(
kf
LC
s2 +
H (s) =
( )
s2 + R kf s + kf
L
LC
= [(
)2
kf
kf )2
+ (1
)(
(
R
L
LC
kf
= H(s)|s=s/k
f
P 15.13 For the circuit in Fig. 15.31

( )
s2 +
H(s) = 2
s +
1
LC
)]
(
1
LC
RC
LC
Problems
It follows that
1
LC
s2
+
H(s)
=
s2 + Rs
C
+
1
LC
where R = kmR;
=
km
kf L;
C = C
kmkf
2
f
L C = LC
1
f

R C = RC
(
kf
LC
s +
H(s) =
(
kf
)
2
s +
s+ kf
2
=(
RC
s
LC
1
)2
LC
)(
kf
+ (1
RC
= H(s)|s=s/k
kf ) 2
kf
LC
P 15.14 [a] For the circuit in Fig. P15.14(a)

1
s+
s
s2 + 1
H(s) = V
= 2 (
Q
Vi = 1
s +
Q+s+s
For the circuit in Fig. P15.14(b)
o
H(s) = Vo
s
Vi = 1+Qs +Qs
+ 1)
= Qs
Q(s2
2
+s+Q
H(s)
=
s2 + 1
(
s2 +
1 )s+1
Q
1 )s+
Q
15-11
15-12

Q=8;
[b] kf o
; o =
104
Replace s with s/kf .
(
H(s) = (
s
10
4
s
10
)2 +
(
)2
104
+1
s2 + 108
s + 1250s + 108
P 15.15 For prototype circuit (a):
H(s) = Vo
Vi
=
Q
Q+s+11s
Q
Q+ s2s+1
+ 1)
s2 + 1
(
H(s) = Q(sQ(s
2
2
+ 1) + s 2
s +
=
1)
s+1
Q
For prototype circuit (b):

1
H(s) = Vo
Vi = 1+ (s2/Q)+1)
=s
s(+)
+ Q1 s+1
P 15.16 From the solution to Problem 14.15, o =

100 krad/s and = 12.5 krad/s. Compute
the two scale factors:
kf = o
= 4
o = 2 100 103
C
1 10 109
km = 1
kf C = 4 2.5 109 =
Thus,
R = kmR = 8000
=
Calculate the cutoff frequencies:
= 2546.48 L = km
H
kf
L 4 (10 103) = 253.303
c1 = kf c1 = 4(93.95 103) = 1180.6

krad/s c2 = kf c2 = 4(106.45 103) =
1337.7 krad/s To check, calculate the bandwidth:
= c2 c1 = 157.1 krad/s = 4 (Checks!)
Problems
15-13
P 15.17 From the solution to Problem 14.24, o = 106 rad/s and = 2(10.61) krad/s.
Calculate the scale factors:
103 = 0.05
kf = o
o = 50106
km = kf = 0.05(200 = 0.2
L
106)
L
50 106
Thus,
20 109
C = C =
= 2 F
(0.2)(0.05)
kmkf
R = kmR = (0.2)(750) = 150
Calculate the bandwidth:

= kf = (0.05)[2(10.61
10 )]
3333 rad/s
To check, calculate the quality factor:

106
Q=
= 2(10.61 103) = 15
o
Q = o = 50
103
3333
P 15.18 [a] km = R
R=1
1
= 15 (Checks)
= 1000;
kf = C
km C
=
1
(1000)(200 109) = 5000
L = km
mH
kf (L) = 5000 (1) = 200
[b]
V
V 10/s + V
0.2s + 1000 + (5 106/s) = 0
1000
s
)
1
(
1
V 1000 + s + 1000s + 5 =
100s
106
5(s + 5000)
10(s + 5000)
V 2s2 + 10,000s + 25
s2 + 5000s + 12.5 106
= 106 =
15-14

25(s + 5000)
Io = V
0.2s =s(s2 + 5000s + 12.5 106)
K2
K2
= K1 +
s
s+2500j2500+ s+2500+j2500
K1 = 0.01;
K2 = 0.005
io(t) = 10 10e2500t cos 2500t mA
Since km = 1000 and the source voltage didnt change, the amplitude of the
current is reduced by a factor of 1000. Since kf = 5000 the coefficients of t are
multiplied by 5000.
P 15.19 km = R
R = 5500 =100;
kf = o
o = 5000
4103
C = C
kmkf = (100)(5000) = 8 nF
50 5 k;
700 70 k
L = km
H
kf L = 5 000 (20) = 0.4
0.05v 0.05
100 v = 5 104v
The original expression for the current:
io(t) = 1728 + 2880e20t cos(15t + 126.87) mA
The frequency components will be multiplied by kf = 5000:
20 20(5000) = 105; 15 15(5000) = 75,000
The magnitudes will be reduced by km = 100:
1728 1728/100 = 17.28; 2880 2880/100 = 28.80
The expression for the current in the scaled circuit is thus,
io(t) = 17.28 + 28.80e105t cos(75,000t + 126.87)
mA
Problems
P 15.20 [a] From Eq 15.1 we have
H(s) = Kc
s+c
where K = R
R1 , c
=
2
1
R2C
.
H(s)= K
c
1
c
s+
c = 2
where K = R2
RC
R1
By hypothesis R1 = kmR1;
and C =
R2 = kmR2,
C
kf km . It follows that
K =Kandc =kfc,therefore
H (s) = Kkf c (
s+kfc =
Kc
s
kf
+c
K
(s + 1)
K
[c] H(s) = ( )
s +1 = s+kf
kf
[b] H(s) =
P 15.21 [a] From Eq. 15.4

H(s) = Ks
K = R1
s+c where
and
c
=
1
R1C
. H(s)= Ks
K = R1
s+c where
and c
=
1
R C
1
By hypothesis
R = kmR1;
1
R = kmR2;
=
2
It follows that
K =Kandc =kfc
. H(s)=
Ks
K(s/kf )
s
(s+kf kf
c=
C
kmkf
15-15
+c
15-16
[b]
Ks
H(s)
=
[c]
P 15.22 [a] Hhp
=
(s + 1)
(
s
kf
+1
s
s+1
;
Ks
(s + kf )
kf = o
= 100 1
= 2000
hp
.
H s+2000
1
=
. RH
1.59 k
1
=
RH CH = 2000;
(2000)(0.1 106) =
1
Hlp
kf = o
= 10,000
s+1;
=
= 500 1
10,000
. lp
s+10,000
=
1
. RL
1
= 318.3
=
RLCL = 10,000;
(10,000)(0.1 106)
s
[b] H(s)
=
10,000
s+2000 s+10,000
10,000s
= (s + 2000)(s + 10,000)
[c] o = c1c1 = (2000)(10,000) = 100020

rad/s
(10,000)(j1000 20)
H(jo)
=
(2000 + j1000 20)(10,000 + j1000 20)
j10 20
(2 + j 20)(10 + j
20)
H(s) = K(s/kf
= 0.8333/0
Problems
15-17
[d] G = 20 log10(0.8333) = 1.58 dB

[e]
P 15.23 [a] For the high-pass section:

kf = o
= 400 1
s
H(s)
s+8000
=
= 8000
1
R1(10 109) = 8000;
R1 = 3.98 k
R2 = 3.98 k
For the low-pass section:

kf = o
= 40012) =800
H(s)
=
800
s+800
1
R2(10 109) = 800;
R2 = 39.8 k
R1 = 39.8 k
0 dB gain corresponds to K = 1. In the summing amplifier we are free to

choose Rf and Ri so long as Rf /Ri = 1. To keep from having many different
resistance values in the circuit we opt for Rf = Ri = 39.8 k.
15-18

[b]
[c] H(s)
=
s
800
s+8000 + s+800
= s2 + 1600s + 64 105 2
(s + 800)(s + 8000)
[d] o = (8000)(800) = 80010
10)
+
1600(j800
10) + 64 1052
H (j800 10) = (800
(800 +
10)(8000 + j800 10)
j800
j128 104 102

=
(800)2(1 + j
10)(10 + j10)
j2 10
=
(1 + j 10)(10 + j 10)
= 0.1818/0
[e] G = 20 log10 0.1818 = 14.81 dB
Problems
15-19
[f]
P 15.24 [a] H(s) =
(1/sC)
(1/RC)
R+(1/sC) =
s+(1/RC)
(1/RC)
H(j)
=
j + (1/RC)
|H(j)|
(1/RC)
2 + (1/RC)2
(1/RC)2
|H(j)| =
2
2 + (1/RC)2
[b] Let Va be the voltage across the capacitor, positive at the upper terminal. Then
Va
+ sCVa + Va
Vi
R2 + sL = 0
R1
Solving for Va yields
Va
=
(R2 + sL)Vi
R1LCs + (R1R2C + L)s + (R1 +
R2)
2
But
Vo = sLVa
R2 + sL
Therefore
Vo
=
sLVi
R1LCs2 + (L + R1R2C)s + (R1 +
R2)
H(s)
=
sL
R1LCs2 + (L + R1R2C)s + (R1 +
R2 )
H(j)
=
jL
[(R1 + R2) R1LC2] + j(L + R1R2C)
15-20

L
|H(j)| =
[R1 + R2 R1LC2]2 + 2(L + R1R2C)2
2L2
|H(j)| =
(R1 + R2 R1LC2)2 + 2(L + R1R2C)2
2
2L2
R1L2C24 + (L2 + R1R2C2 2R1LC + 2R1R2LC)2

[c] Let Va be the voltage across R2 positive at the upper terminal. Then
Va
+ Va
Vi
R2 + VasC + VasC = 0
R1
(0 Va)sC + (0 Va)sC + 0
Vo
R3
. Va
=
=0
R2Vi
2R1R2Cs + R1 + R2
and Va = Vo
2R3Cs
It follows directly that
2R2R3Cs
H(s) = Vo
Vi
=
2R1R2Cs + (R1 + R2)
H(j) =
2R2R3C(j)
(R1 + R2) + j(2R1R2C)
|H(j)|
=
2R2R3C
(R1 + R2)2 + 24R1R2C2

4R2R3C22
|H(j)|2 =
(R1 + R2)2 + 4R1R2C22
P 15.25 o = 2fo = 400 rad/s
=2(1000)=2000rad/s
. c
c1
c2
c1
=2000
= = 400
o
Solve for the cutoff frequencies:

c1c2
= 16 10
4 2
+ (R1 + R2)2
Problems
c2 =
16
16
1042
c
c1 =2000
1
=0
or c1 + 2000c1 16104
6 2
6 2
=1000 10 + 0.16 10
c1 =1000(1 1.16) = 242.01 rad/s
c1
. c
2
Thus,
rad/s
=2000+242.01=6525.19
fc1 = 38.52 Hz and fc2 = 1038.52 Hz
Check:
c2 =
RL =
c1 =
RH =
= fc2 fc1 = 1000Hz

1
RLCL = 6525.19
1
(6525.19)(5 106) = 30.65
1
RH CH = 242.01
1
(242.01)(5 106) = 826.43
P 15.26 o = 1000 rad/s;

=4000rad/s;
GAIN = 6
C =0.2F
=c2 c1
=4000
= 1000
= c1c2
Solve for the cutoff frequencies:

. c1 + 4000c1 106 =0
c1
=20001000 5=236.07rad/s
15-21
15-22

=4236.07rad/s
c2 =4000+c1
Check:
= c2 c1 = 4000 rad/s
1
RLCL
c1
=
. RL
=
(0.2 106)(236.07) = 21.81
1
H CH = 4236.07
RH =
1
k
(0.2 106)(4236.07) = 1.18
Rf
R
=6
If Ri = 1 k
Rf = 6Ri = 6 k
P 15.27 [a] y=20log10
1
2
1+
n
= 10 log10(1 + 2n)
From the laws of logarithms we have

(
10 ln(1 + 2n)
y
)
=
ln 10
Thus
dy
d
=
10 ) 2n2n1
ln 10 (1 + 2n)
x=log10= ln
ln 10
. ln = x ln 10
1 d
dx = ln 10, dx = ln 10
dy
dy
dx = d
)(
d
dx
at = c = 1
rad/s
dy
= 20n
2n
1+2n dB/decade
dx = 10n
dB/decade.
Problems
[b] y
=20log10
15-23
1
= 10n log10(1 + 2)
[ 1+2]n
= 10n
ln 10 ln(1 + 2)
)
dy
10n (
20n
1
2
2
1+ =
(ln 10)(1 + 2)
d = ln
10
20n2
As before
dy
d
dx = (ln 10);
dx = (1 + 2)
. c = 21/n 1
At the corner c = 21/n 1
dy
[c]
20n[21/n 1]
dB/decade.
dx = 21/n
For the Butterworth Filter
For the cascade of identical sections
n
dy/dx (dB/decade)
dy/dx (dB/decade)
10
10
20
11.72
30
12.38
40
12.73
13.86
[d] It is apparent from the calculations in part (c) that as n increases the amplitude
characteristic at the cutoff frequency decreases at a much faster rate for the
Butterworth filter.
Hence the transition region of the Butterworth filter will be much narrower
than that of the cascaded sections.
P 15.28 [a]
(0.05)(30) =
n log10(7000/2000 2.76
= )
. n=3
1
[b] Gain = 20 log10
= 32.65 dB
1+(7000/2000)
P 15.29 [a] 6 For the scaled circuit
H (s) = 2
s
+
1/(R)2C 1C2
2
RC1
s+
1
(R)2C1C2
where
R = kmR;
C1 =C1
/k k ;
f m
C2
/k k
=C2
f m
15-24

It follows that
1
= R f1C
(R ) C1C2
2C
2
2
2
R C = 2kf
1 RC1
kf/R2C1C2
. H
s2 + 2kf
(s)=
R
RC1 s + 2Cf1C2
2
1/R C1C2
(
(
2
s
= s
)
kf )2 +
+
RC1
kf
R2C1C2
P 15.30 [a] H(s) =
1
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)
[b] fc = 2000
c = 4000 rad/s;
Hz;
1 s
+ 1)[( s 2
+ 1]
H(s) =
kf ) + kf
(s
kf
kf
=
=
[c]
kf = 4000
(s + kf )(s2 + kf s + kf )
(4000)3
(s + 4000)[s2 + 4000s + (4000)2]
64
H(j14,000)
=
(4 + j14)(180 + j56)
= 0.02332/ 236.77
Gain = 20 log10(0.02332) = 32.65 dB
P 15.31 [a] In the first-order circuit R = 1 and C = 1 F.
k m = R
= 1000;
R=11
R = k mR =
1000;
kf = o
o = 2( 1
1
C = C
kmkf = (1000)
(4000)
=4000
= 79.58 nF
In the second-order circuit R = 1 , 2/C1 = 1 so C1 = 2 F,

and
C2 = 1/C1 = 0.5 F. Therefore in the scaled second-order circuit
R = kmR = 1000;
2
1
C1 = kC
=
(1000)(4000)
= 159.15
m
kf
nF
0.5
C2 = kC2 = (1000)(4000) = 39.79
mkf
nF
Problems
[b]
. n=4
P 15.32 [a] n= (0.05)(48)
log10(2000/500) =
3.99
From Table 15.1 the transfer function of the first section is
H1(s)
=
s2
s2 + 0.765s + 1
For the prototype circuit
2
R2 = 0.765;
R2 = 2.61 ;
R1 = 1
R2 = 0.383
The transfer function of the second section is
H2(s)
=
s2
s2 + 1.848s + 1
For the prototype circuit
2
R2 = 1.848;
R2 = 1.082 ;
R1 = 1
R2 = 0.9240
The scaling factors are:

kf = o
o = 2( 1
C = C
kmkf
km
=
= 4000
1
10 109 =
4000km
1
4000(10 109) = 7957.75
Therefore in the first section

R1 = kmR1 = 3.04k;
R2 = kmR2 = 20.80k
In the second section

R1 = kmR1 = 7.35k;
R2 = kmR2 = 8.61k
15-25
15-26

[b]
P 15.33 n=5:1+(1)5s10 =
0; s10 = 1
s10 = 1/0 + 36k

k sk+1
0
1/0
1 1/36
2 1/72
3 1/108
4 1/144
5 1/180
6 1/216
7 1/252
8 1/288
9 1/324
Group by conjugate pairs to form denominator polynomial.
(s + 1)[s (cos 108 + j sin 108)][s (cos 252 + j sin
252)]
[s (cos 144 + j sin 144)][s (cos 216 + j sin
216)] = (s + 1)(s + 0.309 j0.951)(s + 0.309 +
j0.951)
(s + 0.809 j0.588)(s + 0.809 + j0.588)
which reduces to
(s + 1)(s2 + 0.618s + 1)(s2 + 1.618s + 1)
Problems
n=6:1+(1)6s12 =
0 s12 = 1
s12 = 1/15 + 36k

k sk+1
0 1/15
1 1/45
2 1/75
3 1/105
4 1/135
5 1/165
6 1/195
7 1/225
8 1/255
9 1/285
10 1/315
11 1/345
Grouping by conjugate pairs yields
(s + 0.2588 j0.9659)(s + 0.2588 + j0.9659)
(s + 0.7071 j0.7071)(s + 0.7071 + j0.7071)
(s + 0.9659 j0.2588)(s + 0.9659 + j0.2588)
or (s2 + 0.518s + 1)(s2 + 1.414s + 1)(s2 + 1.932s + 1)
P 15.34
s2
H(s) = 2
s
+
2
)
kmR2(C/kmkf
kmR1kmR2(C2/kmkf )
s2
H(s) =
s2 + 2kf
R
R2C s + 1Rf2C2
(s/kf )2
=
(
1
2
s
2
R
C
kf )+
2
(s/kf )
+
R1R2C2
15-27
15-28
P 15.35 [a] n= (0.05)(48)

= 3.99 n=4
log10(32/8)
From Table 15.1 the transfer function is
H(s)
=
1
(s + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)
2
The capacitor values for the first stage prototype circuit are
2
C1 = 0.765
C1 = 2.61 F
C2 = 1
C1 = 0.38
F
The values for the second stage prototype circuit are
2
C1 = 1.848
C1 = 1.08 F
C2 = 1
C1 = 0.92
F
The scaling factors are
k m = R
R
=1000;
kf = o
o = 16,000
Therefore the scaled values for the components in the first stage are
R1 = R2 = R = 1000
C1
=
C2
=
2.61
nF
(16,000)(1000) = 52.01
0.38
nF
(16,000)(1000) = 7.61
The scaled values for the second stage are
R1 = R2
= R = 1000
C1
=
C2
=
1.08
nF
(16,000)(1000) = 21.53
0.92
nF
(16,000)(1000) = 18.38
Problems
15-29
[b]
P 15.36 [a] The cascade connection is a bandpass filter.

[b] The cutoff frequencies ar2 kHz and 8 kHz.
The center frequency is (2)(8) = 4 kHz.
The Q is 4/(8 2) = 2/3 = 0.67
[c] For the high pass section kf = 4000. The prototype transfer function is
s4
Hhp(s)
=
(s2 + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s

+
1)
(s/4000)4
H (s)
[(s/4000)2 + 0.765(s/4000) +
=
1]
1
[(s/4000)2 + 1.848(s/4000) + 1]
hp
s4
(s2 + 3060s + 16 1062)(s2 + 7392s + 16 1062)
For the low pass section kf = 16,000

Hlp(s)
=
1
(s + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s
2
+
Hlp
1)
(s) = [(s/16,000)
2
1
+ 0.765(s/16,000) +
1]
1
[(s/16,000)2 + 1.848(s/16,000) + 1]
=
(16,000)4
([s2 + 12,240s + (16,000)2)][s2 + 29,568s +
(16,000)2]
The cascaded transfer function is
H(s) = Hhp(s) lp(s)
15-30

For convenience let
D1 = s2 + 3060s + 16 1062
D2 = s2 + 7392s + 16 1062
D3 = s2 + 12,240s + 256
1062
D4 = s2 + 29,568s + 256
1062
Then
H(s) =
65,536
10124s4
D1D2D3D4
[d] o = 2(4000) = 8000 rad/s
s=j8000
s4 = 4096 10124
D1 = (16 1062 64 1062) + j(8000)
(3060)
= 1062(48 + j24.48) =
1062(53.88/152.98) D2 = (16 1062 64
1062) + j(8000)(7392)
= 1062(48 + j59.136) =
1062(76.16/129.07) D1 = (256 1062 64
1062) + j(8000)(12,240)
= 1062(192 + j97.92) =
1062(215.53/27.02) D1 = (256 1062 64
1062) + j(8000)(29,568)
= 1062(192 + j236.544) =
1062(304.66/50.93)
H(jo)
=
(65,536)(4096)8 1024
( 10 )[(53.88)(76.16)(215.53)(304.66)/360]
8
24
= 0.996/ 360 = 0.996/0

P
15.37
[a]
F
r
o
m
the statement of the problem, K = 10 ( = 20 dB). Therefore for the

prototype bandpass circuit
R1 = Q
K
10
=1.6 R2 =
Q
2Q2 K = 502
R3 = 2Q = 32
Problems
kf = o
o = 2(6400) = 12,800
1
km = C
Ckf =(20 109)(12,800) = 1243.40
Therefore,
R1 = kmR1 = (1.6)(1243.40) = 1.99k
R2 = kmR2 = (16/502)(1243.40) =
39.63
R3 = kmR3 = 32(1243.40) = 39.79k
[b]
P 15.38 From Eq 15.58 we can write

(
H(s)
=
)(
R3C
R3C
s2 +
)(
R C
+R RR1R1+R
2
2
1 2 3C
R3C
or
H(s)
=
s2
R3
2R1
2
R3C
)(
2
R3C
R1+R2
R1R2R3C2
+
Therefore
2
o
R3C = = Q;
R1 + R2
R1R2R3C2 = o;
and K = R3
2R1
By hypothesis C = 1 F and o = 1 rad/s
R3 = Q
15-31
or R3 = 2Q
15-32

R1 = R3
2K = K
R1 + R2
R1R2R3 = 1
(
Q
K +R2
Q )
(2Q)R2
= K
=
Q
2Q2 K
P 15.39 [a] First we will design a unity gain filter and then provide the passband gain with
an inverting amplifier. For the high pass section the cut-off frequency is 500
Hz. The order of the Butterworth is
n= (0.05)(20)
log10(500/200) = 2.51
. n=3
Hhp(s)
=
s3
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)
For the prototype first-order section

R1 = R2 = 1 , C = 1 F
For the prototype second-order section
R1 = 0.5 , R2 = 2 , C = 1 F
kf = o
o = 2(500) = 1000
km = C
C kf
=
1
106
(15 109)(1000) =
15
In the scaled first-order section

R1 = R2 = kmR1 = 106
k
15 (1) = 21.22
C
=15nF
In the scaled second-order section
R1 = 0.5km = 10.61k
R2 = 2km = 42.44k
Problems
15-33
C =15nF
For the low-pass section the cut-off frequency is 4500 Hz. The order of the
Butterworth filter is
(0.05)(20)
n=
. n=3
log10(11,250/4500)
=
2.51;
1
Hlp(s) (s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)
=
For the prototype first-order section
R1 = R2 = 1 , C = 1 F
For the prototype second-order section
R1 = R2 = 1 ;
C1 = 2 F;
C2 = 0.5 F
The low-pass scaling factors are

km = R
kf =
o
;
R =104
o = (4500)(2) = 9000
For the scaled first-order section
R1 = R2 = 10k;
1
3.54 nF
C = C
kf km = (9000)(104)
=
For the scaled second-order section
R1 = R2 = 10k
C1 = kf
k =
C2 = kf
k =
2
(9000)(104) = 7.07
nF
0.5
nF
(9000)(104) = 1.77
GAIN AMPLIFIER
20 log10 K = 20 dB,
. K =10
Since we are using 10 k resistors in the low-pass stage, we will use Rf

= 100 k and Ri = 10 k in the inverting amplifier stage.
15-34

[b]
P 15.40 [a] Unscaled high-pass stage

s3
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)
Hhp(s)
=
The frequency scaling factor is kf

scaled transfer function is
H hp(s) = (
s
1000
= (o/o) = 1000. Therefore the
(s/1000)3
) [(
)2
s
1000
+1
s
(s + 1000)[s2 + 1000s + 1062]
Unscaled low-pass stage
=
Hlp(s)
=
1000
3
1
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)
The frequency scaling factor is kf

scaled transfer function is
Hlp
(s) =
s
9000
) [(
= (o/o) = 9000. Therefore the
1
s
+ ( s )+1]
9000
(9000)3
=
2
(s + 9000)(s
+ 9000s + 81 1062)
H
Thus the transfer function for the filter is
H(s) = 10Hhp(s)
7
)2
9000
lp(s)
=
D1D2D3D4
Problems
where
D1
1000
D2
9000
D3 = s2 + 1000s + 1062
D4 = s2 + 9000s + 81 1062
[b] At f = 200 Hz
=400rad/s
D1(j400) = 400(2.5 + j1)

D2(j400) = 400(22.5 + j1)
D3(j400) = 4 1052(2.1 +
j1.0)
D4(j400) = 4 1052(202.1 +
j9)
Therefore
D1D2D3D4(j400) =
25661014(28,534.82/52.36)
H (j400)
=
(7293 1010)(64 1063)

2566 1014(28,534.82/52.36)
= 0.639/ 52.36
20 log10 |H(j400)| = 20 log10(0.639) = 3.89 dB
At f = 1500 Hz,
=3000rad/s
Then
D1(j3000) = 1000(1 + j3)
D2(j3000) = 3000(3 + j1)
D3(j3000) = 1062(8 + j3)
D4(j3000) = 9 1062(8 +
j3)
15-35
H(j3000) = (729 3 1010)(27 109

27 10186(730/270 )
= 9.99/90
20 log10 |H (j3000)| = 19.99 dB
)
3
15-36

[c] From the transfer function the gain is down 19.99 + 3.89 or 23.88 dB at 200 Hz.
Because the upper cut-off frequency is nine times the lower cut-off frequency
we would expect the high-pass stage of the filter to predict the loss in gain at 200
Hz. For a 3nd order Butterworth
1
= 23.89 dB.
GAIN = 20 log10
1+(500/200)6
1500 Hz is in the passband for this bandpass filter, and is in fact the center
frequency. Hence we expect the gain at 1500 Hz to equal, or nearly equal,
20 dB as specified in Problem 15.39. Thus our scaled transfer function
confirms that the filter meets the specifications.
P 15.41 [a] From Table 15.1

Hlp(s) = 2
(s + 0.518s + 1)
(s2 +
2s + 1)(s2 + 1.932s +
1)
1
Hhp(s) = (
(
(
(
1
1
1)
1)
)(
s2
0.518 )+1)(21
2
+1 21
+1)
s
s
+
s
s + 1.932 s
+
6
s
Hhp(s) =
2
(s2 + 0.518s + 1)(s2 2s + 1)(s + 1.932s + 1)
+
P
15.42 [a] kf = 25,000
(s/25,000)
6
H (s)
=
hp
[(s/25,000)2 + 0.518(s/25,000)
+
1]
1
[(s/25,000)2 + 1.414s/25,000 + 1][(s/25,000)2 + 1.932s/25,000 + 1]
=
s6
(s2 + 12,950s + 625 106)(s2 + 35,350s + 625 106)
[b]
1
(s2 + 48,300s + 625 106)
(25,000)6
H(j25,000) [12,950(j25,000)][35,350(j25,000)]
=
[48,300(j25,000)]
(25,000)3
=
(12,950)(25,350)(48,300)j3
= 0.7067/ 90
20 log10 |H(j25,000)| = 3.02 dB
Problems
15-37
P 15.43 [a] At very low frequencies the two capacitor branches are open and because the op
amp is ideal the current in R3 is zero. Therefore at low frequencies the circuit
behaves as an inverting amplifier with a gain of R2/R1. At very high
frequencies the capacitor branches are short circuits and hence the output
voltage is zero.
[b] Let the node where R1, R2, R3, and C2 join be denoted as a, then
(Va Vi)G1 + VasC2 + (Va Vo)G2 + VaG3 = 0
VaG3 VosC1 = 0
or
(G1 + G2 + G3 + sC2)Va G2Vo = G1Vi
Va = sC1Vo
G3
Solving for Vo/Vi yields
G1G3
H(s)
=
(G1 + G2 + G3 + sC2)sC1 +
G2G3
G1G3
s C1C2 + (G1 + G2 + G3)C1s +

2
G2G3
=
s2 +
G1G3/C1C2
(G1+G2+G ]
s+G2G3
3)
C1C2
C2
G1G2G3
s2 +
G2C1C2
(G1+G2+G3)
C2
s+G2G3
C1C2
= 2 Kbo
s + b1s +
bo
where K = G1
G2 ;
bo = G2G3
C1C2
and b1 = G1 + G2 + G3
C2
[c] Equating coefficients we see that
G1 = KG2
G3 = boC1C2 = boC1
G2
G2
since by hypothesis C2 = 1 F
b13 = G + G +
G
1
C2
= G1 + G2 + G3
15-38

b1 = KG2 + G2 + boC1
G2
b1o =1 G2(1 + K) +
bC
G2
Solving this quadratic equation for G2 we get
G2 =
b
2(1 + K)
1
b1 boC14(1 + K)
4(1 + K)2
b1
b1 4bo(1
K)C1
2(1 + K)
For G2 to be realizable
b1
C1 <
[d]
4bo(1 + K)
1. Select C2 = 1 F
2. Select C1 such that C1 <
b1
4bo(1 + K)
3. Calculate G2 (R2)
4. Calculate G1 (R1); G1 = KG2
5. Calculate G3 (R3); G3 = boC1/G2
P 15.44 [a] In the second order section of a third order Butterworth filter bo = b1 =1
Therefore,
b1
C1
4bo(1 + K) = (4)(1)(5) =
0.05
value)
[b] G2 =
C1 = 0.05 F (limiting
1
2(1 + 4) = 0.1 S
G3 = 1
S
0.1 (0.05) = 0.5
G1 = 4(0.1) = 0.4 S
Therefore,
R1 = 1
G1 = 2.5
;
R2 = 1
G2 = 10 ;
R3 =
1
G3 = 2
Problems
15-39
[c] kf = o
o
= 2(2500) =
5000
1
km = C2 = (10 10
9
C2kf
)kf = 6366.2
0.05
C1 =
pF
kf km = 0.5 109 = 500
R1 = (2.5)(6366.2) = 15.92k
R2 = (10)(6366.2) = 63.66k
R3 = (2)(6366.2) = 12.73k
[d] R1 = R2 = (6366.2)(1) =
6.37k
[e]
P 15.45
1
C = C
nF
kf km = 108 = 10
[a] By hypothesis the circuit becomes:
For very small frequencies the capacitors behave as open circuits and therefore
vo is zero. As
the frequency increases, the capacitive branch impedances
become small compared to the resistive branches. When this happens the
circuit becomes an inverting amplifier with the capacitor C2 dominating the
feedback path. Hence the gain of the amplifier approaches
(1/jC2)/(1/jC1) or C1/C2. Therefore the circuit behaves like a high-pass
filter with a passband gain of C1/C2.
15-40

[b] Summing the currents away from the upper terminal of R2 yields
VaG2 + (Va Vi)sC1 + (Va Vo)sC2 + VasC3 = 0
or
Va[G2 + s(C1 + C2 + C3)] VosC2 = sC1Vi
Summing the currents away from the inverting input terminal gives (0
Va)sC3 + (0 Vo)G1 = 0
or
V
sC3Va = G1Vo;
Va = G1
sC3
Therefore we can write

G1V
[G2 + s(C1 + C2 + C3)] sC2Vo = sC1Vi
o
sC3
Solving for Vo/Vi gives
H(s) = Vo
Vi
=
=[
=
s2 +
C1C3s2
[C2C3s2 + G1(C1 + C2 + C3)s + G1G2]
C1
2
C2 s
G1
C2C3
(C1
+ C + C )s + C2
2
Ks
s + b1s +
bo
2
Therefore the circuit implements a second-order high-pass filter with a

passband gain of C1/C2.
[c] C1 = K:
b1 = G 1
(1)(1) (K + 2) = G1(K + 2)
. G1 = b1
K+2;
R1 =
(K+2
bo = G G
(1)(1) = G1G2
1
. G2 = bo
G1 = b1 (K + 2)
. R2
=
b1
bo(K + 2)
b1
Problems
15-41
[d] From Table 15.1 the transfer function of the second-order section of a
third-order high-pass Butterworth filter is
H(s) = Ks2
s2 + s + 1
Therefore b1 = bo = 1
Thus
C1 = K = 8 F
R1 = 8 + 2= 10
1
1
R2 =
1(8 + 2) = 0.10
P 15.46 [a] Low-pass filter:
. n=4
n= (0.05)(30)
log10(1000/400) =
3.77;
In the first prototype second-order section: b1 = 0.765, b = 1, C = 1F

o
2
1
2
b
0.765)
C1 4b (1 + K) ((4) 0.0732
o
(2)
choose C1 = 0.03 F
0.765
G2 =
(0.765)2
(0.03)
4
4(2)
=
0.765
0.588
4
Arbitrarily select the larger value for G2, then

G2 = 0.338 S;
R2 = 1
G2 = 2.96
G1 = KG2 = 0.338
S;
R1 = 1
G1 = 2.96
R3 = 1/G3 = 11.3
G3 = boC1 = (1)(0.03) = 0.089
0.338
G2
Therefore in the first second-order prototype circuit
R1 = R2 = 2.96 ;
C1 = 0.03 F;
R3 = 11.3
C2 = 1 F
In the second second-order prototype circuit: b1 = 1.848, b0 = 1, C2 = 1F

. C1 (1.848)2 0.427
8
15-42

choose C1 = 0.30 F
1.848 (1.848)2 8(0.3)

=
1.848
G2 =
4
1.008
4
Arbitrarily select the larger value, then

G2 = 0.7139 S;
R2 = 1
G1 = KG2 = 0.7139
S;
G2
= 1.4008
R1 = 1
G1 = 1.4008
G3 = boC1 = (1)(0.30) = 0.4202 S

0.7139
G2
In the low-pass section of the filter
R3 = 1/G3 = 2.3796
kf = o
o = 2(400) = 800
km = C
C kf
=
1
25,000
9
(10 10 )kf = 1
Therefore in the first scaled second-order section

R1 = R2 = 2.96km = 118k
R3 = 11.3km = 450k
C1
=
kf km = 300
C2 =10
pF
nF
In the second scaled second-order section
R1 = R2
= 1.4008km = 55.74k
R3 = 2.3796km = 94.68k
C1
=
0.3
nF
kf km = 3
C2 =10
nF
High-pass filter section
(0.05)(30)
n
= log10(6400/2560) =
3.77;
n=4.
In the first prototype second-order section: b1 =0.765; bo = 1; C2
= C3 = 1F
C1 = K = 1 F
0.03
Problems
3
R1 = K + =
2
0.765 = 3.92
b1
= 0.255
R2 =
b1
bo(K + 2) = 0.3
In the second prototype second-order section: b1 = 1.848; bo = 1;
C2 = C 3 = 1 F
C1 = K = 1 F
3
R1 = K + =
2
b1
1.848 = 1.623
= 0.616
R2 =
b1
bo(K + 2) = 1.3
In the high-pass section of the filter
kf = o
o = 2(6400) = 12,800
1
7812.5
9
(10 10 )(12,800) =
km = C
C kf
=
In the first scaled second-order section

R1 = 3.92km = 9.75k
R2
0.255km
634
C1 =C2
=C
=10nF
In the second scaled second-order section
R1 =
1.623km = 4.04k
R2
0.616km
1.53k
C1 =C2
=C
=10nF
In the gain section, let
Ri = 10 k and Rf = 10 k.
15-43
15-44

[b]
P 15.47 [a] The prototype low-pass transfer function is

Hlp(s)
=
1
(s + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)
2
The low-pass frequency scaling factor is

kflp = 2(400) = 800
The scaled transfer function for the low-pass filter is
1][
(s) =[
Hlp
)2
s 0.765s
800
800
]
s
+1
)2 + 1.848s +1
800
800
=
4096 1084
[s2 + 612s + (800)2] [s2 + 1478.4s +
(800)2] The prototype high-pass transfer function is
Hhp(s)
s4
2
=
(s + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)
The high-pass frequency scaling factor is
kfhp = 2(6400) = 12,800
Problems
15-45
The scaled transfer function for the high-pass filter is

H hp(s) = [(
(s/12,800)4
s
12,800
)2
]
[(
+ 0.765s
+1
12,800
]
)2
12,800
+ 1.848s
12,800
+1
[s2 + 9792s + (12,800)2][s2 + 23,654.4s +

(12,800)2
The transfer function for the filter is
[
H(s) =
lp(s)
+H
hp(s)
[b] fo = fc1fc2 = (400)(6400) = 1600 Hz

o = 2fo = 3200 rad/s
(jo)2 = 1024 1042
(jo)4 = 1,048,576
1084
Hlp
=
(jo
4096 1084
[960
1042
j612(3200 )]
1
[960
1042
= j1478.4(3200 )]
2
40,000
(3000 + j612)(3000 + j1478.4)
= 3906.2 106/37.76
1,048,576
H hp(jo)
8 4
10
=
[15,360
1042
j9792(3200 )]
2
1
[15,360 10 + j23,654.4(32002)]
4
10.24 106
= (48,000
j9792)(48,000
j23,654.4) 3906.2 106/ 37.76

. H(jo)=3906.2106(1/37.76 +1/37.76 )
= 3906.2 106(1.58/0) = 6176.35 106/0
G=20log10|H(jo)|=20log10(6176.35106)=44.19 dB
P 15.48 [a] At low frequencies the capacitor branches are open; vo = vi. At high
frequencies the capacitor branches are short circuits and the output voltage is
zero. Hence the circuit behaves like a unity-gain low-pass filter.
15-46

[b] Let va represent the voltage-to-ground at the right-hand terminal of R1. Observe
this will also be the voltage at the left-hand terminal of R2. The s-domain
equations are
(Va Vi)G1 + (Va Vo)sC1 =
0 (Vo Va)G2 + sC2Vo = 0
or
(G1 + sC1)Va sC1Vo =
G1Vi G2Va + (G2 + sC2)Vo
=0
. Va = G2 + sC2Vo
G2
[
(G1 + sC1) (G2
sC )
2
sC1 Vo = G1Vi
G2
G1G2
. Vo
Vi =(G1 + sC1)(G2 + sC2) C1G2s
which reduces to
Vo
bo
2
V i = + G1
s + b1s + bo
C1 2
C =
C1 s +
s2
[c] There are four circuit components and two restraints imposed by H(s);
therefore there are two free choices.
[d] b1 = G1 . G1 = b1C1
C1
bo = G1G2 . G2 = bo
C1C2
b1 C2
[e] No, all physically realizeable capacitors will yield physically realizeable
resistors.
[f] From Table 15.1 we know the transfer function of the prototype 4th order
Butterworth filter is
1
H(s)
2
(s + 0.765s + 1)(s2 + 1.848s + 1)
=
In the first section bo = 1,
b1 =
0.765 . G1 = (0.765)(1) = 0.765

S
R1 = 1/G1 = 1.307
G2
1
S
0.765 (1) = 1.307
Problems
R2 = 1/G2 = 0.765
In the second section bo = 1, b1 = 1.848
. G1 = 1.848 S
R1 = 1/G1 = 0.541
(
1 )
G2 =
(1) = 0.541 S
1.84
8
R2 = 1/G2 = 1.848
P 15.49 [a] kf = o
o = 2(3000) = 6000
1
106
km = C
Ckf = (4.7 109)(6000) = 28.2
In the first section
R1 = 1.307km =
14.75k
R2 = 0.765km = 8.64k
In the second section

R1 = 0.541km = 6.11k
R2 = 1.848km =
20.86k
15-47
15-48

[b]
P 15.50 [a] Interchanging the Rs and Cs yields the following circuit.
At low frequencies the capacitors appear as open circuits and hence the output
voltage is zero. As the frequency increases the capacitor branches approach
short circuits and va = vi = vo. Thus the circuit is a unity-gain, high-pass filter.
[b] The s-domain equations are
(Va Vi)sC1 + (Va Vo)G1 =
0 (Vo Va)sC2 + VoG2 = 0
It follows that
Va(G1 + sC1) G1Vo = sC1Vi
and Va = (G2
Thus
{[
sC2)
(G2
+ sC )V
sC2
]
+ (G1 + sC1) G1 Vo = sC1Vi
sC2
Vo{s2C1C2 + sC1G2 + G1G2} = s2C1C2Vi
Problems
H(s) = Vo
Vi
=
s2
s2 + G 2
C2 s + C1C2 )
2
s
= Vo
Vi = s2 + b1s + bo
[c] There are 4 circuit components: R1, R2, C1 and C2.
There are two transfer function constraints: b1 and bo.
Therefore there are two free choices.
[d]
bo = G1G2
C1C2 ;
b1 = G2
C2
. G2 = b1C2;
=
1
b1C2
R2
G1 = bo . R1 =
b1
b1 C1
boC1
[e] No, all realizeable capacitors will produce realizeable resistors.
[f] The second-order section in a 3rd-order Butterworth high-pass filter is
s2/(s2 + s + 1). Therefore bo = b1 = 1 and
R1 =
R2 =
1
(1)(1) = 1 .
1
(1)(1) = 1 .
P 15.51 [a] kf = o
o = 104
k
= C
Ckf
05
(75 109)(104) =
75
C1 = C2 = 75 nF;
[b] R=424.4;
R1 = R2 = kmR = 424.4
C =75nF
15-49
15-50

[c]
[d]
s3
Hhp(s) (s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)
=
(s/104)3
H hp(s) [(s/104) + 1][(s/104)2 + (s/104) + 1]
=
s3
=
(s + 104)(s2 + 104s + 1082)
[e] H hp(j104)
=
(j104)3
(j104 + 104)[(j104)2 +
104(j104) +
1082] = 0.7071/135
hp
|H | = 0.7071 = 3 dB
P 15.52 [a] It follows directly from Eq 15.64 that

H(s)
=
s2 + 1
s2 + 4(1 )s + 1
Now note from Eq 15.69 that (1 ) equals 1/4Q, hence

H(s) = s2 + 1+ 1
Qs+1
[b] For Example 15.13, o = 5000 rad/s and Q = 5. Therefore kf = 5000 and
H (s) =
(s/5000)2 + 1
(
(s/5000) + 1
5 5000
= 2 s2 + 25 106
s + 1000s + 25
106
2
P 15.53 [a] o = 2000 rad/s
kf = o
o = 2000
+1
Problems
km = C
C kf
=
15-51
1
05
(15 109)(2000) = 13
R = kmR = 105
3 (1) = 10,610
R
2 = 5,305
1
1
=1
4Q = 1 4(20) = 0.9875
(1 )R = 133
R = 10,478;
C =15nF
2C = 30 nF
[b]
[c] kf = 2000
(s/2000)2 + 1
H(s)
=
(s/2000)2 + 120(s/2000) + 1
=
s2 + 4 106 2
2
s + 100s + 4 1062
P 15.54 To satisfy the gain specification of 20 dB at = 0 and = 1 requires

R1 + R 2
= 10
R1
or
R2 = 9R1
Choose a standard resistor of 11.1 k for R1 and a 100 k potentiometer for R2.
Since (R1 + R2)/R1 1 the value of C1 is
C1
=
1
nF
2(40)(105) = 39.79
15-52

Choose a standard capacitor value of 39 nF. Using the selected values of R1 and R2
the maximum gain for = 1 is
(
20 log10
111.1)
11.1
= 20.01 dB
=1
When C1 = 39 nF the frequency 1/R2C1 is

1
R2C1
=
109
rad/s = 40.81 Hz
105(39) = 256.41
The magnitude of the transfer function at
256.41 rad/s is
|H(j256.41)|=1 = |111.1 103

(39)10
3|
|11.1 10
(39)103|
+ j256.41(11.1)(100)
= 7.11
+ j256.41(11.1)(100)
Therefore the gain at 40.81 Hz is

20 log10(7.11)=1 = 17.04
dB
P 15.55 20 log10
R2
. R1 +
R2
R1
R1
+ = 13.98
R1
= 5;
. R2 = 4R1
Choose R1 = 100 k. Then R2 = 400 k

1
rad/s;
R2C1 = 100
P 15.56 [a] |
. C1
=
1
nF
(100)(400 103) = 7.96
Problems
15-53
P 15.57 [a] Combine the impedances of the capacitors in series in Fig. P15.53(b) to get
1
Ceq = 1 +
sC1 = sC1
sC1
which is identical to the impedance of the capacitor in Fig. P15.53(a).
[b]
Vx =
Vy =
/sC1
(1 )/sC1 + /sC1 V =
R2
(1 )R2 + R2 = = Vx
[c] Since x and y are both at the same potential, they can be shorted together, and
the circuit in Fig. 15.34 can thus be drawn as shown in Fig. 15.53(c).
[d] The feedback path between Vo and Vs containing the resistance R4 + 2R3 has no
effect on the ratio Vo/Vs, as this feedback path is not involved in the nodal
equation that defines the voltage ratio. Thus, the circuit in Fig. 15.53(c) can be
simplified into the form of Fig. 15.2, where the input impedance is the
equivalent impedance of R1 in series with the parallel combination of
(1 )/sC1 and (1 )R2, and the feedback impedance is the equivalent
impedance of R1 in series with the parallel combination of /sC1 and R2:
Zi = R 1
+
(1)
sC1
(1 )R2
(1 )R2 + (1)sC1
+
1
=
(1 )R2
R1 R2 +
R C1s
1+R2C1s
R2
sC1
Z f = R1
R2 + sC1
+
+R
1 2 1
= R1 + R2
RCs
1+R2C1s
P 15.58 As 0
+R
4
|H(i)| 2R3
2R3 + R4 = 1
15-54

Therefore the circuit would have no effect on low frequency signals. As |
+R
+R
o
3
H(j)| [(1 )R4
](R4
)
[(1 )R4 + R3](R4 + Ro)
When = 1
+
o
|H(j)|
=1 = R (R4
R3
)
R3(R4 + Ro)
If R4 Ro
|H(j)|=1 = Ro
R3 > 1
Thus, when = 1 we have amplification or boost. When =0
+R
3
|H(j)|=0 = R3(R4
)
Ro(R4 + Ro)
If R4 Ro
|H(j)|=0 = R3
Ro < 1
Thus, when = 0 we have attenuation or cut.
Also note that when = 0.5
+R
+R
o
3
|H(j)|=0.5 = (0.5R4
)(0.5R4
)
(0.5R4 + R3)(0.5R4 + Ro) = 1
Thus, the transition from amplification to attenuation occurs at = 0.5. If > 0.5
we have amplification, and if < 0.5 we have attenuation.
Also note the amplification an attenuation are symmetric about = 0.5. i.e.
|H(j)|=0.6
=
1
|H(j)|=0.4
Yes, the circuit can be used as a treble volume control because

The circuit has no effect on low frequency signals
Depending on the circuit can either amplify ( > 0.5) or attenuate ( < 0.5)
signals in the treble range
The amplification (boost) and attenuation (cut) are symmetric around = 0.5.
When = 0.5 the circuit has no effect on signals in the treble frequency range.
Problems
15-55
+R
3
P 15.59 [a] |H(j)|=1 = Ro(R4
)
= 9.99
R3(R4 + Ro) (5.9)(565.9)
=
maximum boost = 20 log10 9.99 = 19.99 dB

+
[b] |H(j)|
= R3(R4
=0
R3
)
Ro(R4 + Ro)
[c]
maximum cut = 21.93 dB
R4 = 500 k;
Ro = R1 + R3 + 2R5 = 65.9 k
. R4 = 7.59Ro
Yes, R4 is significantly greater than Ro.
(2R3
[d] |H(j/R3C2)|=1
=
+ R 4) + j R o + R )
R3 (R4
3
(2R3 + R4) + j(R4 + Ro)
511.8 + j 65.9
=
(505.9)
5.9
511.8 + j565.9
= 7.44
20 log10 |H(j/R3C2)|=1 = 20 log10 7.44 = 17.43 dB

[e] When = 0
|H(j/R3C2)|=0
=
(2R3 + R4) + j(R4 + Ro)
(2R3 + R4) + j Ro + R3
R3 (R4
)
Note this is the reciprocal of |H(j/R3C2)|=1.
20 log10 |H(j/R3C2)|+0 = 17.43 dB
[f] The frequency 1/R3C2 is very nearly where the gain is 3 dB off from its
maximum boost or cut. Therefore for frequencies higher than 1/R3C2 the
circuit designer knows that gain or cut will be within 3 dB of the maximum.
15-56
P 15.60

+ R
o
|H(j)|
= [(1 )R4
][R4
R3
]
[(1 R4 + R3][R4 +
Ro ]
]
]
16
Fourier Series
Assessment Problems
2T /3
AP 16.1 av
1
4Vm
sin
3k0T
4k
)[
= 4Vm
3k0T
(
1cos
4k
3
sin
T
Vm cos k0t dt
4k
3
Vm )
3
2T /3
)]
3 )
(
Vm sin k0t dt
+
2T /
3
[ 2T /3
bk = 2
T
dt = 7 = 7 V
9 Vm
Vm cos k0t dt +
[ 2T /3
ak = 2
T
=
Vm dt + 1
T 2T /3 m
)[
(6
sin k0t dt
(
1cos
4k
)]
AP 16.2 [a] av = 7 = 21.99 V

[b] a1 = 5.196a2 =
2.598
b1 = 9
(
[c] 0
=
b2 = 4.5
)
a3 = 0 a4 = 1.299a5 = 1.039
b3 = 0 b4 = 2.25
b5 = 1.8
2 = 50 rad/s
T
[d] f3 = 3f0 = 23.87 Hz

[e] v(t) = 21.99 5.2 cos 50t + 9 sin 50t + 2.6 cos 100t + 4.5 sin 100t
1.3 cos 200t + 2.25 sin 200t + 1.04 cos 250t + 1.8 sin 250t + V
AP 16.3 Odd function with both half- and quarter-wave symmetry.
(
vg (t) =
6Vm)
T
t,
0tT/6;
16-1
av = 0,
ak = 0 for all k

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Active Filter Circuits

AP 15.1 H(s) = (R2 1

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

AP 15.3 c = 2fc = 2 104 = 20,000 rad/s

AP 15.4 For a 2nd order prototype Butterworth high pass filter

For the circuit in Fig. 15.25

Equate the transfer functions. For C = 1F,

For the circuit in Fig 15.26

Solving for R2,

+ 246R2 = 16,000, R2 = 65.04

AP 15.6 o = 1000 rad/s;

4(1 ) = 250RC = 250(500)(2 106) = 0.25

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

Summing the currents at the inverting input node yields

[b] H(j) = C1j + (1/R1C1)

amplifier with a gain of (1/jC2)/(1/jC1) or C1/C2.

cC = (2)(8 103)(3.9 109) = 5.10

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

For the RC circuit

For the RL circuit

For the RC circuit

For the RL circuit

s+(R /L ) = s+s kf = (s/kf )

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

P 15.10 [a] Since o = 1/LC and o = 1 rad/s,

s2 + 1562.5s + 625 106

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

P 15.12 For the scaled circuit

P 15.13 For the circuit in Fig. 15.31

P 15.14 [a] For the circuit in Fig. P15.14(a)

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

For prototype circuit (b):

P 15.16 From the solution to Problem 14.15, o =

c1 = kf c1 = 4(93.95 103) = 1180.6

R = kmR = (0.2)(750) = 150

Calculate the bandwidth:

To check, calculate the quality factor:

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

P 15.21 [a] From Eq. 15.4

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[c] o = c1c1 = (2000)(10,000) = 100020

[d] G = 20 log10(0.8333) = 1.58 dB

P 15.23 [a] For the high-pass section:

For the low-pass section:

0 dB gain corresponds to K = 1. In the summing amplifier we are free to

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

[d] o = (8000)(800) = 80010

H (j800 10) = (800

j128 104 102

P 15.24 [a] H(s) =

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

R1L2C24 + (L2 + R1R2C2 2R1LC + 2R1R2LC)2

2R1R2Cs + (R1 + R2)

(R1 + R2)2 + 24R1R2C2

Solve for the cutoff frequencies:

c1 =1000(1 1.16) = 242.01 rad/s

fc1 = 38.52 Hz and fc2 = 1038.52 Hz

= fc2 fc1 = 1000Hz

P 15.26 o = 1000 rad/s;

Solve for the cutoff frequencies:

CHAPTER 15. Active Filter Circuits

(0.2 106)(236.07) = 21.81

P 15.27 [a] y=20log10