Chapter 5 Light

5.4 Optical Devices

Prepared by: L.C. Seah

Simple Microscopes
Virtual, upright, magnified image Near point

O F u f
25 cm
Near point distance

Simple Microscopes

Virtual, upright, magnified image Near point

O F u f 25 cm
Near point distance

1 Simple Microscope is a magnifying glass. 2 It has a single convex lens with short focal length. 3 u < f, image = virtual, magnified and upright. 4 A sharper and larger image seen at near point.

Compound Microscope
Lo > fo + fe

Objective Lens O 2Fo Fo I2

Fo Fe
I1

Fe

Eyepiece

About 25 cm

Lo > fo + fe Objective Lens O Fo I2 Fo Fe I1 Eyepiece About 25 cm Fe

Compound Microscope

1 It uses 2 powerful convex lenses. 2 fo < fe. 3 Object must place be placed between Fo and 2 Fo. 4 Objective lens produce real, inverted and magnified image I1.

Lo > fo + fe Objective Lens O Fo I2 Fo Fe I1 Eyepiece About 25 cm Fe

Compound Microscope

5 Eyepiece must be positioned so that the first image I1 is between the lens and Fe. 6 Eyepiece lens produce virtual, upright and magnified image I2. 7 Normal adjustment: the distance between the lenses, Lo is greater than the sum of their individual focal length (fo + fe).

Compound Microscope
h1 Magnification of objective lens, mo ho h2 Magnification of eyepiece, me h1
Magnification of compound microscope,
m = m o me

Astronomical Telescope
Lo = fo + fe

Parallel rays from distant object

Objective Lens

fo

fe

Fe Fo I1

Fe

Eyepiece

Astronomical Telescope
Lo = fo + fe fo fe

Parallel rays from distant object

Fo Objective Lens

Fe Fo
I1

Fe

Eyepiece

Astronomical Telescope
1 It uses 2 convex lenses. 2 fo > fe. 3 Objective lens converges the parallel rays from a distant object and forms a real, inverted and diminished image, I1 at Fo.

Astronomical Telescope
4 Eyepiece must be positioned so that the I1 becomes the object at Fe. 5 Eyepiece forms a virtual, upright and magnified image at infinity. 6 Normal adjustment: the distance between the lenses, Lo is equal to the sum of their individual focal length (fo + fe).

Astronomical Telescope

fo Magnification of telescope, m fe

Astronomical Telescope

Use:

a low powered objective lens a high powered eyepiece

To increase the magnification power

Astronomical Telescope
fo

> fe
Final image is formed at infinity to produce the highest magnification
Lo = fo + fe fo Fe Fo I1 Objective Lens Eyepiece fe Fe

Parallel rays from distant object

Astronomical Telescope

Diameter of Objective lens

Greater Capture more light Perform better in low-light situation

Smaller, fit the size of eye For more comfortable viewing

Diameter of Eyepiece

Astronomical Telescope
Both

convex lens use

To form image at infinity

Lo = fo + fe

Parallel rays from distant object Objective Lens

fo Fe Fo I1

fe Fe

Eyepiece

Telescope VS Binocular
Advantage of Binocular: Length of binocular shorter It is easy to carry and handle The image formed is upright Stereoscopic, 3-D image formed

Single Lens Camera

Focusing screw Film Fixed single lens Object Aperture Diaphragm Shutter F
Image

Single Lens Camera

1 Convex lens formed a real, inverted and diminished image on a light sensitive film at the back of the camera. 2 Diaphragm is used to adjust the size of the aperture.

Single Lens Camera

3 Focusing screw is used to adjust the focal point, F. 4 The speed of the shutter is used to control the exposure time when taking a photograph.

Slide Projector

Concave mirror

Condenser Projector lenses lens

Projector lamp

Slide

Large image formed on screen

Slide Projector
1 Convex lens formed a real, inverted and magnified image of the slide or film on a screen. 2 The slide is placed between f and 2f from projector lens. 3 Lamp is placed at the optical centre, C of the concave mirror. All light reflected back to the same path.

Slide Projector
4 Lamp also placed at the focal point of the condenser lens. All the light after passing through condenser lens is parallel and spread out evenly over the surface of the slide. 5 The movable projector lens focuses a sharp, inverted and magnified image onto a screen. 6 The slide has to be placed upside-down in order to form an upright image on the screen.

Compound Microscope

Compound Microscope

Astronomical Telescope

Astronomical Telescope

Conclusion
Object distance Optical device u= u > 2f u = 2f f < u < 2f u=f u<f Telescope Single Lens Camera Photocopier machine Projector Parallel light beam Magnifying glass, Microscope