Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
B.C. 400 B.C. Demokritos and Leucippos use the term "atomos
Chemistry Timeline #1
1700s' Georg Stahl: Phlogiston Theory Joseph Priestly: Discovery of oxygen Antoine Lavoisier: The role of oxygen in combustion, law of conservation of mass, first modern chemistry textbook
Chemistry Timeline #2
1800's Joseph Proust: The law of definite proportion (composition) John Dalton: The Atomic Theory, The law of multiple proportions Joseph Gay-Lussac: Combining volumes of gases, existence of diatomic molecules Amadeo Avogadro: Molar volumes of gases Jons Jakob Berzelius: Relative atomic masses, modern symbols for the elements Dmitri Mendeleyev: The periodic table J.J. Thomson: discovery of the electron Henri Becquerel: Discovery of radioactivity 1900's Robert Millikan: Charge and mass of the electron Ernest Rutherford: Existence of the nucleus, and its relative size Meitner & Fermi: Sustained nuclear fission Ernest Lawrence: The cyclotron and trans-uranium elements
John Dalton
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged
Dalton said: Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties Modern theory states: Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element.
Cathode ray tubes pass electricity through a gas that is contained at a very low pressure.
J.J. Thomson
Thomson believed that the electrons were like plums embedded in a positively charged pudding, thus it was called the plum pudding model.
Alpha particles are helium nuclei Particles were fired at a thin sheet of gold foil Particle hits on the detecting screen (film) are recorded
Try it Yourself!
In the following pictures, there is a target hidden by a cloud. To figure out the shape of the target, we shot some beams into the cloud and recorded where the beams came out. Can you figure out the shape of the target?
The Answers
Target #1 Target #2
Rutherfords Findings
Most of the particles passed right through A few particles were deflected VERY FEW were greatly deflected Like howitzer shells bouncing off of tissue paper!
Conclusions: The nucleus is small The nucleus is dense The nucleus is positively charged
Atomic Particles
Particle Electron Proton
Neutron
1.673 x 10-27
1.675 x 10-27
Helium-4
the atom is in the nucleus (protons and neutrons) Electrons are found outside of the nucleus (the electron cloud) Most of the volume of the atom is empty space
About Quarks
Protons and neutrons are NOT fundamental particles.
Neutrons are made of one up quark and two down quarks. Quarks are held together by gluons
Images: Arpad Horvath, Wikimedia Commons
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different masses due to varying numbers of neutrons.
Isotope Hydrogen1 (protium) Protons 1 Electrons 1 Neutrons 0 Nucleus
Hydrogen-2 (deuterium)
Hydrogen-3 (tritium)
Atomic mass is the average of all the naturally isotopes of that element.
Isotope Carbon-12 Symbol
12C
Atomic Masses
Composition of the nucleus 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 protons 7 neutrons 6 protons 8 neutrons
% in nature 98.89%
Carbon-13
13C
1.11%
Carbon-14
14C
<0.01%
Carbon = 12.011
Atomic Number
Atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element.
Element Carbon Phosphorus Gold # of protons Atomic # (Z) 6 6 15 15 79 79
Mass Number
Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope. Mass # = p+ + n0
Nuclide
Oxygen - 18
p+
8
33 15
n0
10 42
e8 33
Mass #
18 75
Arsenic - 75 Phosphorus - 31
16
15
31