Lecture 15 Columns (cont.

)
In the previous lecture, we talked about columns having small eccentricity (i.e., small applied moment). While this may be the case for interior columns with offsetting moments, the majority of concrete columns do experience applied moments. Concrete framed buildings typically have columns that are poured monolithically with beams and slabs, thus creating a statically-indeterminate frame such as the one shown below:

The analysis of such a frame is usually quite complex and requires computer software such as STAAD or approximate analysis methods such as the Portal Method and others discussed in Structural Theory.

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The compression capacity of a reinforced column is reduced by the bending stresses on the column and vice-versa. A graph of the axial load capacity of a column vs. the moment capacity of a typical column is shown below (from Lecture 14):

Axial compression capacity

Pure compression (no applied moment)

Pure bending (no applied axial load) Bending moment capacity

Determining points along the curve is quite laborious and typically not done using hand calculations. Instead, computer programs or design guides are used to perform column analysis and design. Below are some Column Interaction Diagrams that are used for column analysis and design.

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R4-60.75 R = Rectangular cross-section 4 = fc = 4 KSI 60 = Grade 60 vertical bars 75 =

Rectangular TIED Column Interaction Diagrams

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Circular SPIRAL Column Interaction Diagrams

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Short Column Design: Short columns are not considered to be susceptible to the effects of buckling as are long columns. The ACI dictates that short columns satisfy the slenderness ratio as shown below: Short column IF Where: K = end fixity factor
KL 22 rmin

L = unbraced length in inches rmin = least radius of gyration, inches = 0.3h for rectangular or square columns = 0.25dout for circular columns where d out = outer dia.

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Example GIVEN: A 20 x 20 square interior tied column is shown below. Use concrete f c = 4000 PSI and 8 - #8 grade 60 vertical bars and #3 ties. Concrete cover = 1 . All loads are factored and includes beam weight. Assume the beams are fixed to the columns. REQUIRED: 1) Determine the applied factored axial load, P u on the middle column. Be sure to add column weight. Assume the loads from the roof above are 75% of the floor load. KL 2) Determine the slenderness ratio using K = 0.7 and determine if rmin column qualifies as short. 3) Determine total factored moments Mtotal applied to the column. 4) Determine if the column is acceptable based on Column Interaction Diagram. 22-0
46 K wu = 1.7 KLF 46 K wu = 2.5 KLF

30-0

Beam 1 14-0

Beam 2

20 x 20 Middle column

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Step 1 Determine the total factored axial load, Pu on the middle column:

a) Beam 1: End reaction = (46 K + 46 K + 1.7 KLF(22-0)) = 64.7 KIPS b) Beam 2: End reaction = (2.5 KLF(30-0)) = 37.5 KIPS c) Column weight: Weight = (1.2) ACI Dead Load factor
20" x 20" (14'0" )(150 PCF ) 144in 2 / ft 2

= (1.2)5833 Lbs. = 7.0 KIPS

75%

Total P u = Pfloor + P roof = [(64.7K + 37.5K + 7.0K)] + [0.75(64.7K + 37.5K + 7.0K)] Total P u = 191.1 KIPS Step 2 - Determine the slenderness ratio
KL (0.7)(14'0" x12" / ft ) = rmin 0.3( 20") KL = 19.6 rmin KL using K = 0.7: rmin

Since KL/rmin < 22 it is a short column

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Step 3 Determine total factored moment M total applied to the column:

a) Beam 1: 22-0
46 K wu = 1.7 KLF 46 K

Fixed end
Ln = 20.33

Fixed end

To determine the moment applied to the column, we must determine the Fixed End Moment. A useful table obtained from the AISC Manual can be used to determine the moment.

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Unif. Load

Point Loads

Mcolumn = Maximum negative moment acting on column = Muniform + Mpoint = (bPL)unif + (bPL)point = [(0.083)(1.7 Kips/ft)(20.33 ft)(20.33 ft)]+[(0.222)(46 Kips)(20.33 ft)] = 58.6 Kip-ft + 207.6 Kip-ft Beam 1 Mcolumn = 266.2 Kip-ft

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b) Beam 2:

30-0

wu = 2.5 KLF

Fixed end

Fixed end

Ln = 28.33

Mcolumn = Maximum negative moment acting on column = Muniform = (bPL)unif = [(0.083)(2.5 Kips/ft)(28.33 ft)(28.33 ft)] = 166.5 Kip-ft Beam 2 Mcolumn = 166.5 Kip-ft c) Determine Mtotal: Since these moments are offsetting each other, Mtotal = MBeam 1 MBeam 2 = (266.2 Kip-ft) (166.5 Kip-ft) Mtotal = 99.7 KIP-FT

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Step 4 - Determine if the column is acceptable based on Column Interaction Diagram. a) Determine
e ratio: h

e = eccentricity =

M total (12" / ft ) Pu
99.7 KIP FT (12" / ft ) 191.1KIPS

e = 6.26
e 6.26" = h 20" e = 0.31 > 0.10 CANNOT use small eccentricity formula h

b) Determine : h = 20 X h X

8 - #8 vertical bars

20

X = concrete cover + stirrup dia. + (vert. bar dia.) 3 8 = 1 + " + " 8 8 = 2.375 h = 20 (X + X) = 20 (2.375 + 2.375) = 15.25 (20) = 15.25 = 0.76 USE = 0.75
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c) Use Interaction Diagram R4-60.75:

Use g = 0.01

Pn Pu = Ag Ag =
191.1KIPS 20" x 20"

Pn = 0.48 KSI Ag Pn e Pu e x = x Ag h Ag h = (0.48 KSI)(0.31) Pn e x = 0.15 KSI Ag h g =

As Ag

2 = 8 _ bars (0 .79in _ per _#8 _ bar ) = 0.016

20" x 20"

Since g = 0.016 > 0.01 col. is acceptable

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