Svjetlost, svjetlost, svjetlost svuda oko nas (pardon, elektromagnetsko zraenje)

Atomska fizika i spektroskopija

Predavanje 2

Osnove optike
to je to svjetost? I. Newton (167x g.) "Opticks estice (korpuskule) Svjetlost se sastoji od estica. Prizma Teorija boje Duga Newtonov genije; objanjenje niza fenomena poput duge II. Christian Huygens Trait de la Lumire valna (undularna) teorija svjetlosti, no bez exp.

Svjetlost
Kraj XVIII. stoljea i poetak XIX. stoljea Novi eksperimenti (Young, Fresnel, Arago, Helmholtz, Fraunhofer,...) difrakcija (ogib) Y interferencija Y polarizacija F svjetlost je VAL transverzalni! F (Y mala t komp, velika l komp; F samo t komp)
isti Young: - Youngov modul elasticnosti - Young + Champollion = prijevod kamena iz Rosete - osnivac fizioloske optike: prilagodba oka na udaljenost objekta, astigmatizam - teorija kapilarnosti - hemodinamika; rule of thumb za doziranje lijekova kod djece - Languages: usporedba 400 jezika; pojam Indo-europski jezici - Young temperament: metoda za tuniranje instr.

Robinson, Andrew (2007). The Last Man Who Knew Everything: Thomas Young, the Anonymous Genius who Proved Newton Wrong and Deciphered the Rosetta Stone, among Other Surprising Feats. Penguin.

Sir Isaac Newton (E) (4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Franois Arago (F) (26 Feb. 1786 2 Oct. 1853)

Thomas Young (E) (13 June 1773 10 May 1829) Hermann von Helmholtz (G) (31 August 1821 8 Sept. 1894)

Augustin-Jean Fresnel (F) (10 May 1788 14 July 1827) Joseph von Fraunhofer (G) (6 March 1787 7 June 1826)

Longitudinalni valovi
Gibanje estica U SMJERU irenja vala (zvuk, kuglice na koncu, valovi u cvrstom tijelu)

Transverzalni valovi
Gibanje estica OKOMITO na smjer irenja vala (valovi na vodi, valovi u cvrstom tijelu, spaga)

ELEKTROMAGNETSKI valovi???

Table 1: Seismic Waves

Wave Type (and names) P, Compressional , Primary, Longitudinal Particle Motion Alternating compressions (pushes) and dilations (pulls) which are directed in the same direction as the wave is propagating (along the ray path); and therefore, perpendicular to the wavefront. Alternating transverse motions (perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and the ray path); commonly approximately polarized such that particle motion is in vertical or horizontal planes. Transverse horizontal motion, perpendicular to the direction of propagation and generally parallel to the Earths surface. Typical Velocity VP ~ 5 7 km/s in typical Earths crust; >~ 8 km/s in Earths mantle and core; ~1.5 km/s in water; ~0.3 km/s in air. Other Characteristics P motion travels fastest in materials, so the Pwave is the first-arriving energy on a seismogram. Generally smaller and higher frequency than the S and Surface-waves. P waves in a liquid or gas are pressure waves, including sound waves. S-waves do not travel through fluids, so do not exist in Earths outer core (inferred to be primarily liquid iron) or in air or water or molten rock (magma). S waves travel slower than P waves in a solid and, therefore, arrive after the P wave. Love waves exist because of the Earths surface. They are largest at the surface and decrease in amplitude with depth. Love waves are dispersive, that is, the wave velocity is dependent on frequency, generally with low frequencies propagating at higher velocity. Depth of penetration of the Love waves is also dependent on frequency, with lower frequencies penetrating to greater depth. Rayleigh waves are also dispersive and the amplitudes generally decrease with depth in the Earth. Appearance and particle motion are similar to water waves. Depth of penetration of the Rayleigh waves is also dependent on frequency, with lower frequencies penetrating to greater depth.

S, Secondary, Transverse

Shear,

VS ~ 3 4 km/s in typical Earths crust; >~ 4.5 km/s in Earths mantle; ~ 2.5-3.0 km/s in (solid) inner core. VL ~ 2.0 - 4.4 km/s in the Earth depending on frequency of the propagating wave, and therefore the depth of penetration of the waves. In general, the Love waves travel slightly faster than the Rayleigh waves. VR ~ 2.0 - 4.2 km/s in the Earth depending on frequency of the propagating wave, and therefore the depth of penetration of the waves.

L, Love, Surface waves, Long waves

R, Rayleigh, Surface waves, Long waves, Ground roll

Motion is both in the direction of propagation and perpendicular (in a vertical plane), and phased so that the motion is generally elliptical either prograde or retrograde.

Partial cross section of the Earth showing major layer boundaries, approximate P-wave seismic velocities (Vp), and approximate ray path for Pand S-waves from a shallow earthquake to a seismograph at about 18 degrees (~2000 km) distance.
(http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/waves/WaveDemo.htm)

Elektromagnetski valovi
Transverzalni valovi gibanje estica (medija) OKOMITO na smjer irenja vala estice, medij??? (kraj XIX. stoljea) Eter medij u kojem se sire el.mag. valovi Niz eksperimenata (M&M 1887.) & Einstein: nema etera

Maxwellove jednadbe teorijska pretpostavka Herzov (umro s 36 g.) eksperiment eksperimentalna potvrda
It's of no use whatsoever[...] this is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxwell was right - we

just have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see with the naked eye. But they are there.

Fizika svjetlosti
svjetlo kao cestica = fotoni

mali velika velika E

velika mala mala E

ELEKTROMAGNETSKI valovi imaju valna svojstva (ogib,interferencija) estina svojstva, komad energije foton Dualna priroda svjetlosti (I. Supek, M. Furic, Pocela fizike, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb (1994))

=c
=h

Pitanje: Koja dva eksperimenta pokazuju valno-cesticnu prirodu svjetlosti?

Dualna priroda svjetlosti

Moze li se fotoelektricni efekt objasniti valnom prirodom svjetlosti? Zasto?

http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx ?doctype=3&filename=AtomicNuclear_Du alNature.xml

http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sim s.php?sim=Photoelectric_Effect

Spektroskopija (Fraunhofer)
Bavi se elektromagnetskim zraenjem

to je spektar?
Ovisnost intenziteta svjetlosti iz nekog izvora o valnoj duljini.

Spektar Sunca

Zasto se onda Sunce cini zutim?

to je spektar?
Ovisnost intenziteta svjetlosti iz nekog izvora o valnoj duljini.

Spektar Sunca

 Spektroskopija i atomska fizika Vrste spektara: kontinuirani nema spektralnih linija apsorpcijski tamne linije na kontinuiranom spektru

emisijski izolirane linije

 Spektroskopija i atomska fizika Vrste spektara: kontinuirani nema spektralnih linija apsorpcijski tamne linije na kontinuiranom spektru

emisijski izolirane linije

Izvori svjetlosti Diskretni prijelazi Linijski spektri atoma

Fraunhofer, (L. Ponomarev Kvantna kocka, Moderna fizika, Zagreb)

Izvori svjetla Zraenje crnog tijela

Emitirano zraenje kao funkcija valne duljine

Izvori svjetla Zraenje crnog tijela

Gorenje (temperatura) Lime light (zagrijani vapnenac) arulja (ari) ovisno temperaturi dobivamo zraenje (spektar) Ako radi na vioj temperaturi imamo bijelo svjetlo Halogene arulje (inertni plin + I ili Br) pomak prema plavom
http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color12.html

Emitirano zraenje ovisi o TEMPERATURI. Mi bi eljeli Sunce; 6000 K

Izvori svjetla Zraenje crnog tijela

Gorenje (temperatura) Lime light (zagrijani vapnenac) arulja (ari) ovisno temperaturi dobivamo zraenje (spektar) Ako radi na vioj temperaturi imamo bijelo svjetlo Halogene arulje (inertni plin + I ili Br) pomak prema plavom
http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color12.html

Emitirano zraenje ovisi o TEMPERATURI. Mi bi eljeli Sunce; 6000 K

I mi zraimo!!!!

I mi zraimo!!!!

Spektar Sunca spektar crnog tijela

Ima li bolje crno tijelo od Sunca?

Spektar Sunca spektar crnog tijela

Ima li bolje crno tijelo od Sunca? grafit Ni-P slitine (e = 0.97) zid karbonskih nanocjevcica (e = 0.99)
Planckian locus

Zakoni zracenja crnog tijela

Rayleigh-Jeansov zakon

B (T ) =

2ckT

4
2c 2 h e
hc kT

Planckov zakon

B (T ) =

Wienov zakon (pomaka)

mT = b
Stefan-Boltzmannov zakon

j * = T 4 2 5 k 4 = 15c 2 h 3
"On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum". Annalen der Physik 4 (1901)

Spektar i boja
nejednoznanost Istu boju moemo dobiti raznim spektralnim raspodjelama !!!! metamerizam (spektrofotometar rjesava stvar)