Cymbet EH Powering For WSN Symposia Sensors Expo 2013

The Design Secrets for Commercially Successful EH-Powered Wireless Sensors
Steve Grady & Jeff Mullin Cymbet

Energy Harvesting for Powering WSN Symposia
Designing Commercially Successful Energy Harvesting Powered Systems

Identify key trends and market forces driving Click to edit Master text styles the need for Energy Harvesting-based power Second level Theeconomics behind Energy Harvesting Third level Fourth level Identify important design considerations Fifth level Utilize Energy Harvesting technologies that enable cost effective EH-powered products Review reference designs for important info Commercial EH-powered sensor deployments
Key Trends Driving Innovation

Click to edit Master text styles
Ultra Low Power Processors & Electronics Smart Devices Second level and Sensors
Third level
Everywhere
Wireless is pervasive
Integration with other components
Miniaturization
Eco-Friendly and Renewable Energy
Convergence of Trends into Products Fourth level Fifth level
New innovative products are smarter, smaller and wireless Smart devices that must communicate status/control There will be billions of new networked smart devices Health, Industrial, Buildings, Appliances, Transportation New Powering solutions are required
Introducing Energy Harvesting:

Life of Product Energy Generation and Storage Energy can be harvested from almost any environment: Light, vibration, flow, motion, pressure, magnetic fields, RF, etc. Click to edit Master text styles
Second level Energy Harvesting applications found in every industry segment

EH-powered systems need reliable energy generation, storage and delivery: Fourth level Must have energy storage as EH Transducer energy source is not always Fifth@night, level motor vibration at rest, air-flow, etc.) available: (Solar Longer operating times high-efficiency minimizes charge loss Self-Powered allows remote locations & lower installation costs High cycle life enables extended operation fewer service calls Ideal solution is a highly-efficient, eco-friendly, power generation system that can be cycled continuously for the life of the product
Third level
EH Powering The Internet Of Things

Displays

Second level
Third level
Fourth level Wireless Fifth level Network
Sensors Awnings Vehicles Windows
Lights
Signals
Toys PCs Clothing Media Players Purses
Phones
HP CeNSE, IBM Smarter Planet

Giving the Planet a Voice with Sensors

Second level
Third level
Fourth level Fifth level
IBM Smarter Planet
Trillions of digital devices connected to the Internet, are producing a vast ocean of data
Whos going to change 1 Trillion Batteries????!

Energy Harvesting Market in 2012 $0.7Bn

Source: IDTechEx Energy Harvesting Report

Second level
Third level
Mobile Phones 0.2 million/ $1.8 million Other - including medical 0.2 million/$2 million Wristwatches 33 million/ $26 million Wireless Mesh Networks 0.2 million/ $2 million
Consumer Electronics 630million/ $420 million
Military & Aerospace 0.05 million/ $175 million
Bicycle Dynamo 6.3 million/ $63 million
Industrial - non mesh 2 million/$16 million
Energy Harvesting Market in 2017 $1.5Bn

Source: IDTechEx Energy Harvesting Report
Consumer Electronics 900 million/ $630 million

Second level
Third level
Healthcare 1 million/$9 million
Military & Aerospace 0.07 million/ $210 million
Wireless Mesh Networks 20 million/$200 million
Industrial - non mesh 40 million/ $140 million
Wristwatches 43 million/ $33.4 million
Laptops/ebooks 5 million/$80 million
Mobile Phones 20 million/ $100 million
Energy Harvesting Market Forecasts

Second level
Third level
From the IDTechEx EH Study: 90% of envisaged use of wireless sensor networks are impractical without EH Many installations are inaccessible or prohibitively expensive for replacement Sensors such as bionics or embedded devices need life of product power Many standalone products need off-the-grid powering solutions
Total Market Value by EH Technology 2019

Second level
Third level
From the IDTechEx EH Study: EH from light is 60% of applications Electrodynamic/Electromagnetic is 27% Vibration and Thermal 13% but may be low by some estimates What new energy harvesting technologies are coming???
EH-Powered Autonomous Wireless Sensor Block Diagram

Click to edit Master text styles Sensor
Second level
Third level
Input Fourth level Power
Light
MCU + Radio
(e.g., temperature, pressure, occupancy)
Fifth level
Energy Aware Communications and Control
Energy Harvesting Power Supply

T
Motion
EH Transducer Electrical Interface Discrete Components
IC - Energy Conversion Battery Management Power Management
EM Field
Rechargeable Energy Storage Device
4 Key Design Considerations for EH

1. Determine energy available from your environment
Indoor solar is in tens to hundreds of microwatts Click to edit in Master text styles Thermoelectric tens to hundreds of microwatts based on delta Temp
Second level 2. Harvest energy as efficiently and cost effectively as possible Design for Maximum Peak Power Point Third level
3. Calculate application power requirements in all operation Fifth level modes and minimize to fit available input EH power
Use sleep modes of components when possible Write Energy- Aware code -> no polling loops, check Vcc before running
Avoid components with excessive leakage or quiescent current Fourth level
4. Size storage for times when ambient energy is not available

Bigger battery is not always better: dont fill the pool with a paper cup!
EH vs. Battery Business Case Realities

Small device designs that do not have a charging source either AC/DC, Energy Harvesting or Wireless Power use a primary battery Primary batteries have reached commodity status with billions/yr shipped Click to edit Master text styles To compare rechargeable battery $/mAh metric you must use the Lifecycle capacity of thelevel rechargeable battery - #charge cycles x Depth of Discharge Second per cycle in uAh. This gives the total lifetime energy delivery cost. Third Example usinglevel 3Volt batteries 1K Qty on Digi-Key : Fourth CR2032 coin + level holder: $.36/225mAh x 1 cycle = $0.0016/mAh Tadiran coin: $4.82/1000mAh x 1 cycle = $0.0048/mAh Fifth level Alkaline 2 AAA + holder: $1.71/1000mAh x 1 cycle = $0.0017/mAh IPS MEC TFB : $13.09/700uAh x 10,000 cycles= $0.0019/mAh Cymbet EnerChip: $2.70/50uAh x 10,000 cycles = $0.0054/mAh To charge rechargeable batteries, need to add the Cost for EH power system Supercapacitors can be used, but electrical characteristics are a concern
Calculating the Cost of the Energy Harvester

Think of the Energy Harvester as a variable capacity battery The output energy will depend on the ambient energy conditions Energy Harvester will have a min/max energy output range Click to editdesigns Master text styles Calculate the EH cost based on the energy output average Second level Cost is Transducer + interface components + conversion electronics (IC)
Example: Simple Solar Energy Harvester at 200Lux with 24/7 operation Fourth level Sanyo AM1815 4.9V solar cell $4.39 (1K pcs) output is 147uW Fifth level Assume simple conversion electronic components for $1.25 3.3V x Current = 147uW. Current = 44.7microAmps output Total capacity over 10 year 24/7 life = 3,916 mAh $/mAh for Solar EH = $0.0014. Lower than AAA and Coin cell costs Fewer light hours increases cost, brighter light decreases costs Energy Harvesters can be designed as cost effectively as Primary Batteries
Third level
Assigning $ Value to other Attributes

What is the product power lifetime requirements 200mAh, 1Ah, 5Ah? Life of product duration expectations 3, 5, 10, 20 years? Click to edit Master text styles Battery Footprint and overall product size Second level Battery Height and overall product size 3 - how much energy for $ in how small a space? Third level $cost/uAh/mm Assembly Issues and Costs Fourth level Primary Battery Change-out Fifth level device access and cost of replacement Product Physical design No doors or customer access Electrical Characteristics - flat voltage, fast recharge, low discharge Aging Characteristics chemical leakage, seals drying out Transportation Restrictions UN and Country Air Safety shipping laws Safety and End-of-Life Disposal - what are the procedures and costs
EH Power System Cost vs. Benefit

Second level
Third level
Light
MCU + Radio
Fifth level

T
Motion
EM Field
$ Cost vs. $ Benefit vs. Requirements
Industry is Providing Cost Effective Sensor Building Blocks

Low Power Microprocessors with nanoAmp sleep currents. Click Low Power Radio Transceivers: to edit Master text styles
IEEE 802.15.4 standards 2.4Gigahertz MilliAmp to tens of milliAmps currents for transmitters and receivers Second level Quick startup with low sleep power
Energy Efficient Radio Protocols: Fourth level power protocols Proprietary Ultra-low Fifth level ZigBee andZigBee Green
Bluetooth LE ANT+, EnOcean Alliance Dust Networks IP 6LoWPAN
Third level
Micropower Sensors with low sleep currents:

Passive IR, Temp, Humidity, Acceleration, Pressure, etc.
Lower quiescent current peripheral circuits:

Clocks, power management chips, etc.
EH Overview Summary
Billions of smart devices deployed over the next 10 years need: Powered autonomously and be off-grid Click to a edit Master text styles Have power source that lasts the life of the device Second level Be small, integrated and cost effective Cost Energy Harvesting solutions can power products effective Third level SuccessisFourth based on the EH Ecosystem converging: level Fifth level EH Transducers High Efficiency power conversion Life of Product Energy storage Ultra low power Microcontrollers and Sensors Low power wireless radios and protocols Optimized system architecture, hardware and firmware
EH Design Sections
1. Click Advancements in Energytext Harvesting Transducers to edit Master styles
Second level 2. High Efficiency Designs for Energy Conversion Third level 3. New Technologies Fourth level for ULP MCUs, Sensors and Actuators
4. Wireless Transceivers, Protocols, SoCs and Architectures 5. Successful Commercial Energy Harvesting Deployments 6. Final Thoughts
Fifth level
Walk Through the Power Chain

Energy Harvester
SecondEnergy levelManagement
Third level
Pow er Fourth level M anagement Fifth level
Energy Storage
Application
Ambient Energy Harvesting Transducer
Battery
WSN
Photovoltaic Electro-Mechanical Thermo-Electric Radio Frequency
Energy Conversion Manage Energy Storage Powers Application
Solid State Battery Capacitor Traditional Battery
Wireless Sensor Powered Card Implantable Medical Many, many more
EH Commercial Transducers
Second level
Third level
EH Transducers
Second level
Third level
EH Transducer Power Management Challenges

Energy Source Challenge
Conform to small surface area; wide input voltage range
Light Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
Vibrational
Thermal
Varies with light input Low k to 10s of k Constant impedance 10s of k to 100k Variability of Third level vibrational frequency Fourth level Fifth level Small thermal gradients; efficient heat sinking Coupling & rectification
Typical Impedance
Typical Voltage
Typical Power Output

10W-15mW (Outdoors: 0.15mW15mW) (Indoors: <500W) 1W-20mW
Cost
$0.50 to $10.00
DC: 0.5V to 5V [Depends on number of cells in array] AC: 10s of volts
$2.50 to $50.00
Constant impedance 1 to 100s of Constant impedance Low ks
DC: 10s of mV to 10V
0.5mW-10mW (20 C gradient)
$1.00 to $30.00
RF & Inductive
AC: Varies with distance and power 0.5V to 5V
Wide range
$0.50 to $25.00
How Much Power is Available at the LOAD?

Available Load power depends on:
1. Click to edit Master text styles Energy source

Second level 2. Transducer characteristics 3. Power conversion efficiency Third level
Fourth level Fifth level energy source
Each
needs to be quantified
Each source requires an optimized transducer Each source requires an optimized power manager
Energy Harvesting Power Range for WSN

100W
Peak Power

Second level
Third level
Fourth level 100W Fifth level
10W 1W 100nW 10nW RFID Tag Watch/Calculator Real Time Clock (RTC) P Standby 1mW 10mW 100mW
10W Power Tools Laptop Computer GSM Cell Phone
1W
GPS Bluetooth Transceiver Hearing Aid/Wireless Sensor
Sensor/Remotes
Texas Instruments MSP430 RF2500 Wireless Sensor Demo (~60mW Peak)
Various EH Tracking Methods

to edit Master text styles Click MPPT algorithms
Hill climbing Incremental conductance (P/V) Second level algorithms P&O Third level Fractional OCV Fourth level Fractional OCV (Open Fifth level Circuit Voltage) MPP voltage has a fixed ratio to open circuit voltage (0.7 0.8) But: Ratio not constant and different for every generator
Perturb & Observe

Generic algorithm Oscillates around MPP
Utilize MPP Tracking

edit Master text styles Click What to is the Maximum Power Point?
Second level
Third level
MPPT with Variable Impedance EH Transducer

Second level
Third level
Fourth level Fifth level Example: Photovoltaic Cell
MPPT with Constant Impedance EH Transducers

Examples: Thermoelectric Generators, Piezoelectric Materials, Electromagnetic

Second level
Third level
Energy Harvesting Needs New Storage Solutions

INCREASING PROLIFERATION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES THAT ARE SMALLER, PORTABLE AND/OR CONNECTED

Second level Wireless Smart
Ultra-Low Power Processors
Third level
Devices & Sensors Everywhere
Component Integration and Miniaturization
Eco-Friendly & Renewable Energy
Fourth Key level Trends Driving Billions of New Devices Fifth level
HOWEVER, EXISTING ENERGY STORAGE SOLUTIONS ARE INADEQUATE
LARGER PROFILE / BULKY SIZE LOW ENERGY FOR SPACE USED INTEGRATION ISSUES HIGH WEAR-OUT AND FAILURE ISSUES TOXIC CHEMICALS SAFETY & DISPOSAL ISSUES
Rechargeable Solid State Batteries

Solid State Cathode EnerChip Co-packaged
Anode Current Collector
Solid State Electrolyte

Electrolyte

Cathode Substrate
EnerChips on Silicon Wafers
Solid State Battery & PMU
Protective Coating Current Collector
Charging
Discharging
EnerChipTM Solid State Batteries

Second level
Third level
Key Features: small footprint, long cycle life, fast recharge, ultra-low self-discharge, environmentally friendly Solid state energy storage solutions on silicon using common semiconductor manufacturing processes Fourth level EnerChips are 150 microns thick (less than two human hairs ) or 1/20th the thickness of a comparable battery Fifth level EnerChips are efficiently co-packaged with other chips: Power Management, RTCs and MCUs Packaged Power
EnerChip with Integrated Power Management/RTC and Energy Processor CBC915
The EnerChip battery is designed to integrate with other ICs; Cymbet has commercialized the EnerChip CC, a co-packaged Solid State Battery and custom Cymbet Power Management ASIC for a drop-in solution a UPS in a Chip. The EnerChip RTC integrates a Real Time Clock chip with the EnerChip CC CBC3105. To enable high efficiency Plug and Play Energy Harvesting (EH) solutions, the custom Cymbet EnerChip CBC915 Energy Processor uses an advanced patent-pending Maximum Peak Power Tracking algorithms for high efficiency energy conversion and management
Key EH Battery Requirements

High Cycle Life
Capacity with Cycling
70 60 50
Flat Output Voltage Profile
Capacity (Ah)
40 30 20 10 0 0

4.2V 4.15V 4.1V 4.3V
Second level
Third level
100 200 300 400
4.0V
Discharge Cycle #
Fast and Simple Charge

120

500 600 700 800
900
1000
Low Self-Discharge
4.5
Charge Current & Charge Capacity vs, Charge Time
Self-Discharge
15
Charge Current/ Battery Capacity
4.0
100
14
Percent of Charge
Charge Loss %
3.5 3.0
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
80
Non-Recoverable
2.5
60
2.0 1.5 1.0
40
Recoverable
20
0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (Minutes)
Stand Time (Years)
Rechargeable Solid State Batteries

Click to edit Master text styles SSB
Second level
Third level
Super Cap Higher Drive Current, Higher Leakage
= Best of Both Worlds
High Drive Current High Energy Density

50 X SuperCap
Lowest Leakage
4,000 X < SuperCap
Rechargeable / Long Life
Battery
Superior Lifetime Energy never replace a battery
Higher Energy Density & Lower Leakage
Example of Wireless EH-Powered Intra-Ocular Pressure Sensor

Second level
Third level
University of Michigan ISSCC Paper: http://www.cymbet.com/design-center/wirelesssensors.php
Power Design Tips Summary

Most power available if load source matches Click to edit Master text styles Power management ensures Second level maximum power output Third level Energy storage always required Fourth level Transducer size can be reduced Fifth level due to more efficient power management System costs significantly lower when transducers are smaller
Each EH Transducer has Different Harvesting Circuitry

Second level
Third level
Example: Cymbet CBC-EVAL-09 Energy Processor Universal Energy Harvesting Eval kit
Low Voltage EH DC or AC Solar, Thermal, Electromagnetic

2 1 4 5 3
Second level
Third level
Fourth level Fifth level 6
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. AC-DC Rectifier Over Voltage Clamp Filter/Voltage Divider Input Energy Reservoir Boost Converter/Switched Rectifier Kick Starter Charge Pump Negative Bias Voltage Charge Pump Always On Depletion Mode JFET
High Voltage DC or AC Piezoelectric, Thermoelectric

3 6

5
Second level
1
Third level
2 9
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
AC-DC Rectifiers 5V Clamp Input Energy Reservoir Filter/Voltage Divider Over Voltage Clamp Flyback Down Converter Negative Bias Voltage Charge Pump Always On Depletion Mode JFET Kick Starter Charge Pump
Energy Processor MPPT

4

3
Second level
Third level
1 6 5
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Cymbet Energy Processor Status LEDs also shunt regulator while finding MPPT Output Voltage Feedback Divider Output Isolation Switch Level Switcher FETs Serial Port for Energy Aware communications
Battery Charging, Powering Load and Comms

4 7
1. 2. 3. 4.

6
Second level
Third level
1
Fourth level Fifth level 2
5. 6.
7.
3 8
8.
Cutoff Trip Point Bias EnerChip Low Voltage Cutoff EnerChip Solid State Batteries Boost Capacitor Charge Isolation Output Boost Cap (Radio) Output Isolation Switch Isolation Switch to CBC915 Serial Port Isolation
Focus on MCU, Radio and Sensors

Second level
Third level
Light
MCU + Radio
Fifth level

T
Motion
EM Field
1uW MCU Operation

Second level
0.5uA 1uA
1uW target = 2V x 0.5uA
Third level
1V
2V
3V
4V
time
Target MCU operating range = 1.8V 3.6V

Optimized Code is Critical

Second level 0% CPU Load! Third level 0.01% Load
// Setup timer output unit CCTL1 = OUTMOD0_1; _BIS_SR(CPUOFF); MCU GPIO
Fourth level Fifth level#pragma vector=WDT_VECTOR
_interrupt watchdog_timer (void){ P1OUT ^= 0x01; // Toggle }
100% CPU Load
while (1){ P1OUT ^= 0x01; __delay_cycles(10000); }
// Toggle // Delay
Ultra-low Power Activity Profile

1mA Click to edit Master text styles
Second level 100uA
Third level
10uA 1uA
Reduce Standby Current Average

time
Reduce Active Time
Average approaches standby

1uW Computing + Sensor Processing

uW 1000

100 10
1000x Reduction

2KPS
1,000,000IPS
Third level
1,000,000IPS
Second level
10SPS Sensor ~1KPS CPU
Active Active Active CPU=1MHz CPU=1MHz CPU~1KHz Flash RAM 2V 3V 2V
Standby CPU=1MHz Burst 2V
Tips for Achieving 1uW Computing

Off-the-shelf F20xx is capable of 1uW computing
Performance 1-2KIPS text styles Click to editof Master Including Sensor sample 1-10 Samples Per Second Second level ULP standby clock Third level Instant-on and very accurate high-speed clock Fourth level I/O, interrupt capability, BOR and all RAM retained Fifth level Traps Firmware Temperature increases leakage significantly Floating inputs Multiple voltage domain satiation Watch for un-deterministic clocking Where to get a 2V supply in a real application?
Wireless Evolution
Second level
Power
Third level
Fourth level Fifth Focus market forlevel
Energy Harvest
(internet) IEEE802.11x
Wi-Fi
(short-range voice)
Bluetooth
(usb2 cable replacement)
UWB
(hundreds of applications) IEEE802.15.4
WSNs
IEEE802.15.1
250 kbps
1 Mbps
11-54 Mbps
200+ Mbps
Comparing Wireless Options

Increasing priority
Co-existance with other networks Large-scale Networking stack Small-scale Networking stack Implementation Price Wireless Microcontroller design route Interoperability Encryption
Second level
Low Bluetooth Third level BT LE Low
High Low
Power
Poor Poor
No No No
Yes Yes No
No No Yes
Yes Yes No
Fair Fair No
High High Low
Fourth level Proprietary Low Low No Fifth Low level Good 802.15.4 Low
WiFi High High Good
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Good Low
Good High
IEEE802.15.4 offers optimal solution

Designed to operate in large networks of devices Lowest cost. Flexible design solution for many different applications No application-profiles ensures design flexibility Lowest power with prospect of interoperability Co-existence with other wireless networks (e.g. Wi-Fi)
Datarate
Bluetooth versus 802.15.4

When to use Bluetooth
Problems with Bluetooth

Stereo Audio
Second level
Cell phone Third alreadylevel has BT Fourth level No WiFi interference or use AFH
Spec changes every 18 months
Channel hopping will cause interference
Fifth level Benefits of 802.15.4

Coordinator
Router
Router
End device
Router
End device
Multiple channels
Network of devices
Large number of connections
Fast connect times of 6mS
Coexist by locking onto a clear channel
Using Wireless Mesh Networks

Multiple Devices 802.15.4 device connections limited by bandwidth (100s ) NXP JenNet is 16 devices Click to edit Master ZigBee depends on profile
text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level Fifth level Multiple Channels Separate PAN id

Separate channels Connects to its router
No division of bandwidth
802.15.4 Current Profile (Minimum Required) Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Very low overall energy consumption due to very low TX current Significantly lower energy usage than competing single chip products
Ramp up from sleep
Full solution is achieved using just 50uC of charge (100uJ at 2v)

EH Sensors and Controls Example

Owner: Local Government Lombardei OEM-Partner: Siemens
Situation Click to edit Master text styles 39 Floors
Second level
Third level
530 ft. 72.000 sqm Floorspace
Fourth level Solution Flexible BMS Fifth level 400 EnOcean-KNX-Gateways for FullRadio Coverage 1580 EnOcean-Rocker for Lighting Control (DALI) 2500 EnOcean Room-Units Temp./Setpoint Benefit Flexible Roomstructure Quick and easy installation Saving of time Initialinstallation and RetrofitSeite 52
Click to edit Master text styles - Irvine, CA

Second level
Third level
Glumac Office of the Future

- New Construction, Lighting/HVAC - 8,500 sq. ft. EnOcean wireless extension to wired BACnet Occupancy based-lighting and climate control Task-ambient luminaires & controls helped Glumac beat California Title 24 lighting allowances by 75%
USGBC LEED PLATINUM (file picture)
Echoflex Solutions, Tambient
Summary
Cost effective Energy Harvesting power based systems can be designed using new technologies and intelligent design techniques
Second level Utilize appropriate EH transducers Third level Implementhigh efficiency energy conversion, rechargeable Fourth level energy storageand Fifthenergy level aware power management
Ultra low power MCUs, Wireless links/protocols and sensors Ideal solutions are highly-efficient, eco-friendly, power generation systems that can be cycled continuously for the life of the product

Cymbet EH Powering For WSN Symposia Sensors Expo 2013

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The Design Secrets for Commercially Successful EH-Powered Wireless Sensors

Steve Grady & Jeff Mullin Cymbet

Designing Commercially Successful Energy Harvesting Powered Systems

Key Trends Driving Innovation

Integration with other components

Eco-Friendly and Renewable Energy

Convergence of Trends into Products Fourth level Fifth level

Introducing Energy Harvesting:

Second level Energy Harvesting applications found in every industry segment

EH Powering The Internet Of Things

Click to edit Master text styles

Toys PCs Clothing Media Players Purses

Energy Harvesting for Powering WSN Symposia

HP CeNSE, IBM Smarter Planet

Click to edit Master text styles

IBM Smarter Planet

Whos going to change 1 Trillion Batteries????!

Energy Harvesting Market in 2012 $0.7Bn

Click to edit Master text styles

Consumer Electronics 630million/ $420 million

Military & Aerospace 0.05 million/ $175 million

Bicycle Dynamo 6.3 million/ $63 million

Industrial - non mesh 2 million/$16 million

Energy Harvesting for Powering WSN Symposia

Energy Harvesting Market in 2017 $1.5Bn

Click to edit Master text styles

Military & Aerospace 0.07 million/ $210 million

Wireless Mesh Networks 20 million/$200 million

Industrial - non mesh 40 million/ $140 million

Wristwatches 43 million/ $33.4 million

Laptops/ebooks 5 million/$80 million

Mobile Phones 20 million/ $100 million

Energy Harvesting for Powering WSN Symposia

Energy Harvesting Market Forecasts

Total Market Value by EH Technology 2019

EH-Powered Autonomous Wireless Sensor Block Diagram

(e.g., temperature, pressure, occupancy)

Energy Aware Communications and Control

Energy Harvesting Power Supply

EH Transducer Electrical Interface Discrete Components

IC - Energy Conversion Battery Management Power Management

Rechargeable Energy Storage Device

Energy Harvesting for Powering WSN Symposia

4 Key Design Considerations for EH

Avoid components with excessive leakage or quiescent current Fourth level

4. Size storage for times when ambient energy is not available

EH vs. Battery Business Case Realities

Energy Harvesting for Powering WSN Symposia

Calculating the Cost of the Energy Harvester

Assigning $ Value to other Attributes

Energy Harvesting for Powering WSN Symposia

EH Power System Cost vs. Benefit

(e.g., temperature, pressure, occupancy)

Energy Aware Communications and Control

Energy Harvesting Power Supply

EH Transducer Electrical Interface Discrete Components

IC - Energy Conversion Battery Management Power Management

Rechargeable Energy Storage Device

$ Cost vs. $ Benefit vs. Requirements

Energy Harvesting for Powering WSN Symposia

Industry is Providing Cost Effective Sensor Building Blocks

Micropower Sensors with low sleep currents: