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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction.1 2. Objective .1 3. Practical 2A .. 2 4. Practical2B .3 5. Practical 2C.. 4 6. Conclusion .. 5

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1. INTRODUCTION In this modern society, electrical energy plays a very crucial role in our daily life. To ensure the continuity of supply, the power system must be protected against any kind of disruption that can arise. Protective relays play an integral part in protection scheme and have an impact on the quality and continuity of supply to the consumer. They are used to detect faults and to send information to circuit breakers in order to interrupt the defective part while allowing power to flow through remaining parts of the scheme and preventing further damage to other equipment. Therefore, being Electrical power engineering student, setting of the relays and the understanding of their operation are of great importance. In this practical, different experiments were carried out a simulator which was used to set up various faults and perform different setting on relays in order to tie up the theory acquired during class session and the practical. 2. OBJECTIVE The objective of this practical was to set 3 relays to operate at various times for a fault at the end of the simulator line and then to check that they are graded. After this has been done, the trip times of the relays was measured for faults at other points on the simulator system and this will be compared with the trip times for a fault at the end of the system. 3. PRACTICAL 2A a. Methodology We connected the CDG36 electromechanical Overcurrent and earth fault relay U10 to CT1 on the simulator and set it to trip after 1 second for a fault at faults point RTS5. The transformer was set to YY0 then, we checked to see whether the relay was going to trip after one second for an earth fault on each phase, a 3 three phase fault and phase to phase faults and we also checked the trip times for faults at the other points in the circuit as it be can be seen in the findings in the following point.
b. Findings

Faults types RE SE TE ST RTS RST

Transformer Fault location Yy0 Yy0 Yyo Yy0 Yy0 Dy11 RTS5 RTS5 RTS5 RTS5 RTS5 RTS5

Relays operating time 0.9sec 1.089sec 0.95sec 1sec 1.1sec 1.1sec

Tms

Psm

0.27 0.28 0.26 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.13

0.2 0.2 0.19 1 1 1

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RS TE TE RS RST TE RST

Dy11 Dy11 Dd0 Dd0 Dd0 Yd1 Yd1

RTS5 RTS5 RTS5 RTS5 RTS5 RTS5 RTS5

1.05sec 0.9sec No tripping 1sec 0.9sec No tripping 0.9sec

RS

Yd1

RTS5

0.9sec

0.09 0.06 0.09 No tripping 0.16 0.18 0.19 No tripping 0.18 0.19 0.26 0.17 0.24 0.19

1 1 No tripping 1 1 No tripping 1 0.19 1 0.19

c. Comment From the above we can see that when a transformer is connected in delta at the primary side, for an earth faults the overcurrent relay disk doesnt spin, appearing like there is not fault in the system. This is because in a delta configuration there is no ground therefore no presence of zero phase sequence component. But for a phase to phase fault, only overcurrent relay disk spins, and zero phase sequence is not involved. When the transformer is connected in star, the earth fault relay disk only spins for an earth fault, but for a line to line fault, overcurrent relays disk placed into the line will turn. 4. PRACTICAL 2B a. Methodology We connected a 7SJ50 solid state 3 phase Overcurrent and earth fault relay to CT8 on the simulator and set it to trip after 0.7 seconds for a fault at fault point RST5 with the transformer set to YY0, then we repeated as for practical 2A -Element Used: U1DG36 No: 061263P; CDG No: 061265P; Supply 30v DC, and a trip coil; 7SJ50 relay on the simulator; Probe; CT8 4.2 Findings

Fault types

Transformer Fault connection location Yy0 Yy0 Yy0 RTS5 RTS5 RTS5

RE SE TE

Relay operating time 0.6 0.65 0.65

TSM

PMS

0.2 0.2 0.2

0.2 0.2 0.2

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ELECTRICAL PROTECTION III PRACTICAL REPORT II

ST RST RS RE RST RS RE

Yy0 RTS5 0.665 0.1 0.4 Dd0 RTS5 0.633 0.3 0.4 Dd0 RTS5 0.680 0.2 0.3 Dd0 RTS5 No tripping No tripping No tripping Yd1 RTS5 0.661 0.2 0.2 Yd1 RTS5 0.6 0.1 0.4 Yd1 RTS5 No tripping No tripping No tripping 4.3 COMMENT The relay was connected to the primary of the CT8 rated 5/1 A, in this circuit where a motor and generator set connected via transformer to two overhead lines. Then the circuit was connected to the power source. The following fault was applied at fault point RTS5 where we have repeated practical 2A but having set the time to 0.7 sec for: Phase to phase fault (R-Y) Phase to earth fault (R-E) 3 Phase fault (RST) Example PSM calculations: CT Ratio= 5/1 A Current setting = 100% Fault current = 40A (assumed) Ipu =current setting* Ict (rated secondary) =100%*1=1A If (relay coil) =If*1/5=40*0.2=8A PSM= = 8/1=8 then

using the inverse curve for over current relays and knowing the operating time, we can be able to determine the value of the time setting of the relay. 5. PRACTICAL 2C a. Methodology We did connect another 7SJ50 overcurrent and earth fault relay to CT11 and set it to trip after 0.3 seconds for a fault at fault RST5 with the transformer set to YY. This practical was repeated as for practical 2A b. Findings Fault types Transformer Fault location Tripping time Red to earth YY RST5 0.55sec Blue to earth YY RST5 1.3sec Yellow to earth YY RST5 1.5sec c. Comment It was noted that for different fault positions, the phase-to-earth fault the earth fault relay took a bit longer trip.

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6. CONCLUSION The results therefore prove that the circuit breaker opening time and the relay operating time are different in regards to different fault conditions in comparison to the electromagnetic relay. It can be noted that the time taken to trip for an earth fault was longer than that of a phase-to-phase fault. This is a result of the fact that an earth fault may have a different magnitude in current this in combination with the relay setting may cause greater or shorter time for activation of the relay. The total time for the operation of a circuit breaker can be calculated for each fault: total operating time= relay operating time + circuit breaker opening time. The relays do not trip the transformer configuration has a delta in its secondary because there is no earth as commented in practical 2A.

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