Chapter 3 - Chemical Formulae Chemical Formula Representation of a chemical substances using letters for atoms and suscript numbers

to show the numbers of each type of atoms that are present in the substance. Based on the chemical formula, we know: a) composition of a substance - The elements that make up the substance b) the ratio or numbers of atoms of each element in the substance Chemical Formulae of Elements a) For elements that exists as atoms, their chemical formulae represents their atoms b) The elements that exists as molecules, their chemical formulae represents molecules, subscript number on the right indicating number of atoms in each molecule Empirical and Molecular Formulae Empirical Formulae the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each elements present in the compound Molecular Formula The actual number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of the compound Example: C6H12O6 Molecular Formula Empirical Formula C6H12O6 CH2O

Similarities of empirical and molecular formula: a) Both shows the elements present in the compound b) Both shows the ratio of each element in the compound Determining Empirical Formula a) Find the mass of each element in the compound b) Convert the masses into number of moles of atoms c) Find the simplest ratio of moles of elements Determining Molecular Formula (Empirical Formula)n , whereby, n = a positive integer Information required to determine the molecular formula: a) The empirical formula b) The relative molecular mass or molar mass Molecular Formula = Percentage of an element by mass = Mass of element (1 mole) in compound Total mass of compound (1 mole) X 100

Chemical Formula of Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds consists of: a) Anions - negatively charged ions b) Cations - positively charged ions However, the chemical formula of ionic compounds are totally neutral. Why? Because the total positive charges are equal to the total negative charges Methods to construct chemical formula of ionic compounds: a) Write formulae of cation and anion b) Determine number of cation and anion by balancing the charges c) Write number of cations and anions as subscript numbers Easier way: interchange the value of the charges of the ions For ions that are made up of more than one atoms, a bracket is used to show the number of these ions in the formulae. Naming of chemical compounds Ionic compounds = Name of cation comes first, followed by anion

Simple molecular compounds The more electro negative compounds are written last and is added with an -ide and the name of the first element remains as it is. Example, a compound of hydrogen and chlorine is called hydrogen chloride, as chlorine is more electronegative than hydrogen

Chemical Equations ~ a precise description of a chemical reaction ~ conviniently and quickly written using chemical formulae ~Reactants are starting substances in a reaction, that produces products, which are formed at the end of the reactions (qualitative) ~ Reaction coefficients tells the exact proportion of reactants and products in a reaction

How to construct a chemical reaction: a) Identify the reactants and products and their formulae b) write the main part of the equation c) Determine the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation d) Balance the equation by balancing the coefficients e) Check if equation is balanced f) Put the state symbol of each substances

To solve problems using chemical reactions: a) Write down a balanced equation of the reaction b) Gather information from the question - convert given data to number of moles c) Based on the equation, compare the ratio of moles of the related substances d) Calculate and convert answers into relevant formats

Chapter 3 - Chemical Formulae Chemical Formula

Based on the chemical formula, we know:

Chemical Formulae of Elements

Empirical and Molecular Formulae Empirical Formulae

Molecular Formula

Example: C6H12O6

Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

Similarities of empirical and molecular formula:

Determining Empirical Formula

Determining Molecular Formula (Empirical Formula)n , whereby, n = a positive integer Information required to determine the molecular formula: Molecular Formula =

Percentage of an element by mass =

Mass of element (1 mole) in compound Total mass of compound (1 mole)

X 100

Chemical Formula of Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds consists of: a) b) However, the chemical formula of ionic compounds are totally neutral. Why?

Methods to construct chemical formula of ionic compounds: a) b) c) Easier way: interchange the value of the charges of the ions For ions that are made up of more than one atoms, a bracket is used to show the number of these ions in the formulae. Naming of chemical compounds Ionic compounds = Simple molecular compounds

Chemical Equations

How to construct a chemical reaction:

To solve problems using chemical reactions: