Anijmit Vol 7-11 2010-2014

Acharya Nagarjuna International
Journal of Mathematics
and Information Technology
Vol : 7 2010 Vol : 8 2011 Vol : 9 2012
Vol : 10 2013 Vol : 11 2014
ISSN 0973 - 3477
Acharya Nagarjuna University
Nagarjuna Nagar - 522 510
Andhra Pradesh, India.
Devoted to Original
Research in Pure &
Applied Mathematics,
Statistics and related
Mathematical
Sciences & IT
Vol : 7 2010 Vol : 8 2011 Vol : 9 2012
Vol : 10 2013 Vol : 11 2014
ISSN 0973 - 3477
Acharya Nagarjuna University
Nagarjuna Nagar - 522 510
Andhra Pradesh, India.
Devoted to Original
Research in Pure &
Applied Mathematics,
Statistics and related
Mathematical
Sciences & IT
ISSN 0973-3477
_____________________________________________
e-mail: anijmit@rediffmail.com
Vol: 7 2010 , Vol: 8 2011, Vol: 9 2012,
Vol: 10 2013, Vol: 11 . 2014
CONTENTS
Research Papers Page No
Volume 7
Viscous Dissipation of Energy due to slow motion of Porous 01-13
Newtonian Sphere in Visco-Elastic Fluid.
Jitesh Kumar Singh & Nand Lal Singh
Volume 8
A Note on Weighted Ostrowski Gruss type inequality 01 - 10
and Applications.
A. Qayyum
Volume 09
g -Normal Spaces Almost g -Normal And 01-20
Mildly g -Normal Spaces
C. Janaki & Sr. I. Arockiarani
Volume 10
. The Behavior of Some Modules in ] [M 01-12
Over an HNP Ring
Irawati
Volume 11
. Generalized Closed Sets with Respect to an Ideal 01-07
R. Algar
Journal of Mathematics &
Information Technology
ISSN 0973-3477
Vol. 7 PP 01-13
ANIJMIT
Acharya Nagarjuna
University 2010
VISCOUS DISSIPATION OF ENERGY DUE TO
SLOW MOTION OF POROUS NEWTONIAN
SPHERE IN VISCO-ELASTIC FLUID
Jitesh Kumar Singh
Department of Mathematics, T. D. Postgraduate College,
Jaunpur 222002, INDIA.
and
Nand Lal Singh
Department of Mathematics, T. D. Postgraduate College,
Jaunpur 222002, INDIA.
(Communicated by Prof. Dr. S. Sreenadh, SVU)
Abstract
In the present problem we have studied the effect of porosity and
particle concentration on viscous dissipation of mechanical energy.
Newtonian porous inclusions, spherical in shape, are dilutely suspended
in Rivlin Ericksen visco-elastic fluid. Limiting cases, for rigid spheres
and gaseous bubbles, are analysed.
Key words: RivlinEricksen visco-elastic fluid; Newtonian porous
sphere; dissipative mechanical energy.
AMS Classification: 76 A 05, 80 A 20.
1. Introduction
It is of general realization that whenever a solid particle moves in
an ambient fluid, it experiences drag on its surface. The particle
translates and rotates with the surrounding fluid so that only the pure
shearing motion gives rise to a disturbance flow. The total rate of
2 Jitesh Kumar Singh, Nand Lal Singh
dissipation is increased and hence the effective viscosity of suspension is
greater than the viscosity of the ambient fluid. Einstein empirical
formula [3, 4] relates the viscosity of suspension to the viscosity of
suspending fluid for small volume concentration of the rigid particles.
The problem becomes more realistic (as per physiological flow in
capillaries) when the Newtonian content bounded by the porous
membrane is suspended in non-Newtonian fluid. Shmakov and
Shmakova [11, 12], Singh [13, 14] have obtained the effective viscosity
of suspension when the spherical particles are mixed in Power-law,
Reiner Rivlin and Rivlin Ericksen fluids, respectively. Sun and
Jayaraman [15] derived the theoretical relation for the bulk stress in
dilute suspension of neutrally buoyant, uniform size, spherical drops in a
visco-elastic liquid medium. The disturbance velocity and pressure fields
interior and exterior to second order fluid drop suspended in a simple
shear flow of another second order fluid were derived by Peery [8] for
small Wiessenberg number, omitting inertia terms. Ramkissoon [9]
calculated the drag force experienced by spherical particle moving in
micropolar fluid medium. Non-Newtonian fluid flow past porous
permeable boundary have been studied by Shafie et al. [10], Cortell [1],
Degan et al. [2] and Ishak et al. [5].
In the present paper, we have obtained the theoretical expression
for the dissipative energy of dilute suspension of neutrally buoyant,
uniform size, porous spherical particles. The particles are of such small
linear dimension that (i) the effect of gravity and inertia on the motion of
the particle are negligible so that a particle moves with the ambient fluid
locally, (ii) the Reynolds number of the disturbed motion resulting from
the presence of the particle is small compared with unity. Results are
discussed with the help of tables.
Viscous Dissipation Of Energy 3

2. Mathematical Analysis
The flow of visco-elastic Rivlin Ericksen fluid past a porous
spherical particle filled with Newtonian fluid is considered. The origin of
co-ordinate lies on the centre of the particle. The continuity and
momentum equations for the steady viscous flow neglecting inertia terms
are
,
0
i j
v = (2.1)
,
0
i j j
t = (2.2)
where
1 3 2 i j i j i j i k k j i j
p e e e b t o = + + + ,
, , i j i j j i
e v v = + ,
2
i j i j j i i m m j
b a a v v = + + ,
,
i
i j i j
v
a v v
t
c
= +
c
,
where i, j, k = r, u, | : x, y, z; t
i j
= stress tensor, v = velocity vector,
a
i
= acceleration vector,
1
= Newtonian viscosity,
2
= visco-elastic
coefficient,
3
= cross-viscosity coefficient, o
i j
= Kronecker delta
function and p = pressure.
Neglecting inertia terms, the equation (2.2) in curvilinear co-
ordinate takes the form
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1
0 F h h h h h h
h h h q q q
t t t
( c c c
= + + +
(
c c c

(2.3)
In spherical polar co-ordinate system
1 2 3 1 2 3
1, , sin ; , , h h r h r q r q q u u | = = = = = = . (2.4)
Under zero body force (F = 0), equation (2.3), in view of (2.4) for
axisymmetric motion reduces to
( )
1 1
0 2 cot
r r r
r r r
r r r
u
u uu ||
t t
t u t t t
u
c c
= + + +
c c
(2.5)
( )
1 1
0 cot 3
r
r
r r r
uu u
uu || u
t t
t t u t
u
c c
(
= + + +

c c
. (2.6)
Continuity equation (2.1) reduces to
2 1
cot 0
r
r
v v v
v
r r r r
u u
u
u
c c
+ + + =
c c
(2.7)
Let
2
1
sin
r
v
r

u u
c
=
c
,
1
sin
v
r r
u

u
c
=
c
(2.8)
where (v
r
, v
u
, 0) is the velocity at the point (r, u, |) and is the stream
function. We introduce the following non-dimensional quantities
2
1
3 2
3
3 1
, ,
, ,
, ,
i
i
i j i j i j
i j i j i j
v r p
v p
a aq p
e b
e b
q q q
q
a q
t
t
= = =

= = =
`
= = e =

)
(2.9)
q is a constant of dimension T
1
.
3. Solution
For dilute suspension we may assume:

(1) 2 (2)
(0) (1) 2 (2)
(0) ... ... ...
... ... ...
p p p p

= + e + e +

`
= + e + e +
)
(3.1)
.
Under zero order approximation equations (2.5) and (2.6) reduce to :
2
2
(0)
2 2
sin 1
0
sin
u

u u u
( | | c c c
+ =
( |
c c c
\ .
(3.2)
The solution of equation (3.2) is obtained as
(0) 2
( ) sin cos f u u = (3.3)
where ( )
3 5
2
B
f A C D
= + + + . (3.4)
In the case of uniform flow at infinity we must have Lamb [7]
(0) 3 2
1
sin cos
2
u u = (3.5)
Hence, on comparing (3.3) with (3.5) we find
D = 0 and
1
2
C = .
The external Newtonian flow field is given by
(0) 3 2
2
1
sin cos
2
e
B
A u u
(
= +
(

(3.6)
and the internal flow field within the sphere is given by
(0) 3 5 2
sin cos
i
C D u u ' ( = +

(3.7)
Four constants A, B, C', D of equations (3.6) and (3.7) are determined
from the conditions that radial and transverse velocities as well the
shearing stresses, at inner and outer surfaces of the spherical particle are
equal.
Thus,
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 cos sin
2
; , at = 1
i e
e i
i e
m
v v

u u
u u

t t

= =

`
c c

= =
c c
)
(3.8)
where,
( )
( )
2
1 1
sin
i
i
i u

t
u
c | | c
=
|
c c
\ .
and
( )
( )
1 2
1 1
sin
e
e
u

t
u
c | | c
=
|
c c
\ .
give
( )
( )
( )
2 5
1
4 1
A m
o
o
+
=
+
,
( )
( )
3 1
4 1
m
B
o
o

=
+
,
( )
( )
3 5 2
4 1
m
C
o
o
+
' =
+
,
( )
( )
3 1
,
4 1
m
D
o

=
+

1
i
= (3.9)
where,
i
= viscosity of particles material and m = porosity parameter.
For first order approximation in , we have
2
2
(1)
2 2
sin 1
sin
e
u

u u u
( | | c c c
+
( |
c c c
\ .
( )
2
2
4 7
576 1 800 A B o o

+
= +
( )
9
1920 1 AB o
+ (
+
(
2
sin cos u u
( )
2
2
4 7
720 1 1400 A B o o

+
+ +
( )
9
2160 1 AB o
+ (
+
(
4
sin cos u u
(3.10)
and
2
2
(1)
( ) 2 2
sin 1
0
sin
i
u

u u u
( | | c c c
+ =
( |
c c c
\ .
(3.11)

Put
(1) 2 4
( ) 1 2
( ) sin cos ( ) sin cos
e
f f u u u u = + (3.12)
(1) 2 4
( ) 3 4
( ) sin cos ( ) sin cos
i
f f u u u u = + (3.13)
Provided
( )
2
2
1 1 1 2 3 4 7
576 1 12 24 800
iv
A B
f f f
o o

+
'' ' + = +
( )
2 2 2 9 2 3 4
1920 1 16 32 160 AB
f f f
o

+
'' ' + + +
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 7
720 1 40 80 280 1400
iv
A B
f f f f
o o

+
'' ' + + =
( )
9
2160 1 AB o
and
3 3 3 4 4 4 2 3 2 3 4
12 24 16 32 160
iv
f f f f f f

'' ' '' ' + = + +
4 4 4 4 2 3 4
40 80 280
0
iv
f f f f

'' ' + + = .
In view of these equations and
( )
(1) 2
O < when 1, the
solutions of equations (3.10) and (3.11) in the light of equations (3.12)
and (3.13) are
( ) ( )
2
(1) 2 4
( ) 3 2 3 5
4 1 4 1
sin cos
e
A AB A
A
o o
u u

( + +
= + +
(

( ) ( )
2
2 3 4
2 4 3 5
9 1 6 1
5
A AB B B
B
o o
o

( + +
+ + +
(

4
sin cos u u
(3.14)
( )
(1) 5 3 2
( ) 1 2
sin cos
i
A A u u = +
( )
7 5 4
1 2
sin cos B B u u + +
(3.15)
To determine the eight arbitrary constants A
3
, A
4
, B
3
, B
4
, A
1
, A
2
, B
1
, B
2
we assume the kinematical condition at the interfacial boundary as :
( ) ( ) i e
v v
u u
= ,
( ) ( )
2 2 2 4
( ) ( )
2 cos sin 4 sin 5 sin
2
e i
m
v v

u u u u
(
= = +

,
(1) (1)
( ) ( ) (0) (0)
2 2
1 1
e e
e e
u ||

o

| | ( c c
c c
=
| (
|
c c c c
(
\ .
sin u at = 1.
(3.16)
The super scripts (0) and (1) denote the quantities for zero and
first order smallness and the subscripts (e) and (i) denote external and
internal flows, respectively. Further the analysis is simplified by
considering those terms of the external flow field which lead to give the
rheological behaviour up to first order volume concentration of particles
in the suspending medium. Velocity and pressure are obtained as :
( )
(0) 2
2
2 3 sin
2
A
v
| |
~
|
\ .
(3.17)
(0)
3
sin cos
2
v
u

u u ~ (3.18)
(0)
3
sin cos
2
v
u

u u ~ (3.19)
( ) ( )
(1) 2 2 2 4
3 2
1
2 3sin 5 4 sin 5 sin v A B
u o u u
(
~

(3.20)
(1)
0 v
u
~
( )
(1) 2
3 3
1 80
4 5 13 4
3
p A A B o o

= +
`
)

( ) { }
2 2
3
6 17 14 6 140 sin A A B o o u +
( )
2 2
4
400
30 3 7 sin
3
B
A
o
o o
(
+ +
` (
)
(3.21)
( )
( ) ( )
2
3
1 25
10 1 30 1
5 1 4
A A AB m o o o
o

= + + +
`
+
)
( ) ( )
2
16 1 60 1 A AB o o + + +
2
5
15 20
2
m
B B
(
+ +
(
.
We compute the rate of dissipation of mechanical energy per unit
volume due to external forces acting on surface S as :
( )
S
W
v v dS
V
u u
t t = +
}}
(3.22)
( )
(0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1)
3
S
W
v v v
V
u u
t t t
= + + e
}}
( ) (0) (0) (1) (1) (0) i
v v v dS
u u u u
t t t ( + + +

(3.23)
where,
2 2
(1) (1) (0) (0) (0)
p e e e b
u
t o = + + + + ,
(0)
(0) (0) (0) (0)
2
v
p e p

t
c
= + = +
c
,
(1) (1) (0) (0) (0)
e e e b
u u u || u
t o = + .
After a lengthy tedious calculation we obtain
( ) {
2
1
2
3 1 1
5
W
q A
V
| o
| |
= + + e +
|
\ .
2
3
2 32 52
5 63 7
A A B A
|
o o
( | |
+
` ( |
\ .)
(3.24)
where
3
4
3
V R t = ,
3
3
4
3
4
3
a
R
t
|
t
= , *
W
W
V
=
where a is the radius of the spherical particles and R (R >> r) is the
radius of bulk fluid sphere.
4. Discussion
For e = 0, o = 0, m = 0 we have A
3
= 35/4. So the equation (3.24) for
purely Newtonian fluid reduces to W* = 6 t
1
(qa)
2
a (4.1)
which is a classical results for the spheres of radius a moving in an
Newtonian infinite fluid of stream velocity qa.
Occurrence of second term in the right hand side of equation
(3.24) gives the effect of visco-elastic medium on W*. We consider the
two particular cases, one for solid sphere and the other for gas bubble.
Case I: For solid spheres : o ,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
3
5 3
1 , 1
4 4
35 5
1 1
4 4
A m B m
A m m o
= =

= +

)
(4.2)
and equation (3.24) becomes
( )
2
1
1
* 3 1
2
m
W q |
(
= +
(

( ) 132 79
1
14
m
|
(
+ +
(

( )
3
3
3 1 7 4 q m | + + (

. (4.3)
From equation (4.3) we observe that for 0.6 < m < 1.0 the value of W*
increases with |.

Case II : For gas bubbles : o 0,
( )
1
1
2
A m = , B = 0
( ) ( )
2
3
4
1 1
5 2
m
A m o = +
and equation (3.24) becomes
( )
2
1
1
* 3 1
5
m
W q |
(
= +
(

( )
3
2
242 186
3 1
175
m
q |
(
+ +
(

( )
3
3
16 13
3 1
25
m
q |
(
+ +
(

(4.4)
Equation (4.4) shows that W* increases with | for 0 < m < 1. Hence the
analysis leads to the conclusion that the rate of viscous dissipation of
mechanical energy due to visco-elastic behaviour of the medium
increases with | for permeable porous boundary surface. Kawase and
Ulbrecht [6] also predicated that the non-Newtonian effect is more
pronounced at large porosity parameter for power law fluid. Our
equation (3.24) is a general formula sufficient enough to derive the result
for Newtonian and Reiner Rivlin fluids by taking
3
= 0, o = 0 and
o = 0, respectively. Variations of porous solid and gaseous spherical
inclusions with respect to | and m are given in Tables 1 and 2.
For Solid Spheres
Table 1
W*
m = 0 m = 0.2 m = 0.4
0.1 1.1187 1.1266 1.1274
0.2 1.1174 1.1333 1.1348
0.3 1.1161 1.1399 1.1423
0.4 1.1148 1.1466 1.1497
0.5 1.1135 1.1533 1.1572
For Gas Bubbles
Table 2
W*
m = 0 m = 0.2 m = 0.4
0.1 1.1326 1.1291 1.1258
0.2 1.1453 1.1382 1.1317
0.3 1.1580 1.1473 1.1376
0.4 1.1707 1.1565 1.1435
0.5 1.1834 1.1656 1.1494
References
[1]. CORTELL R. "Flow and Heat Transfer of an Electrically
Conducting Fluid of Second Grade Over a Stretching Sheet Subject
to Suction and to a Transverse Magnetic Field" International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49 (2006), 1851-1856.
[2]. DEGAN G., AKOWANOU C. & AWANOU N. C. "Transient
Natural Convection of Non-Newtonian Fluids about a Vertical
Surface Embedded in an Anisotropic Porous Medium"
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50 (2007) 4629-
4639.
[3]. EINSTEIN A."ber die Von der Molekular Kinetischen Theorie
der arme Geforderte Bewegung Von in Ruhenden Flussigkeiten
suspendierten Teilehen" Ann. Phys., Bd 19 (1906).
[4]. EINSTEIN A. & Berichtigung Zu Meiner Arbeit "Eine Neue
Bestimmung Der Malekuldimensionen" Ann. Phys., Bd 34 (1911).
[5]. ISHAK A., NAZAR R. & POP I. "Boundary Layer Flow of a
Micropolar Fluid on a Continuously Moving or Fixed Permeable
Surface" International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50
(2007), 4743 4748.
[6]. KAWASE Y. & ULBRECHT J. J. "A Power Law Fluid Flow
Past a Porous Sphere" Rheologica Acta, 20 (1981), 128-132.

[7]. LAMB H. "Hydrodynamics", Cambridge University Press, p 603
(1945).
[8]. PEERY J. H. "Ph. D. Thesis", Princeton University (1966).
[9]. RAMKISSOON H. "Flow of Micro-polar Fluid Past a Newtonian
Fluid Sphere" ZAMM, 65(16) (1985), 635-637.
[10]. SHAFIE S., AMIN N. & POP I. "Unsteady Boundary Layer due
to a Stretching Sheet in a Porous Medium using Brinkman
Equation Model" J. Heat and Technology, 25(2) (2006), 111-117.
[11]. SHMOKOV U. I. & SHMOKOVA L. M. "Viscosity of Dilute
Suspension of Spherical Particles Suspended in Non-Newtonian
Fluid" Journal Prekladnoi Mechenik and Technical Physics, 5
(1977), 81-85.
[12]. SHMOKOVA L. M. "Rheological Behaviour of Dilute
Suspension of Spherical Particle in Non-Newtonian Fluid" Journal
Prekladnoi Mechenik and Technicol Physics, 6 (1978), 84-88.
[13]. SINGH N. L. "Rheology of Dilute Suspension of Spherical
Particles Suspended in Visco-elastic Fluid". Ind. Jour. Theo.
Physics, 37(2) (1989), 155-164.
[14]. SINGH N. L. "Flow of Visco-elastic Fluid Past a Porous Sphere
Filled with Newtonian Fluid". Jour. PAS, 5 (1996), 1-9.
[15]. SUN K. & JAYARAMAN K. "Bulk Rheology of Dilute
Suspension in Visco-elastic Liquid" Rheologica Acta, 23 (1984),
84-89.
ISSN 0973-3477
Vol.8 PP 01-10
ANIJMIT
Acharya Nagarjuna
University 2011
(Communicated by Prof. Dr. Geetha S. Rao)
2 Qayyum
A Note on Weighted Ostrowski-Gruss type 3
4 Qayyum
6 Qayyum
8 Qayyum
10 Qayyum
ISSN 0973-3477
Vol. 9 PP 01-20
ANIJMIT
Acharya Nagarjuna
University 2012
g -NORMAL SPACES
ALMOST g -NORMAL AND
MILDLY g -NORMAL SPACES
C. Janaki
Department of Mathematics, Sree Narayana Guru College,
Coimbatore -105, Tamilnadu, INDIA.
and
Sr. I. Arockiarani
Department of Mathematics, Nirmala College for Women,
Coimbatore 18, Tamilnadu, INDIA.
(Communicated by Prof. Dr. Balachandran, Baratiyar Univ.,)
Abstract
In this paper, we define new separate axioms called
g - normal, almost g - normal spaces using g -open sets.
Further characterization of almost -normal and mildly- -normal
spaces are obtained.
Key words: M - g -open, g -normal, almost g -normal, midly
g - normal g -irresolute.
1. Introduction
Levine [6] initiated the investigation of so called g -closed sets in
topological spaces. Since then many modifications of g -closed sets were
defined and investigated by a large number of topologists. Continuity,
compactness, connectedness and separation axioms on topological
2 Janaki, Arochiarani
spaces is an important and basic subject in studies of General topology.
In 1943, Singal and Singal [16] introduced a weak form of normal spaces
called mildly normal spaces. In 1989, Nour [14] used pre-open sets to
define P -normal spaces. R.Devi [3] used -open sets to define
-normal spaces. Navalgi [11] continued the study of further properties
of P -normal spaces and also defined mildly P -normal spaces.
In this paper, we introduce new separation axioms called
g -normal, almost g -normal, mildly g -normal spaces and
obtain a characterization of almost -normal, mildly -normal spaces
using g -open sets.
2. Preliminaries
Throughout this paper, ( ) , X and ( ) , Y (or simply X and Y
always mean topological spaces on which no separation axioms are
assumed unless explicitly stated. Let A be a subset of a space X. The
closure of A and interior of A are denoted by cl ( A) and int(A)
respectively. A subset A is said to be regular open (resp. regular closed)
if ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
int . int A cl A resp A cl A = = . A subset A is said to be
-open [10] if AC int cl int (A). ( ) cl A denote the intersection of all
-closed sets containing A. A subset A of X is said to be g -closed
if ( ) cl A U c whenever A U c of U is -open. A subset A is said
tgo-Normal Spaces, Almost tgo-Normal 3

to be a -neighbour hood of x if these exist a -open set U such that
x U A e c .
2.1 Definition: A subset A of a space ( ) , X is called.
1) a generalized -closed (briefly g -closed) [7] if clA U c and
whenever A U c and U is -open.
2) a -generalized closed set (briefly g -closed) [8] if if clA U c
and whenever A U c and U is open.
3) a generalized preclosed set (briefly gp -closed) [1] if pclA U c
whenever A U c and U is open.
4) a pre open set [9] if int A clA c .
5) S - relative to X [17] if every cover of Aby semi-open sets of X has
a finite subfamily whose closures cover A.
6) g -open (resp g -open, gp -open) if the complement of Ais g -
closed (resp. g -closed gp -closed)
2.2 Definition: A function ( ) ( ) : , , f X Y is called
a) Completely continuous [2] if ( )
1
f V
is regular open in X for every

open set V of Y .
b) rc-preserving [13] if ( ) f F is regular closed in Y for every regular
closed set F of X .
c) Almost closed [15] if ( ) f F is closed in Y for every regular closed
F of X .
d) Closed [5] if ( ) f F is closed in Y for every closed set F of X .
e) g -closed [7] (resp g -closed ) if ( ) f F is g -closed ( resp
g -closed ) for each closed set F of ( ) , X .
f) -closed [12] if ( ) f F is -closed in Y for each closed set F in
( ) , X .
g) M g -open if ( ) f F is g -open in Y for every g -open
set F in X.
h) g -irresolute if ( )
1
f V
is g -closed in X for every

g -closed set V of Y.
2.3 Definition: A space X is said to be P -normal [11] if for any pair of
disjoint closed sets
1
F and
2
F , there exist disjoint pre open sets U and
V such that
1
F U c and
2
F V c .
3. g -Normal spaces
3.1 Definition: A space ( ) , X is said to be g -normal if for any pair
of disjoint closed sets A and B these exist disjoint g -open sets U
and V such that A U c and B V c .
3.2 Theorem: Every normal space is g -normal.
Proof: Straight forward.

Converse of the above is not true as seen in the following example.
3.3 Example: Let { } , , , X a b c d = , { } { }{ } { }
, , , , , , , , Z X b c d a c d c d = ,
Then X is g -normal but it is not normal since the pair of closed sets
{ } a and { } b have no disjoint neighbourhood.
Characterization of g -normality:
3.4 Theorem: For space X the following are equivalent
a) X is g -normal
b) For every pairs of open sets U and V whose union in X , there exist
g -closed sets A and B such that A U c , B V c and
A B X = .
c) For every closed set F and every open set G containing F , these
exist a g -open set U such that ( ) F U cl U G c c c .
Proof: ( a b ): Let U and V be a pair of open sets such that
X U V = . Then ( ) ( ) X U X V = . Since X is g -normal
there exist disjoint g -open sets
1
U and
1
V such that
1
X U U c and
1
X V V c . Let
1
A X U = and
1
B X V = . Then A and B are g -
closed sets such that A U c , B V c and A B X = .
( b c ). Let F be a closed set and G be an open set containing F .
Then X F and G are open sets whose union is X . Then by (b) these
exist g -closed sets
1
W and
2
W such that
1
W X F c and
2
W G c
and
1 2
W W X = . Then
1
F X W c ,
2
X G X W c and
( ) ( )
1 2
X W X W = . Let
1
U X W = and
2
V X W = . Then U
and V are disjoint g -open set such
that ( ) F U X V G F U cl U X V G c c c c c c c .
( c a ). Let A and B any two disjoint closed subsets of X . Then
A X B c . Put G X B = . Then G is an open set containing A. By
(c) there exist a g -open set U of X such that ( ) A U cl U G c c c .It
follows that ( ) B X cl U c . Let ( ) V X cl U = . Then V is a
g -open set and U V = . Therefore X is g -normal.
3.5 Theorem: A regular closed subspace of a P -normal space is
g -normal.
Proof: Let Y be a regular closed subspace of a P -normal space X . Let
A and B be two disjoint closed subsets of Y . Since Y is regular closed
it is closed in X . Therefore A and B are two disjoint closed subsets of
X . Since X is P -normal these exist pre-open sets U and V of X
such that A U c and B V c . As every regular closed set is semi-open,
Y is semi open, A U Y c and B V Y c U Y ,V Y are -open in
Y and hence g -open. Therefore Y is g -normal.
3.6 Definition: A function : f X Y is said to be almost- -irresolute if
for each x X e and each nbd V of ( ) f x , ( ) ( )
1
cl f V

is a
nbd of x .

3.7 Lemma: For a function : f X Y the following are equivalent
a) f is almost- -irresolute
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
int f V cl f V

c for every ( ) V O Y e
Proof: Straight forward
3.8 Lemma: Let A be a subset of ( ) , X and x X e . Then x clA e iff
V A = for every -openset V containing x .
3.9 Lemma: If : f X Y is almost- -irresolute then
( ) ( ) ( )
f clU cl f U c for every ( ) U O X e .
Proof: Let ( ) U O X e . X suppose ( ) ( )
y cl f U e . Then by lemma
3.8, these exist ( ) V O Y e such that ( ) V f U = . Hence
( )
1
f V U
= . Since ( ) U O X e we have
( ) ( ) ( )
1
int cl f V clU
= . Since f is almost- -irresolute

( )
1
f V clU
= by lemma 3.7. Hence ( ) ( )

V f cl U = implies
( ) ( )
y f cl U e . Therefore ( ) ( ) ( )
f clU cl f U c
Invariance of g -normality
3.10 Theorem: If : f X Y is an M g -open continuous, almost-
-irresolute surjection from a g -normal space X on to a space Y ,
then Y is g -normal.
Proof: Let A be a closed subset of Y and B be an open set containing
A. Then by continuity of f , ( )
1
f A
is closed and ( )
1
f B
is an open
set of X such that ( )
1
f A
c ( )
1
f B
. As X is g -normal, there
exist a g -open set U in X such that ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
f A cl U f B

c c
(By Theorem : 3.4 ). Then ( ) ( ) ( )
A f U f cl U B c c c . Since f is
almost- -irresolute, M g -open, We obtain
( ) ( ) ( )
A f U cl f U B c c c . Again by theorem 3.4 Y is
g -normal.
3.11 Lemma: A mapping : f X Y is M g -closed iff for each
subset B in Y and for each g -open set U in X containing ( )
1
f B
,
there exist a g -open set V containing B such that ( )
1
f V U
c .
Proof: Necessity: Let : f X Y be M g -closed. Let B be an
open subset of Y and U be g -open set in X containing ( )
1
f B
such that ( )
1
f B
U c . Then ( ) Y f X U V = is an g -open set

containing B such that ( )
1
f V U
c .

Sufficiency: Let F be a g -closed set in X .
( ) ( )
1
f Y f F X F
c . By taking ( ) B Y f F = and U X F = ,
these exist a g -open set V of Y containing B and ( )
1
f V U
c .
Then we have ( )
1
F X U X f V
c c and ( ) Y V f F = . Since
Y V is g -closed, ( ) f F is g -closed, and hence f is M g -
closed.
3.12 Theorem: If : f X Y be M g - closed continuous function
from a g -normal space on to a space Y , then Y is g -normal.
Proof: Let Aand B be any disjoint closed sets of Y . Then ( )
1
f A
and
( )
1
f B
are disjoint closed sets of X . Since X is g -normal there

exist g -open sets U and V such that ( )
1
f A U
c and ( )
1
f B V
c .
By lemma 3.11 there exist g -open sets G and H of Y , such that
( )
1
, , A G B H f G U
c c c and ( )
1
f H V
c . Since U and V are

disjoint, G and H are disjoint and hence Y is g -normal.
3.13 Theorem: If : f X Y is M g -closed map from a weakly
Hausdorff g -normal space X on to a space Y such that ( )
1
f y
is
the S -closed relative to X for each y Y e , then Y is g -
2
T .
Proof: Let
1
y and
2
y be any two distinct point of Y . Since X is weakly
Hausdorff, ( )
1
1
f y
and ( )
1
2
f y
are disjoint closed such sets of X by

lemma 2.2[4]. As X is g -normal, there exist disjoint g -open
sets
1
U and
2
U containing ( )
1
1
f y
and ( )
1
2
f y
. Since f is
M g -closed, by lemma 3.11, there exist g -open sets
1
V and
2
V
in Y containing
1
y and
2
y , such that ( )
1
i
f V
i
U c for i =1,2. If follows
that
1 2
V V = . Hence the space Y is g -
2
T .
3.14 Theorem: If : f X Y is an -closed continuous surjection and
X is normal then Y is g -normal.
Proof: Let Aand B be disjoint closed sets of Y . Then ( )
1
f A
, ( )
1
f B
are disjoint closed sets of X by continuity of f . As X is normal there

exist disjoint open sets U and V in X such that ( )
1
f A U
c
and ( )
1
f B V
c . By prop.(6) in [12], there are disjoint -open sets

G and H in Y such that A G c and B H c . Since every -open set is
g -open, G of H are disjoint g -open sests containing Aand B
respectively. Therefore Y is g -normal.
3.15 Theorem: If : f X Y is continuous, g closed surjection and if
( ) , X is normal then ( ) , Y is g -normal.

Proof: Let A, B be disjoint closed sets of Y . Since X is normal there
exist disjoint open sets U and V of X such that ( )
1
f A U
c and
( )
1
f B V
c . By theorem 2.3.3 of [13] there exist g -open sets G and

H of ( ) , Y such that A G c , B H c and ( )
1
f G U
c and ( )
1
f H V
c .
Then we have ( ) ( )
1 1
f G f H

= and hence G H = . Since G is
g -open and A is -closed, A G c implies int A G c
Similarly int B H c . Therefore int int G H G H = = and
hence Y is g -normal.
3.16 Theorem: If : f X Y is continuous, g -closed surjection from
a normal space ( ) , X to ( ) , Y then ( ) , Y is g -normal.
Proof: Similar as theorem 3.15
3.17 Theorem: If : f X Y is g -irresolute, closed injection and
Y is g -normal then X is g -normal.
Proof: Let A and B be closed sets in X . Since f is closed injection,
( ) f A and ( ) f B are disjoint closed sets of Y . Since Y is g -normal,
there exist g -open sets U and V such that ( ) f A U c and
( ) f B V c such that U V = .Since ( )
1
A f U
c and ( )
1
B f V
c and
f is g -irresolute, ( )
1
f U
and ( )
1
f V
are g -open sets in X such

that ( ) ( )
1 1
f U f V

= . Therefore X is g -normal.
4. Almost g -normal spaces
4.1 Definition: A space X is said to be almost g -normal if for each
closed set A and each regular closed set B such that A B = , there
exist disjoint g -open sets U and V such that A U c and B V c .
4.2 Theorem: Every g -normal space is almost g -normal
Proof: Straight forward.
Converse of the above is not true as seen in the following example:
4.3 Example: Let { } , , X a b c = and { }{ }{ } { }
, , , , X a a b a c = . X is
almost g -normal but not g -normal since { } b and { } c have no
disjoint g -open sets containing it.
Now, we have characterization of almost g -normality.
4.4 Theorem: For a space X , the following are equivalent
a) X is almost g -normal
b) For every pair of sets U and V one of which is open and the other is
regular open whose union is X , there exist g -closed sets G and
H such that , G U H V c c and G H X = .
c) For every closed set Aand every regular open set B containing
Athere is a g -open set V such that ( ) A V cl V B c c c .

Proof: ( a b ): Let U be an open set and V be regular open set such
that U V X = . Then ( ) ( ) X U X V = . X U is closed and
X V is regular closed. Since X is almost g -normal, there exist
disjoint g -open sets
1 1
, U V such that
1
X U U c and
1
X V V c .
Let
1
G X U = and
1
H X V = . Then G and H are g -closed sets
such , G U H V c c and G H X = .
( b c ) and ( c a ) are obvious.
Invariance of almost g -normality
4.5 Theorem: If : f X Y is continuous, M g open,
rc continuous and almost - -irresolute surjection from an almost
g -normal space X onto a space Y , then Y is almost g -normal.
Proof: Similar as theorem 3.10.
5. Mildly- g -Normal Spaces
5.1 Definition: A space X is said to be mildly g -normal if for every
pair of disjoint regular closed sets A and B of X , there exist disjoint
g -open sets U and V of X such that A U c and B V c .
5.2 Theorem: Every mildly normal space is mildly g -normal.
Converse of the above is not true as seen in the following example.
5.3 Example: { } , , X a b c = { }{ }{ } { }
, , , X a b a b = . X is mildly
g -normal but not mildly normal since the regular closed set { } , b c is
not contained in open set of X .
Characterization of mild g -normality.
5.4 Theorem: For space X the following are equivalent.
a) X is mildly g -normal
b) For every pair of regular open sets U and V whose union is X there
exist g -closed sets G and H such that , G U H V c c and
G H X = .
c) For any regular closed set Aand every regular open set B containing
A there exists a g -open set U such that ( ) A U cl U B c c c .
d) For every pair of disjoint regular closed sets there exist g -open
sets U and V such that , A U B V c c and ( ) ( ) cl U cl V = .
5.5 Theorem: If : f X Y is an M g open, rc continuous and
almost- -irresolute surjection from a mildly g -normal space X
onto a space Y then Y is mildly g -normal.

Proof: Let A be a regular closed set and B be a regular open set
containing A. Then by rc -continuity ( )
1
f A
is a regular closed set

contained in the regular open set ( )
1
f B
. Since X is mildly g -
normal there exist a g -open set V such that
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
f A V cl V f B

c c c . As f is M g open and almost
g -irresolute surjection, it follows that ( ) ( ) ( )
A f V cl f V B c c c .
Hence Y is mildly- g -normal.
5.6 Theorem: If : f X Y is rc continuous, M g closed map
from a mildly g -normal space X onto a space Y then Y is mildly
g -normal.
5.7 Theorem: If : f X Y is g -irresolute, rc preserving injection
and Y is mildly g -normal then X is mildly g -normal.
Proof: Let A and B be any disjoint regular closed sets of X . Since f
is rc preserving injection, ( ) f A and ( ) f B are disjoint regular closed
sets of Y . By mildly g -normality of Y , there exist g -open sets
U and V of Y such that ( ) f A U c and ( ) f B V c . ( ) ( )
1 1
, f U f V

are
disjoint g -open sets containing Aand B respectively. By theorem
5.4 X is mildly g -normal.
5.8 Theorem: If : f X Y is g -irresolute, almost closed injection
and Y is g -normal, then X is mildly g -normal.
Proof: Let A and B be disjoint regular closed sets in X . Since f is
almost closed injection, ( ) f A and ( ) f B are disjoint closed sets in Y .
Since Y is g -normal, there exist g -open sets U and V such that
( ) f A U c and ( ) f B V c such that U V = . Since f is g -
irresolute, ( ) ( )
1 1
, f V f U

are g -open sets such that ( )
1
A f

c U
and ( )
1
B f

c V . By theorem 5.4. X is mildly- g -normal.
5.9 Theorem: If : f X Y is completely continuous, M g open
surjection and X mildly g -normal then Y is g -normal.
Proof: Let Aand B be disjoint closed subsets of Y . Since f is
completely continuous, ( )
1
f A
and ( )
1
f B
are disjoint regular closed

subsets of X . X is mildly g -normal implies that there exist
g -open sets U and V in X such that ( )
1
f A U
c and ( )
1
f B V
c .
Since f is M g open surjection Y is g -normal.
6. Characterizations of almost -Normal and Mildly
-Normal Spaces
6.1 Definition: A space X is said to be

a) -normal [3] if for every pair of disjoint closed sets A and B be of
X , there exist disjoint -open sets U and V such that A U c and
B V c .
b) Almost- -normal if for each closed set Aand regular closed set of
B of X , such that A B = there exist disjoint -open sets U and
V such that A U c and B V c .
c) Mildly- -normal if for every pair of disjoint regular closed sets
Aand B of X , there exist disjoint -open sets U and V such that
A U c and B V c .
6.2 Lemma: A subset A of a space X is g - open (resp. g -open) iff
int F A c whenever F is regular closed (resp. closed) and F A c .
6.3 Theorem: The following are equivalent for a space X .
a) X is almost -normal.
b) For each closed set A and regular closed set B such that A B =
there exist disjoint g -open sets U and V such that A U c and
B V c .
c) For each closed set A and regular closed set B such that A B =
there exist disjoint g -open sets U and V such that A U c and
B V c .
d) For each closed set A and each regular open set B containing A,
there exist a g -open set V of X such that A V clV B c c c
Proof: ( a b c ) is obvious
( c d ): Let A be a closed set and B be a regular open subset of X
containing A. X-B is regular closed and by (c) there exist g - open
sets V and W such that A V c and X B W c . By
Lemma 6.2: int X B W c and int V W = . Therefore
( ) ( ) int cl V W = and hence ( ) int A V cl V X W B c c c c .
( d a ) Let A and B be closed and regular closed sets respectively.
Then X B is regular open set containing A. By (d) there exist a
g -open set G of X such that ( ) A G cl G X B c c c put
int U G = and ( ) V X cl G = . Then U and V are disjoint -open
sets of X such that A U c and B V c . Hence X is almost -normal.
6.4 Theorem: The following are equivalent for a space X .
a) X is mildly -normal
b) For any disjoint regular closed sets A and B of X there exist
disjoint g -open sets U and V such that A U c and B V c .
c) For any disjoint regular closed sets A and B of X there exist
disjoint g -open sets U and V of X such that A U c and
B V c .
d) For each regular closed set A and each regular open set B
containing A there exist a g -open set V of X such that
( ) A V cl V B c c c .

e) For each regular closed set Aand each regular open set B containing
A, there exist a g -open set V of X such that
( ) A V cl V B c c c .
Proof: Proof is similar to theorem 6.3.
References
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Kyungpook Math J 14 (1974) 131-41.
[3]. DEVI R. "Studies on generalizations of closed maps and
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University, Coimbatore (1994).
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Glasnik Mat., 9(29) (1974), 131-135.
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Math J 36 (1996) 183-190.
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ISSN 0973-3477
Vol. 10 PP 01-12
ANIJMIT
Acharya Nagarjuna
University 2013
THE BEHAVIOR OF SOME MODULES IN ] [M
OVER AN HNP RING
Irawati
Algebra Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha no 10
Bandung, INDONESIA
(Communicated by Prof. Dr. Stefan Veldsman)
Abstract
For a finitely generated module M over an HNP ring, we obtain
the behavior of some modules in ] [M , where M is a module over an
HNP ring. We also obtain a characterization of an HNP ring
Introduction
It is well known that a ring is called hereditary if all of its left and
right ideals are projective, it is called a Noetherian if the ideals are
finitely generated and is prime if the annihilator of the ideals is {0}.
McConell and Robson have already proven that a finitely generated
module over an HNP ring can be decomposed into a direct sum of a
projective module and a torsion module [5]. They also proved that a
finitely generated module over an HNP ring is a torsion module if and
only if its length is finite [6]. Levy has proven that a finite length module
over an HNP ring can be decomposed into a direct sum of a module
annihilated by an invertible ideal and a module that has no composition
factors annihilated by an invertible ideal [4]. Wisbauer, in [7],
introduced the full subcategory ] [M of the category R-Mod, as the
2 Irawati
category of all submodules of a module which is a homomorphic image
of a tupple of M. In this paper we call all modules in ] [M as modules
in the neighborhood of M. We investigate the behavior of modules in the
neighborhood of a finitely generated projective module M over an HNP
ring, the behavior of modules in the neighborhood of a finite length
module M annihilated by an invertible ideal over an HNP ring, and the
behavior of modules in the neighborhood of a finite length module M
over an HNP ring that has no composition factors annihilated by an
invertible ideal. In this paper all rings have a unit element.
1. Finitely Generated Projective Modules over an HNP Ring
The definition and the characterization of a prime ring, can be
found in [6]. We already know that a ring R is called prime if for every
non zero element a and b, there is a non zero element r in R such that
arb is not zero. It is proved in [6] that a ring is prime if and only if the
annihilator of every non zero right and left ideal is zero. Based on that
characterization of the prime ring, the concept of prime modules is
introduced in [1], [2] and [3], that a module is called prime if the
annihilator of every non zero submodule is the same as the annihilator of
the module itself. We call a hereditary, Noetherian, prime module as a
HNP module.
The first result, is the characterization of an HNP ring. This result
completes the table of rings characterized in [8].
The Behavior of Some Modules in o[M] over an HNP Ring 3

1.1 Theorem: A ring R is an HNP ring if and only if every finitely
generated right projective R-module is an HNP module.
Proof: ( ) Let M be a finitely generated projective right R-module. Let
A
_ R M , for a finite set A. From a proposition in [7], we have
i i
K M
A e
~ , with
i
K is a right ideal in R. Because R is a prime ring,
then we have that A e = i K ann
i
0 ) ( . So 0 ) ( = M ann . It can be seen
that the annihilator of every submodule of M is also zero. Then we can
conclude that M is a prime module. Every submodule N of M is in the
form
i
L N = where
i
L is are right ideals that are contained in
i
K . So
obviously N is finitely generated and it is projective since the direct sum
of projective ideals is also projective. This means that M is an HNP
module.
( ) : Because R, as a module over itself, is a projective module and is
finitely generated, then R is an HNP module as a right module over
itself. In other words, R is an HNP ring.
In the following, R is an HNP ring. From the proof of Theorem 1.1, it is
seen that for a finitely generated projective R-module M, then
0 ) ( = M ann . In the next Theorem, for a finitely generated projective
R-module M, we will prove that every projective module in ] [M also
has zero annihilator. Here ] [M is a subcategory of R-mod, consists of
submodules of a module which is a homomorphic image of
A
M , where
Ais an index set [7].
4 Irawati
1.2 Theorem: Let M be a finitely generated right projective R module,
and P is a projective module in ] [M . Then 0 ) ( = P ann .
Proof: According to the proof of Theorem 1.1, we have that
0 ) ( = M ann and M an HNP module. Because of ] [M P e , there is an
epimorphism ' : P M
A
with ' P P _ . Because P is projective in
] [M , then we have
A
_ _ M P P ) (
1
. So
i i
M P
A e
~ , where
i
M is
a submodule of M. Because M is a prime module, then
0 ) ( ) ( = = M ann M ann
i
. Thus 0 ) ( = P ann .
Next we will see that the direct sum of HNP R-modules is also an HNP
R-module.
1.3 Theorem: Let M be a finitely generated right projective R module,
and

P P = with { }
A e
P a family of HNP modules in ] [M , for a
finite set A. Then P is an HNP module in ] [M .
Proof: It is seen in [7] that P is hereditary in ] [M . So according to
Theorem 1.2, we have that 0 ) ( = P ann . Let Q be a non zero submodule
of P. Then
i i
Q Q
A e
~ with
i
Q is a submodule of
i
P . Because
i
Q is
projective in ] [M , according to Theorem 1.2, 0 ) ( =
i
Q ann . So
0 ) ( ) ( = = Q ann P ann . Every submodule N of P is in the form
i
L N = where
i
L is are submodules that are contained in
i
P . So
obviously N is finitely generated and it is projective since the direct sum

of projective modules is also projective. We have P is an HNP module in
] [M .
Now we will characterize an HNP module.
1.4 Theorem: Let M be a finitely generated projective R-module, and P
a projective module in ] [M . Then the following are equivalent.
1. P is an HNP module in ] [M .
2. For every finite index set A,
) (A
P is an HNP module
3. Every finitely subgenerated projective module in ] [P is an HNP
module in ] [M .
Proof: ( 2 1 ) It is obvious from Theorem 1.3.
( 3 2 )Let K be a finitely subgenerated projective module in ] [P .
There is an epimorphism ' :
1
1
K P
A
for a finite index set
1
A and K
is a submodule of ' K . We have the following exact sequence in ] [P ,
0 ) (
1
1

K K . So K is isomorphic to a submodule of
1
) (
1 A
_ P K , because K is a projective module in ] [P . Because
1
A
P is an HNP module in ] [M , the module K is also an HNP module in
] [M .
( 1 3 ) Let ] [P A e . Then there is an epimorphism ' :
1
1
A P
A
with
' A A _ . From the hypotheses we know that ] [M P e . So there is an
epimorphism ' :
2
2
P M
A
, with '
1
P P _
A
. We have the following
6 Irawati
epimorphism ' ) ( :
1
1
2 1 2
A P
A
. Because ) (
1
1
2
A
P is a submodule
of
2
A
M , we have ] [ ) (
1
1
2
M P e
A
. And ' A , as a homomorphic image
of ) (
1
1
2
A
P , is also in ] [M . So P is also projective in ] [P , and
hence P is an HNP module in ] [M .
Let P be a finitely generated projective R-module. From Theorem 1.1,
we have that P is an HNP module. From Theorem 1.4, by taking R = M,
we can conclude that every finitely subgenerated projective module in
] [P is an HNP module. It is evident that we can see the behavior of
some modules in the neighborhood of a finitely generated projective
module over an HNP ring. So we get the characterization of an HNP
R-module P, that P is a projective module and every finitely
subgenerated projective module in ] [P is also an HNP module.
2. Finitely Generated Torsion Modules over an HNP Ring
In this section, R is an HNP ring.
2.1 Finite length module annihilated by an invertible ideal
The next Theorem is a characterization of a finite length R-module that is
annihilated by an invertible ideal.
2.1.1 Theorem: Let M be a finite length R-module. Then the following
are equivalent:

1. M is annihilated by an invertible ideal.
2. Every R-module in ] [M is annihilated by an invertible ideal
3. Every simple submodule of M is annihilated by an invertible ideal
Proof: ( 2 1 ) Let M be annihilated by an invertible ideal I. Let
] [M N e , and N a submodule of ' N , the homomorphic image of
' : N M
A
. So ' N is also annihilated by I. Thus N is also annihilated
by I.
( 3 2 ) The simple submodule of M is also in ] [M .
( 1 3 ) Let
1
S be a simple submodule of M that is annihilated by an
invertible ideal
1
I . Then
1 1
M MI = is a proper submodule of M. Let
2
S be a simple submodule of
1
M that is annihilated by an invertible ideal
2
I . Then
2 1
I M is a proper submodule of
1
M . We continue the process
until we have that ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2 1
2 1
=
k
t
k
t t
I I I M . This will be happened
because
i
I is an invertible ideal for every k i , , 1 = , and the product of
invertible ideals is also an invertible ideal. So M is annihilated by an
invertible ideal ( ) ( ) ( )
k
t
k
t t
I I I
2 1
2 1
.
2.2. Finite length module that has no composition factors annihilated
by an invertible ideal.
In this part we characterize a finite length R module that has no
composition factors annihilated by an invertible ideal.
8 Irawati
First we characterize a finite length R module that has no composition
factors annihilated by an invertible ideal, using its simple submodules.
At first, we state Lemma 4.3(i) in [4].
2.2.1 Lemma: Let S,T be simple R-modules. If there is an invertible
ideal annihilating S but not annihilating T, then Ext
1
(S,T) = 0
In the next Theorem, we characterize a finite length R-module
that is annihilated by an invertible ideal.
2.2.2 Theorem: Let M be a finite length R-module. Then M is
annihilated by an invertible ideal if and only if each of its simple
submodules is annihilated by an invertible ideal.
Proof: We prove by induction on the composition length of M. Let S be
a simple module of M annihilated by an invertible ideal I
,
and let T be a
simple submodule of M/S. If Ext
1
(T,S) = 0, then T is isomorphic to a
submodule of M and hence is annihilated by an invertible ideal. If
Ext
1
(T,S) is non zero, then by Lemma 2.2.1, T is annihilated by the same
invertible ideal I as is S. Either way, the hypotheses of the Theorem are
satisfied by M/S, so by induction it is annihilated by some invertible
ideal J, and then Mis annihilated by JI.
As consequences we have the following

2.2.3 Corollary: Let M be a finite length R-module not annihilated by
invertible ideals. Then M has a simple submodule not annihilated by
invertible ideals.
Next we will see a Theorem that is related to the extension of a finite
length R-module by a finite length R-module.
2.2.4 Theorem: Let T, M be finite length R-modules. Let Ext
1
(T,X) = 0
for every composition factor X of M. Then Ext
1
(T,M) = 0.
Proof: The proof is by induction on the composition length of M. The
case of length 1 being trivial. Let see the following exact sequence
Ext
1
(T,S) Ext
1
(T,M) Ext
1
(T,M/S)
Note that Ext
1
(T,M/S) = 0 by induction, and Ext
1
(T,S) = 0 by assumption,
so Ext
1
(M ,S) = 0.
Similarly we have the next Theorem
2.2.5 Theorem: Let T, M be finite length R-modules. Let Ext
1
(X,T) = 0
for every composition factor X of M. Then Ext
1
(M,T) = 0.
In the next Theorem we characterize a finite length module that has no
composition factors is annihilated by invertible ideals.
10 Irawati
2.2.6 Theorem: Let M be a finite length R-module. Then M has no
composition factors is annihilated by invertible ideals if and only if each
of its simple submodules is not annihilated by invertible ideals.
Proof: Suppose that each of the simple submodules of M is not
annihilated by invertible ideals. The Theorem will be proved by
induction on the length. Let the proposition be true for modules with
length < n. It will be proved that it is true for modules with length n. Let
M
1
be a submodule of M with length n 1. Then M
1
only has simple
submodules that are not annihilated by invertible ideals. For the next
composition series 0 _ S = M
n-1 _
. _M
2
_ M
1
_ M,
The factor module M
1
/S has no composition factors annihilated by
invertible ideals. It will be proved that M/M
1
is not annihilated by
invertible ideals. We have that M/M
1
(M/S)/(M
1
/S).
Let see the next exact sequence
0 M
1
/S M/S (M/S)/(M
1
/S).
Suppose (M/S)/(M
1
/S), annihilated by an invertibe ideal. By Lemma
2.2.1, Ext((M/S)/(M
1
/S),T) = 0 for every composition factor T of M
1
/S.
By Theorem 2.2.4, then Ext((M/S)/(M
1
/S), M
1
/S) = 0. It means that the
exact sequence above is split. So we have (M/S)/(M
1
/S) is isomorphic to
a simple submodule of M/S, say K/S. So K/S is a composition factor of a
submodule of M with length n 1. So K/S is not annihilated by an
invertible ideal. This is contradicting with the fact that (M/S)/(M
1
/S) is
annihilated by an invertible ideal. So we have that M/M
1
is not
annihilated by an invertible ideals. The converse is obviously true.

Now we will prove a corollary of the above theorem that characterizes a
finite length R module M that has no composition factors annihilated
by an invertible ideal via the same property of finitely subgenerated
modules in ] [M .
2.2.7 Corollary: An R-module M has no composition factors annihilated
by an invertible ideal if and only if every finitely subgenerated module in
] [M has no composition factors annihilated by an invertible ideal.
Proof: ( :): It is obvious because M is a finitely subgenerated module in
] [M .
( ): First we will show that
( ) A
M , for a finite set A, has no
composition factors annihilated by an invertible ideal. Let K be a simple
submodule of
( ) A
M . We construct the following submodule of M:
( ) { } a a K a M a M
j i
j
k
= e e = , .
Suppose K is annihilated by an invertible ideal I. Then
j
k
M will also
annihilated by I. This means that M has a composition factor annihilated
by an invertible ideal. This is contradicts the statement that M has no
composition factors annihilated by an invertible ideal. So
( ) A
M , for a
finite set A, has no composition factors annihilated by an invertible
ideal. Now let L be a finitely subgenerated module in ] [M , and " L a
simple submodule of L. Then there is a finite set A, and an epimorphism
( )
' : L M
A
, with L a submodule of ' L . For the
following epimorphism, ( ) " " : ) " ( / '
1 1
L L L =

, then
12 Irawati
) ' ( / ) " ( "
1
Ker L L

~ . On the other hand, ) ' ( / ) " (
1
Ker L
is a
composition factor of
( ) A
M . Because
( ) A
M has no composition factors
annihilated by an invertible ideal, then ) ' ( / ) " (
1
Ker L
is not
annihilated by an invertible ideal. So " L is not annihilated by an
invertible ideal. According to Theorem 2.2.6, L has no composition
factors annihilated by an invertible ideal.
References
[1]. DESALE G. B. & VARADARAJAN K. "SP modules and related
topics", Research paper 463 (1980) Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
[2]. GOODEARL K. R., HANDELMAN D. & LAWRENCE J.
"Strongly prime and completely torsion free rings", Carleton
Mathematical Series 109 (1974).
[3]. JOHNSON R. E. "Representations of Prime Rings", Transactions
of the AMS, Vol 74(1) (1953), 351-357.
[4]. KLINGLER L. & LEVY L. S. "Wild torsion modules over Weyl
algebras and general torsion modules over HNPs", Journal of
algebra 172 (1995), 273-300.
[5]. Mc CONNELL J. C. & ROBSON J. C. "Homomorphisms and
extensions of modules over certain differential polynomial rings",
Journal of Algebra 26 (1973), 319-342.
[6]. Mc CONNELL J. C. & ROBSON J. C., "Noncommutative
Noetherian Rings", John Wiley (1987).
[7]. WISBAUER R. "Foundations of module and ring theory",
Gordon and Breach (1991).
[8]. WISBAUER R., "Module and Comodule Categories-a Survey",
Proceedings of the Mathematics Conference, Birzeit Conf 1998,
Elyadi e.a., World Scientific, 277-304 (1999).
ISSN 0973-3477
Vol. 11 PP 01-07
ANIJMIT
Acharya Nagarjuna
University 2014
(Communicated by Prof. Dr. K. Sitaram, SVU)
2 Alagar
Generalized Closed Sets with respect to an Ideal 3
4 Alagar
6 Alagar
AUTHORS BIO-DATA
Dr. C. Janaki, is now working as an Assistant
Professor in LRG Government arts College for
Women, Tiruppur-4. Awarded Ph.D by
Bharathiar University in 2010. She is having
17 years of teaching experience.
e-mail: janakicsekar@yahoo.com
Dr. Sr. I. Arochiarani, working as Associate
Professor of Mathematics, Nirmala College for
Women, Red Fields, Coimbatore-641018. Awarded
Ph.D., degree by Bharathiyar University in 1998. 4 Ph.Ds and
20 M.Phil.,s were awarded under her guidance. Published 40
research papers in National and International Journals.
Dr Nand Lal Singh is working as Professor and
Head of the Department of Mathematics, T.D.P.G
College, Jaunpur, Utter Pradesh. He is having 42
years of teaching experience of Post graduate
classes and published 45 research papers in
International & National reputed journals.
Dr Jitesh Kumar Singh is working as a Lecturer
in Mathematics, T.D.P.G college, Jaunpur, Utter
Pradesh. He is having 6 years of teaching
experience of Post graduate classes and published
15 research papers in different journals of repute.
ISSN 0973-3477
_____________________________________________
e-mail: anijmit@rediffmail.com
Vol: 7 2010 , Vol: 8 2011, Vol: 9 2012,
Vol: 10 2013, Vol: 11 . 2014
CONTENTS
Research Papers Page No
Volume 7
Viscous Dissipation of Energy due to slow motion of Porous 01-13
Newtonian Sphere in Visco-Elastic Fluid.
Jitesh Kumar Singh & Nand Lal Singh
Volume 8
A Note on Weighted Ostrowski Gruss type inequality 01 - 10
and Applications.
A. Qayyum
Volume 09
g -Normal Spaces Almost g -Normal And 01-20
Mildly g -Normal Spaces
C. Janaki & Sr. I. Arockiarani
Volume 10
. The Behavior of Some Modules in ] [M 01-12
Over an HNP Ring
Irawati
Volume 11
. Generalized Closed Sets with Respect to an Ideal 01-07
R. Algar

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Acharya Nagarjuna International

is regular open in X for every

is g -closed in X for every

= . Since f is almost- -irresolute

= by lemma 3.7. Hence ( ) ( )

U c . Then ( ) Y f X U V = is an g -open set

are disjoint closed sets of X . Since X is g -normal there

c . Since U and V are

are disjoint closed such sets of X by

are disjoint closed sets of X by continuity of f . As X is normal there

c . By prop.(6) in [12], there are disjoint -open sets

c . By theorem 2.3.3 of [13] there exist g -open sets G and

are g -open sets in X such

is a regular closed set

are disjoint regular closed

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