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Solutions for Selected Problems 15. If two unit vectors are the sides of an equilateral
triangle then their sum as well as their difference
could be a unit vector.
Exercise 5.1
3 4 12
v is , , .
13 13 13
1
direction of a is a (cos , sin ) therefore any O
a
b
unit vector in two dimensions can be written as a
(cos , sin ). A B
21. a. u (a, b, c) In ∆OAB, ∠OAB 90 therefore OB2 OA2 AB2.
In ∆OBP, ∠OBP 90 therefore OP2 OB2 BP2.
z
Hence OP2 OA2 OB2 BP2 but OA a,
OB b, BP OC c.
a
Therefore OP 2
b 2
c 2.
22. Since the direction angles α, β, and γ are all equal, say
then cos2 cos2 cos2 1
1
cos2
3
11 1
cos or cos
3 3
≅ 55 ≅ 125
The direction angles are 55 or 125.
A(–5, 3)
B(5, 2)
x
C(7, –8)
OD
OC 15. Given points X(7, 4, 2) and Y(1, 2, 1)
OM
2 (6, 2, 3).
XY
1 is XY
The magnitude of XY 36 4
9
(3, 7)
2
7.
OM
2 2
3, 7 . A unit vector in a direction opposite to XY has
9, 9, 3 .
OM
2 2 b. The midpoint of AB is the point Q(1, 0, 2) which is
not on the y-axis and is equidistant from A and B.
14. a. 3(x, 1) 2(2, y) (2, 1)
17. a. A(2, –3, –4)
(3x, 3) (4, 2y) (2, 1) 2
(3x 4, 3 2y) (2, 1)
Equating components
3x 4 2, 3 2y 1
x2 y 1. G
B(3, –4, 2)
C(1, 3, –7) M
1
2
5
are 2, , .
2
1 c 14 9
(3 1 7 4, 1 1 4)
4 14
.
d 16
15
, 1 .
4 4
1
21
.
15
The centroid is , 1 .
4 cos
3
14 21
cos ≅ 0.1750.
d.
p (2, 4, 5);
p
4 16
25 45
11. Since a (2, 3, 4) and b
(10, y, z) are
q (0, 2, 3); q 4
9 13
perpendicular a · b 0. Therefore 20 3y 4z 0
4 20
p · q 8 15 7 and y z .
3 3
p · q
pq cos (1, 5, 8), v (1, 3, 2).
12. u
7
cos · v
a. LS u
45 13
1 15 16
≅ 73
2
The angle between vectors p and q is 73. RS v · u
1 15 16
9. a (2, 3, 7); b
(4, y, 14) 2
therefore u · v v · u.
a. a and b
are collinear if a kb, k R
ˆb → →
b̂ â + b
→
b
b̂
b
a →+
180º –
â
O → A
a
Let be the angle between the unit vectors â and b.
From the cosine law
A
OA , OB
AC
b, OC
a b.
â b̂2 â2 b̂2 2âb̂ cos(180 ).
Since a is perpendicular to b ∠OAC 90.
Now â b̂ 3 and cos(180 ) cos
2 OA
In ∆OAC, OC 2 AC
2
therefore 3 1 1 2âb̂ cos
1 2â · b̂ i.e., a b2 a2 b2.
1 The usual name of this result is the Pythagorean
â · b̂ .
2 Theorem.
Now (2â 5b̂) · (b̂ 3â) 13â · b̂ 6â2 5b̂2
b. B
13
6 5 → →
c=a –b
→ →
2 b
11
(2â 5b̂ ) · (b̂ 3â) .
2 O →
a A
19. a 3î 4ĵ k̂ (3, 4, 1)
b 2î 3ĵ 6k̂ (2, 3, 6) a, OB
From ∆OAB, OA b
a · b 6 12 6
BA c a b and ∠BOA .
0. 2 OA
Now BA 2 OB
2 2OA
OB
cos
Since a · b 0, a ⊥ b and the parallelogram will be
c2 a2 b2 2 a b cos .
a rhombus.
The result here is called the Cosine Law.
Let u and v be the sides of the rhombus.
u v a (3, 4, 1) 21.
a, b 3x – y = 5
u v b (2, 3, 6) y
5 7 35 (1 49 25) cos
23
cos In questions such as this a specific example can
75
≅ 108. illustrate the desired result. Suppose a (3, 1)
The angles between the sides of the rhombus are 108 and b (3, 4) then a · b 5
and 72. Now, for c (p, q), if a · c a · b
53 3p q 5.
Now 2u 75 53, u There is an infinite number of possibilities for c, one
2
of which is b.
53
the lengths of the sides of the rhombus are .
2
P(1, 1, 1) If a a1, a2, a3 and b b1, b2, b3
(1, 1, 1) and
Two body diagonals of the cube are OP Exercise 5.4
AQ (1, 1, 1).
7. î (1, 0, 0), ĵ (0, 1, 0), k̂ (0, 0, 1)
· AQ
Now OP OP
AQ
cos where is an angle a. î ĵ (0, 0, 1) k̂.
between the body diagonals. b. k̂ ĵ (1, 0, 0) î.
· AQ
OP 1 1 1 1
8. a. Let u (u1, u2, u3)
3,
OP 3.
AQ v (v1, v2, v3)
1
Therefore cos and ≅ 71 v (v1, v2, v3)
3
u v (u2v3 v2u3, v1u3 u1v3, u1v2 v1u2)
The body diagonals of a cube make angles of 71 and 119
to each other. v u (v2u3 u2v3, u1v3 v1u3, v1u2
u1v2)
u v.
·
9. (a a)(b · b) (a · b)2
a2 b2 (
ab cos )2 → → →
(a b) a
a2 b2 (1 cos2 )
a b is a vector that is perpendicular to both a and
a2 b2 sin2 b. Let n a b. Now n a is a vector that is
therefore RS
a2b2
sin2 perpendicular to both n and a. Therefore n a, n and
a are perpendicular to each other; i.e., (a b) a,
absin .
a b and a are mutually perpendicular.
But 0 ≤ ≤ 180 therefore sin ≥ 0
and RS ab sin 13. Let u (u1, u2, u3), v (v1, v2, v3), and
a b (w , w , w ).
w 1 2 3
ab
therefore a)(
·
(a b · b) · b)2.
(a Now v w
(v w w v , w v v w ,
2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3
v1w2 w1v2)
10.
a (2, 1, 0), b (1, 0, 3), c (4, 1, 1) u · (v w
) u v w u w v u w v u v w
1 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 3
b · c (3, 6, 1) · (4, 1, 1)
a. a
u3v1w2 u3w1v2.
12 6 1
Also u v (u2v3 v2u3, v1u3 u1v3, u1v2 v1u2)
19.
and (u v) · w
w u v w v u w v u
b. b c ·
a (3, 13, 1) · (2, 1, 0) 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 3
c. c
a · b (1, 2, 6) · (1, 0, 3) u · (v w
).
19.
(3, 1, 2), b (1,
14. a. We show this by choosing a
b) c (3, 6, 1) (4, 1, 1)
d. (a 1, 1), and c (p, q, r). Now a b (3, 5, 2)
(5, 1, 21). and a c (r 2q, 2p 3r, 3q p).
c)
e. (b a (3, 13, 1) (2, 1, 0) If a b a c then r 2q 3 ➀
(1, 2, 23). 2p 3r 5 ➁
3q p 2 ➂
f. (c
a) b (1, 2, 6) (1, 0, 3)
Choose q k, from ➀ r 2k 3, from ➂
(6, 3, 2).
p 3k 2. These values for r and k satisfy ➁.
11. Let u v (a, b, c) and w
(p, q, r) This shows that there are an infinite number of
v w (br qc, pc ar, aq bp) possibilities for c. For one such value choose
u (v w ) [b(aq bp) c(pc ar), k 2.
c(br qc) a(aq bp), a(pc ar) b(br qc)] r 1, p 4, q 2, and
u v (0, 0, 0); (u v) w (0, 0, 0) c (4, 2, 1)
hence u (v w ) ≠ (u v) w. a b a c (3, 5, 2) and b ≠ c.
→
c A(1, 1, 1)
→
a
O y
15. a. Given a (1, 3, 1), b
(2, 1, 5), v (3, y, z),
and a v b.
x B(1, 0, 0)
a v (3z y, 3 z, y a) (2, 1, 5)
Equating components gives y 4, z 2, and A body diagonal is OA (1, 1, 1); an edge is OB
3z y 6 4 2. is
î (1, 0, 0). The projection of î onto OA
Therefore v (3, 4, 2).
A O
A
b. Let v (a, b, c). î · O (1, 0, 0) · (1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1)
· ·
OA OA 3 3
Now a v (3c b, a c, b 3a)
(2, 1, 5). 1
(1, 1, 1)
Equating components gives 3c b 2 ➀ 3
a c 1 ➁
b 3a 5. ➂ 1 1 1
(, , ).
From ➀ and ➁ we have b 2 3c and 3 3 3
a 1 c. b. The projection of a body diagonal onto an edge is
b 3a 2 3c 3 (1 c) 5 which onto î which is î (1, 0, 0).
the projection of OA
satisfies ➂.
This shows that choosing any value for c in ➀, 6. a. a (1, 2, 2)
substituting to find b and a from ➀ and ➁ will b (1, 3, 0)
satisfy ➂ hence giving another vector v. Let The area of the parallelogram is
c 2, from ➀ b 8 and from ➁ a 1. a b.
Therefore v (1, 8, 2) is another vector so that
a b (6, 2, 5)
a v b.
therefore a b
36 4
25 65
c. We see from part b that c is any real number, hence
there will be an infinite number of vectors v. b. c (6, 4, 12) 2(3, 2, 6)
d (9, 6, 18) 3(3, 2, 6).
2
Since c d, c and d are collinear therefore no
3
parallelogram is formed, hence its “area” is zero.
30º
Bolt r→
36 9
4
4 p2
16
21 12. Given ∆ABC with vertices A(1, 3, 4), B(3, 1, 1),
4 and C(5, 1, 1).
3p 4 · 7
p2 20
21 (4, 4, 3), AC
(6, 2, 3), and
a. AB
(2, 2, 0).
9p 12 4
p2 20 ➀ BC
· BC
Since AB 0, AB
⊥ BC, and ∠ABC 90
Squaring both sides:
therefore ∆ABC is a right-angled triangle.
81p2 216p 144 16p2 320
65p2 216p 176 0 b. Since ∆ABC has a right angle at B, the area of
(p 4)(65p 44) 0 1
∆ABC AB BC .
44 2
p 4 or p .
65
Now AB 16 1
69
44
We see that p does not satisfy ➀ and 41
65
p 4 does; therefore the only value for p is 4.
BC 44
22
8. Let a î ĵ k̂ (1, 1, 1)
1
b λ2î 2λĵ k̂ (λ2, 2λ, 1) ∆ABC 41
22
2
Since a ⊥ b, a · b 0
82
therefore λ2 2λ 1 0
the area of ∆ABC is 82
.
(λ 1)2 0
λ1
c. AC
36 4
9
If a ⊥ b then λ 1. 7
The perimeter of ∆ABC is AB AC BC
9. If x 3, y 4 and the angle between x and y is 41 7 22 ≅ 16.2.
60 then
d. Let the fourth vertex to complete the rectangle be
(4x y) · (2x 3y) 8x2 10 x · y 3 y2 D(a, b, c)
BA and (a 5, b 1, c 1) (4, 4, 3)
72 10xy cos 60 48 CD
equating components, a 1, b 5, c 4, and the
24 10(3)(4)
1
2 coordinates of the fourth vertex are (1, 5, 4).
(4x y) · (2x 3y) 84.
12
1
1 1
4 24
3
8
(a1c1 a2c2 a3c3)b2, b. If u · v uv then cos 1, 0 and u and v
will have the same direction, i.e., u kv, k > 0.
(a1c1 a2c2 a3c3)b3]
c. If u v
0 then u and v are collinear,
and (b · c)a [(b1c1 b2c2 b3c3)a1, i.e., u kv, k > R.
(b1c1 b2c2 b3c3)a2, d. If u v uv then sin 1, 90 and
(b1c1 b2c2 b3c3)a3] u ⊥ v.
RS (a · c)b (b · c)a e. If (u v) · u 0, no conclusion can be made about u
and v since u v is perpendicular to both u and v and
(a2c2b1 a3c3b1 b2c2a1 b3c3a1, a1c1b2
the dot product of perpendicular vectors is zero.
a3c3b2 b1c1a2 b3c3a2, a1c1b3 a2c2b3
b1c1a3 b2c2a3). f. If (u v) u
0 then u v and u are collinear. But
u v is perpendicular to both u and v. This
Since LS RS, (a b) c (a · c)b (b · c)a.
is true only if u v 0 in which case u and v
17. The volume of a tetrahedron is given by the formula are collinear.
1 1
v (area of the base)(height) Ah.
3 3
Consider the base to be the triangle with vertices
A(1, 1, 2), B(3, 4, 6), C(7, 0, 1)
(2, 5, 4) and AC
now AB (8, 1, 3)
1
the area of the base will be A AB AC .
2
30º
35º
→
d
→
r
A force F acting at a direction of 35 to the horizontal
has magnitude F 75 N moves a box a distance 1
Since sin 30 a force applied at an angle of
2
d 16 m.
The work done is 30 will produce half the maximum torque
W F d cos
T rF sin 30
75 16 cos 35. 1
0.18 50
2
→
F T 4.5 J.
→
15º d 7. B C
20º
→
20º b
BD a2
b2
→
r
therefore a2 b2