03-Presentation - Basic Groundwater Hydraulics

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Fn|nee|s ano Sc|en||s|s
Basic Groundwater Hydraulics Basic Groundwater Hydraulics
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Basic Groundwater Hydraulics Basic Groundwater Hydraulics
In this topic we will study the concepts of groundwater flow in a
permeable or semi-permeable medium.
What is an aquifer
What are aquicludes and aquitards?
Definition of hydraulic head.
Hydraulic parameters that control saturated groundwater flow.
Steady state flow and non-steady state (transient) flow.
The assumptions that are made in (use of) the governing
equations.
Flownets, equipotentials and groundwater flowlines.
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Basic hydraulic parameters and terms Basic hydraulic parameters and terms
Aquifers, aquicludes and aquitards.
Hydraulic head
Hydraulic gradient
Hydraulic conductivity
Permeability
Transmissivity
Porosity
Confined and unconfined aquifers
Specific yield S
y
for Unconfined Aquifers
Specific storage S
s
and Storativity for Confined Aquifers
Water table Phreatic surface
Confined aquifer - Potentiometric surface
Steady and Non-steady State Flow
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What is an Aquifer? What is an Aquifer?
An aquifer is a geological unit that carries water and can be
exploited economically for water supply or can be drained using
pumping wells. Typically aquifers are areally extensive but
permeable fractured rock systems that we see in some
mining environments are normally limited in area and depth.
There is no clear definition of an aquifer in terms of its hydraulic
conductivity it is somewhat arbitrary. However it is clear that
in most cases in mining we are not dealing with aquifers.
A more formal definition is provided in Freeze and Cherry.
There an aquifer is defined as a saturated permeable geologic
unit that can transmit significant quantities of water under
ordinary hydraulic gradients.
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What is an Aquifer? (2) What is an Aquifer? (2)
In most (but certainly not all) mining cases we are not
dealing with true aquifers but with low permeability media,
typically fractured rock which does not act as a true porous
medium for which most groundwater flow theory is developed.
Some exceptions that can be encountered in a mining context
are alluvium overlying the mine, limestones, highly fractured and
extensive hard rock systems, coal beds, gravels (in gravel pits),
etc.
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Aquicludes Aquicludes and and Aquitards Aquitards
An aquiclude is a saturated geological unit that is incapable
of transmitting significant quantities of water under ordinary
hydraulic gradients.
An aquitard is defined as a low permeability unit within a
geologic sequence that may be significant in a regional
sense but does not transmit water on a local scale.
VERY VAGUE DEFINITIONS!!
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Components of Hydraulic Head Components of Hydraulic Head
Hydraulic Head Hydraulic Head
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Illustration of Hydraulic Head Illustration of Hydraulic Head
Ground surface
Water Table elevation = 1800 msnm hydraulic head = 1800m
elevation head = 1800m
pressure head = 0
hydraulic head = 1800m
Elevation = 1200 msnm elevation head = 1200m
pressure head = 600m
Datum = sea level = 0 msnm
1 kPa = 0.102 m of water
1m of water = 9.804 kPa
1psi = 2.3 ft of water = 0.704m of water
Conversion factors
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Hydraulic Gradient Hydraulic Gradient
The head difference between two points over a horizontal
distance. Groundwater flows as a result of this hydraulic
gradient.
Hydraulic gradient = (h
1
-h
2
)
L
h
1
h
2
L
Confined aquifer
Note: Definition the same for unconfined aquifer
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Permeability & Hydraulic Conductivity Permeability & Hydraulic Conductivity
(Related to water) a permeable medium is one through which water will
flow under the influence of a hydraulic gradient. There are two defined
parameters - Hydraulic Conductivity and Intrinsic Permeability.
Intrinsic permeability can be referred to as permeability but Hydraulic
Conductivity should not be referred to a permeability although it often is.
Intrinsic permeability k is a property of the medium, independent of the
fluid.
Hydraulic conductivity relates k to density and dynamic viscosity of
the fluid and gravitational constant g.
K (hydraulic conductivity) = k g/
Hydraulic conductivity is an integral parameter in Darcys Law and
other groundwater flow equations.
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Derivation of Hydraulic Conductivity Derivation of Hydraulic Conductivity
DARCY'S LAW for steady-state flow
For flow Q in a cross-section of Area = A
With hydraulic gradient i = Dh/Dx
Q = KiA
Where K = Hydraulic Conductivity
Units SI units
Q m
3
/d
i
A m
2
so k m/d
L
2
L
3
/L
2
T = L/T
x
Dimensions
L
3
/T
dimensionless
This relationship is analagous to those governing heat
transfer and flow of electricity. Also note that Hydraulic
Conductivity K has units of L/T but it IS NOT a velocity.
Groundwater flow velocity depends upon the porosity of
the medium in which it flows.
(v = Ki/ where is porosity)
Q
in
Q
out
h
Cross-sectional Area = A
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Hydraulic Conductivity Values for Different Materials
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Controls on Fracturing and Permeability of Controls on Fracturing and Permeability of
Rock Mass Rock Mass
Structure
Depth
Lithology
Alteration
Mineralization
Secondary effects from Blasting and Unloading
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Transmissivity Transmissivity
AND:Alternate form of Darcy's Law Q = KiA is Q = Tiw
where i = (h
1
-h
2
)/L
Aquifer with Hydraulic Conductivity K, Width w,
and thickness b
TRANSMISSIVITY T = Kb (the product of hydraulic
conductivity x aquifer thickness per unit width of
aquifer.)
b
w
h
1 h
2
h
L
Groundwater flow
through element
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Porosity Porosity
Porosity is the percentage of void space within a soil or rock,
typically denoted as or n.
However not all voids are connected and so we talk of
Interconnected Porosity. Of this the majority of the void space
can be drained under gravity, and this term is called Specific
Yield S
y.
The part that cannot be drained is called Specific
Retention S
r
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Unconfined & Confined Aquifers Unconfined & Confined Aquifers
Flowing
well
Piezometric surface
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Specific Yield (from unconfined aquifer) Specific Yield (from unconfined aquifer)
Specific Yield Sy of an unconfined aquifer is the volume of
water released from storage per unit area per unit decline in
head. It is dimensionless.
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Storativity Storativity of Confined Aquifer of Confined Aquifer
The storativity S of a confined aquifer is the volume of water
released from storage per unit area per unit decline in
pressure head. It is dimensionless.
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Specific Storage (Elastic Storage) Specific Storage (Elastic Storage)
The volume of water released from storage in a unit volume of
confined aquifer for a unit decline in head. Specific Storage,
Ss is related to porosity and compressibility of the system
matrix and of water by the equation
Ss = g(+ )
where is the density of water, g is acceleration due to gravity,
is the porosity of the rock, is the compressibility of the
matrix framework and is the compressibility of water.
Dimensions of Specific Storage are 1/L, typical range is from
1 x 10
-4
to 5 x 10
-7
m
-1
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Storage and Storage and Storativity Storativity
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Phreatic Phreatic Surface and Surface and Potentiometric Potentiometric Surface Surface
Direction of groundwater flow
(piezometric)
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Groundwater Flow Velocity Groundwater Flow Velocity
Dimensions of Hydraulic conductivity are L/T (e.g m/d).
However it is NOT a velocity.
Darcys Law is stated as Q = KiA
Dimensions for Hydraulic Conductivity should correctly be
shown as L
3
/T/L
2
(e.g) m
3
/d/m
2
.
In reality A is a unit area (e.g. m
2
) through which water flows
only within the pore space . It can be deduced therefore
that flow velocity should be estimated by
v = Ki/ / / /
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Groundwater Flow Velocity Groundwater Flow Velocity
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Think of Darcys Law, Q moving uniformly, obviously actual velocity is faster to

proportion of porosity AND, higher K pathways flow faster.
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Hydraulic Conductivity and Groundwater Flow Hydraulic Conductivity and Groundwater Flow
We see how Hydraulic Conductivity is a controlling factor in groundwater
flow, along with hydraulic gradient and flow area. Clearly the flow in a
system is limited by the lowest overall K, i and A.
Plan view
Edge Section
K
1
K
2
K
3
Possible pressure surface
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Steady and Non Steady Steady and Non Steady- -State Groundwater Flow State Groundwater Flow
Steady-state flow occurs when the magnitude and direction
of the flow velocity is constant with time at any point in the
flow field.
Non-Steady State (transient) flow occurs when the magnitude
and direction of the flow velocity changes with time at any point
in the flow field.
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Steady and Non Steady Steady and Non Steady- -State Groundwater Flow State Groundwater Flow
Qz
out
Qy
out
Qx
in
Qx
out
y
Qy
in
Qz
in
z
x
For Steady State Flow:
/ x(K
x
h/ x) + / y(K
y
h/ y) + / z(K
z
h/ z) = 0
For Transient (non-steady state) Flow
( (( ( / x(K
x
h/ x) + / y(K
y
h/ y) + / z(K
z
h/ z) = S
s
h/ t + Q
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Steady Steady State State Flow Flow ( (Theim Theim) ) Equation Equation
r
2
h
2
h
1
Then, Q = 2 T(h2-h1)
ln(r
2
/r
1
)
r
1
If there are two observation wells at radii R1 and R2, and where
piezometric heads are h1 and h2 respectively
THEIM Equation for Steady State Flow to a well
Usual constraints re aquifer continuity, etc.
Then by applying Darcy's Law, Q = kiA which is the same as Q
= k x dh/dr x 2 rm
=
2 Ts
ln(r
2
/r
1
)
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Flow Towards a Well Flow Towards a Well
Note that as the volume of water that
is drawn towards a pumping well
remains
constant it is logical that the cross-
section area through which it passes
is reduced.
It therefore follows from Darcys Law
that the hydraulic gradient must
increase as the water nears the well.
(see following slide).
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Methods for Solving Non Methods for Solving Non- -Steady Flow Steady Flow
Equation to find Hydraulic Conductivity and Equation to find Hydraulic Conductivity and
Confined Storage ( Confined Storage (Storativity Storativity) )
There are a number of solutions to solving the non-steady
state equation to determine the aquifer hydraulic parameters
hydraulic conductivity and storativity.
Note that there are many assumptions made in using all of
these types of solutions, such as:
(For most methods) that the aquifer is fully confined,
The aquifer has uniform thickness and is of infinite areal
extent,
The aquifer is homogeneous (conductivity and storativity
does not vary with depth or direction).
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Theis Theis Equation for Solving Non Equation for Solving Non- -Steady Flow Steady Flow
Equation Equation
Q
r
2
S
4T 4Tt
s = W(u) where u =
W(u) is an exponential integral
W(u) = -.5772 ln u + u + u
2
/2.2! + u
3
/3.3! + u
4
/4.4!
and T = Kd Transmissivity
(hydraulic conductivity x aquifer thickness).
Q = flowrate,
s = drawdown.
t = elapsed time
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Theis Theis Equation for Non Equation for Non- -Steady Groundwater Flow Steady Groundwater Flow
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Functioning Functioning Theis Theis Spreadsheet Spreadsheet
Spreadsheet with THEIS solution to find s (drawdown) for combinations of Q, kD, t, r and S
Q
(m
3
/d)
kD
(m
2
/d)
Time
t
(day)
Radius
r (m)
S u W(u) s (m)
200 1000 100 500 0.0001 6.25E-05 9.1025 0.1449
ONLY CHANGE VALUES IN YELLOW CELLS MAX u!
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Cooper Cooper- -Jacob Approximation of Jacob Approximation of Theis Theis Equation Equation
for Solving Non for Solving Non- -Steady Flow Equation Steady Flow Equation
We have seen that the Theis solution is
or s = Q/4 T(-.5772 ln u + u + u
2
/2.2! + u
3
/3.3! + u
4
/4.4! )
for large values of t or small values of r the value of u becomes negligible
so that the series can be rewritten as s = Q/4 T x (-.5772 ln r
2
S/4Tt)
In decimal logarithms this becomes s = (2.3Q/4 T)log(2.25Tt/r
2
S),
Then T = 2.3Q/4 s
Plot graph of drawdown against log time (see next slide), determine s
and estimate T
For data from an observation well it is possible to derive storativity S
S = 2.25 Tt
0
/r
2
Q
r
2
S
4T 4Tt
s = W(u) where u =
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Jacob Plot Jacob Plot Drawdown per Log Cycle Drawdown per Log Cycle
Decenso in Pozo de Bombeo Z1
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20
100 1000 10000
Tiempo (minutos)
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s
o

(
m
)
s = drawdown per log cycle = 2.3m
Time (minutes)
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The Effect of Varying Hydraulic Parameters on The Effect of Varying Hydraulic Parameters on
Depressurization Effects Depressurization Effects
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Equipotential Equipotential Surfaces Surfaces
Surface joining points of equal hydraulic head
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Equipotentials Equipotentials and Flow in Uniform and Flow in Uniform
Medium Medium
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equipotential
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Groundwater Flow Patterns Close to Groundwater Flow Patterns Close to
Boundaries Boundaries
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Steady State and Steady State and
Transient Flow Transient Flow
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Simple Simple Flownet Flownet Example Example
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Variations in Hydraulic Conductivity Variations in Hydraulic Conductivity
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Effects of Anisotropy on Hydraulic Head Effects of Anisotropy on Hydraulic Head
Distribution Distribution
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Flow System from Recharge Area to Flow System from Recharge Area to
Discharge Area Discharge Area
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Unconfined Aquifer Unconfined Aquifer Flow to a Well Flow to a Well
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Flow to Well in a Flow to Well in a
Confined Aquifer Confined Aquifer
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Flow Towards an Open Pit Flow Towards an Open Pit
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03-Presentation - Basic Groundwater Hydraulics

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1

Think of Darcys Law, Q moving uniformly, obviously actual velocity is faster to

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