Free Vibration of Rectangular Plates: Exact Solutions and Ritz Analysis

Journal of Sound and Vibration (1973) 31(3), 257-293
THE FREE VIBRATION OF

RECTANGULAR PLATES
A. W. LEISSAt
Federal Institute o/Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
(Received 10 April 1973)
This work attempts to present comprehensive and accurate analytical results for the free
vibration of rectangular plates. Twenty-one cases exist which involve the possible combi-
nations of clamped, simply-supported, and free edge conditions. Exact characteristic
equations are given for the six cases having two opposite sides simply-supported. The
existence of solutions to the various characteristic equations is carefully delineated. The
Ritz method is employed with 36 terms containing the products of beam functions to
analyze the remaining 15 cases. Accurate frequency parameters are presented for a range of
aspect ratios (alb = 0'4, 2/3, 1'0, 1'5, and 2'5) for each case. For the last 15 cases, com-
parisons are made with Warburton's useful, approximate formulas. The effects of changing
Poisson's ratio are studied.
1. INTRODUCTION
A vast literature exists for the free vibrations of rectangular plates. Consider only the classical
theory governed by the differential equation
(1)
where wis transverse deflection; '\74 is the biharmonic differential operator (Le., '\74 = \12 \12,
'\72 = 02/0X2+02/ oy2in rectangular co-ordinates); D = Eh
3
/12(1 - v
2
), the flexural rigidity;
E is Young's modulus; h is plate thickness; v is Poisson's ratio; p is mass density per unit
area of plate surface; and t is time. Exclude such complicating effects as orthotropy, in-plane
forces, variable thickness, the effects of surrounding media, large deflections, shear defor-
mation and rotary inertia, and nonhomogeneity. Even with these restrictions a survey [1]
made by the writer a few years ago uncovered 164 pertinent references. However, it was also
found that the majority of this voluminous literature dealt with a few specific problems, that
for most of the problems the scope of treatment was limited or essentially non-existent, that
the exactness of numerical results was ordinarily deficient, and that the effects of changing
Poisson's ratio were generally ignored.
For rectangular plates there exist 21 distinct cases which involve all possible combinations
of classical boundary conditions (i.e., clamped, simply-supported, or free). For the six cases
having two opposite edges simply-supported, well-known exact solutions exist which are the
extensions of Voigt's [2] early work. For the remaining 15 cases, three problems have received
a great deal of attention. The completely clamped case is used frequently as a test problemfor
analytical methods because of the simplicity of the boundary conditions. The cantilever plate
t On leave from Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A.
257
258 A. W. LEISSA
has received extensive coverage because ofits practical importance, particularlyfor simulating
lifting and stabilizing surfaces in the aerospace industry. The completely free case has a rich
history. The first known observations of nodal patterns on plates were reported by Chladni
[3-6J beginning in 1787 for completely free square plates, which inspired much subsequent
experimental work and analytical discussion in the literature. Ritz [7] in 1909 used the
completely free problem to demonstrate his now-famous direct method for extending the
Rayleigh principle for obtaining upper bounds on vibration frequencies.
The remaining 12 problems have received little coverage in the literature; indeed, for six of
them virtually nothing at all can be found. An important step to remedy this situation was
made by Warburton [8]. In this useful piece of work he presented frequency formulas for all
21 types of problems derived by using the Rayleigh method with assumed mode shapes
which are the products of vibrating beam eigenfunctions. Later, another set of formulas was
published by Janich [9] for 18 cases (for fundamental modes only). Again, the Rayleigh
technique was utilized, but simple trigonometric functions were chosen to represent the plate
deflections. However, these functions do not represent the mode shapes nearly as well as the
beam functions; consequently, this latter work is of less practical value than Warburton's.
Although Warburton's formulas are of considerable value to the design engineer, certain
questions concerning them still remain to be answered. Of particular interest is the general
question of accuracy. The beam functions do satisfy the geometric boundary conditions of
zero deflection and slope where required (although not the free edge or free corner conditions
of a plate); consequently, they are mathematically admissible functions for the Ritz vari-
ational procedure, and yield upper bounds for the fundamental (lowest) frequencies. How-
ever, to what accuracy can a free vibration frequency be obtained when only a single-term
representation of the deflection mode shape is used? And what happens to the relative
accuracy as boundary conditions are changed or higher frequencies are sought?
The primary purpose ofthis work is to present in one place reasonably accurate results for
free vibration frequencies of all 21 combinations of classical boundary conditions for
rectangular plates. Secondary purposes are (1) to evaluate the accuracy of Warburton's
formulas by direct comparison, (2) to point out some of the mathematical nuances of the
Voigt and Ritz methods and of the resulting solutions, (3) to study the effects of changing
edge conditions uponthe frequencies and upon their accuracies, and (4) to study the effects of
changing Poisson's ratio upon the vibration frequencies.
The first part ofthe paper deals withthe exact solutions for the six cases havingtwo opposite
sides simply-supported. Extensive numerical results are given in Appendix A. The last part
deals with the remaining fifteen problems. Accurate frequencies are obtained by using the
Ritz method, 36-term mode shapes composed of beam functions, and the capabilities of
modern, digital computers. These frequencies are tabulated in Appendix C. Comparison is
I I
I I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I I
x
Figure 1. A SS-C-SS-F rectangular plate with co-ordinate convention.
FREE VIBRATION OF RECTANGULAR PLATES 259
made with the results of the Warburton formulas and with other published results when they
are available. The effects of changing Poisson's ratio are studied in a middle part.
Before beginning, some explanatory comments which pertain to the entire paper should be
made. First, consider the plate having length dimensions aand b. For purposes of description,
a notation will be adopted as follows. The symbolism SS-C-SS-F, for example, will identify a
rectangular plate with the edges x = 0, y = 0, x = a, Y= bhaving simply-supported, clamped,
simply-supported, and free boundary conditions, respectively (see Figure 1). Secondly, it
should be remembered that the non-dimensional frequency parameter wa
2
VPil5' (where OJ is
frequency, and a is a characteristic length) does not explicitly depend upon Poisson's ratio for
the rectangular shapes considered here unless at least one edge is free. However, the frequency
itself depends upon v in every case due to its inclusion in D. Unless otherwise stated, for the 15
cases having a free edge, vwill be taken as 0'3, a widely-used practical value. (Alist ofnotation
is given in Appendix D.)
2. TWO OPPOSITE EDGES SIMPLY-SUPPORTED
For the sake of definiteness, the well-known classical boundary conditions will be repeated
below for an edge parallel to the y-axis (for example, the boundaries x = 0 or x = a). For a
clamped edge,
for a simply-supported edge,
and for a free edge
ow
w=-=O
ax '
(2)
(3)
02
W
iFw oJ
w
oJ
w
ox2 +v oy
2
= ox3 + (2- v) oxoy2 = O. (4)
Corresponding boundary conditions for the edges y = 0 and y = b are obtained by inter-
changing x and y in equations (2), (3), and (4). For a free corner formed by the intersection of
two free edges the additional condition
02
W
- =0 (5)
oxoy
must be satisfied at the corner, although this condition will not be encountered when two
opposite edges are simply-supported.
On the assumption of a sinusoidal time response for free vibration,
w(x,y, t) = W(x,y) el<ot, (6)
the classical Voigt [2] solution
W
m
= [A
m
sinVk
2
- (1.2 y +BmcosVk
2
- (/.2 Y + C
m
sinh-ylk
2
+ (/.2 y +
+ D
m
coshVk2 +(/.2 y] sin (Xx (7)
will be taken, where k
4
= pOJ2/D, and (/. = mn/a, m = 1, 2, ... , and where k
2
is assumed to be
greater than (/.2. The deflection function (6) exactly satisfies the governing field equation (1)
and the simply-supported boundary conditions (3) along x = 0 and x = a. Substituting (7)
into the four appropriate boundary conditions along the edges y = 0 and y = b leads to a
characteristic determinant of the fourth order for each m. Expanding the determinant and
collecting terms yields a characteristic equation. The characteristic equations for the six cases
are listed below.
260
Case 1. SS-SS-SS-SS
A. W. LEISSA
(8)
Case 2. SS-C-SS-C
4>1 4>"{COS 4>1 cosh4>z - 1) - m
2
n
2
( ~ r sin 4>1 sinh 4>2 = O.
Case 3. SS-C-SS-SS
Case 4. SS-C-SS-F
4>14>2[A,z - m
4
n
4
(1 - V)2] + 4>1 4>2['1,2 +m
4
n
4
(1- V)2] cos 4>1 cosh 4>2 +
(9)
(10)
(11)
Case 5. SS-SS-SS-F
4>1[..1. +m
2
n
2
(1 - v)]2 tanh 4>2 - 4>2[..1. - m
2
n
2
(1 - v)]2 tan 4>1 = O. (12)
Case 6. SS-F-SS-F
24>14>2[..1.
2
- m
4
n
4
(1 - V)2]2 (cos 4>1 cosh 4>2 - 1) +{4>HA. + m
2
1l:2(1 - vW -
- 4>HA. - m
2
n
2
(1 - v)]4} sin 4>1 sinh 4>2: = O. (13)
In equations (8) through (13), A. is the nondimensional frequency parameter defined by
(14)
and 4>1 and 4>2 are functions of A. given by
b
4>1 =-VA.-m
2
n
2
,
a
(15)
A point frequently overlooked in the literature is that it is possible for k2 to be less than a,z
(that is, A less than m
2
n
2
). When this occurs it is necessary to replace sinv'P - (X2Y and
cosv'k
2
- (X2Y in equation (7) by sinhY(X2 - k
2
y and coshy(X2 - P y, respectively. Then the
characteristic equations become the following.
Case 1. SS-SS-SS-SS
sinh111 sinh '12 = O.
Case 2. SS-C-SS-C
1'f11'f2(cos
h
I71 cosh '12 -1) - m
2
n
2
( ~ r sinh 111 sinh112 = O.
Case 3. SS-C-SS-SS
. (16)
(17)
(18)
Case 4. SS-C-SS-F
111 I12P.2 - m
4
n
4
(1 - V)2] + 1/1112[..1,2 + m
4
n
4
(1 - v?] cosh111 cosh1'/2 +
[,12(l-2v)-m4n4(1-v)2]sinhl'/lsinh1'/2=0. (19)
Case 5. SS-SS-SS-F
1'/1[1l +m
2
n
2
(1 - V)]2 tanh 1'/2 - 112[1l - m
2
n
2
(1 - V)]2 tanh171 = O. (20)
Case 6. SS-F-SS-F
21'/11'/2[,12 - m
4
n
4
(l- V)2]2(coshI'/1 cosh 1'/2 - 1) + {I7HIl+ m
2
n
2
(1- vw-
m
2
n
2
(l - V)]4} sinh III sinh112 = O. (21)
It is seen that equations (16)-(21) are of the same form as equations (8)-(13), the former being
obtained from the latter by simply replacing sin, cos, and tan by sinh, cosh, and tanh, and
<P1' cP2 by 1'/1,1'/2' respectively, where
1'/1 = %vm
2
n
2
-Il,
b
1'/2 = - vm
2
n
2
+Il. (22)
a
Because of the geometric symmetry which exists about the axis y = bl2 (i.e., "y-symmetry")
in Cases 1,2, and 6, vibration modes in these cases will separate into ones which are either
y-symmetric or y-antisymmetric. The characteristic equations corresponding to these modes
can be obtained from equations (8), (9), (13), (16), (17) and (21) by factoring, or by new
derivations in terms of a y' co-ordinate system having its origin in the middle of the plate
(i.e., y' = y - b12) and, for example, retaining only the even functions of y in equation (7)
for the symmetric modes having k
2
> a
2
(1l > m
2
n
2
). The resulting characteristic equations are
the following.
Case 1. SS-SS-SS-SS
Case 2. SS-C-SS-C
{
symmetric:
Il> m
2
n
2
antisymmetric:
{
symmetric:
Il < m
2
n
2
antisymmetric:
cP1 cP2
cos - cosh-= 0
2 2 '
. <P1 . h cP2
SIll- SIll -=0
2 2 .
1]1 h 1'/2
cosh-cos - =0
2 2 '
. h III . h 1'/2
SIn -SIll -=0
22'
(23a)
(23b)
(23c)
(23d)
{
symmetric:
Il> m
2
n
2
antisymmetric :
{
symmetric:
Il < m
2
n
2
antisymmetric:
rl. cP1 rl. h cP2
'l'l
tan
2" +'1'2 tan 2"",0,
rl. cP1 rl. h cP2
'1'2 tan - - '1'1 tan -=0,
2 2
h
171
h 1'/2
III tan "2 -1'/2 tan 2'=0,
171 112
1'/2 tanh - - '11 tanh - =O.
2 2
(24a)
(24b)
(24c)
(24d)
A. W. LEISSA
262
Case 6. SS-P-SS-F
symmetric: d). -I- m
2
n
2
(l - vWtan ~ 1 - 1 -
-I- 4>2[.:l. -m
2
n
2
(l- v)]2tanh ~ 2 = 0,
antisymmetric: 2[). - m
2
n
2
(1 - v)]2tan 1_
2
-4>d). -I- m
2
n
2
(l - v)]2 tanh ~ 2 = 0,
(2Sa)
(2Sb)
1'/1
symmetric: 111[). -I- m
2
n
2
(l - v)]2 tanh 2" -
'12
- 1J2[.:l. - m
2
n
2
(1 - V)]2 tanh
2
= 0,
antisymmetric: 1J2[). - m
2
n
2
(1- v)]2tanh 111 -
2
1J2
-1J1[.:l. + m
2
n
2
(l - v)]2 tanh 2" = 0.
(25c)
(25d)
It is also seen that, for example, equations (24b) and (24d) are the same as equations (10) and
(18), respectively, except that 4>1 and 4>2 have been replaced by 4>1/2 and 4>2/2, respectively.
The physical significance of this is that the y-antisymmetric modes of vibration (and the
corresponding frequencies) of a SS-C-SS-C plate of width b are the same as those of a
SS-C-SS-SS plate of width b12. This is because the conditions along the antisymmetry axis of
a SS-C-SS-C plate are the same as conditions of a simple support. The same correspondence
exists between equations (25b) and (25d) for thc SSP-SS-F plate and equations (12) and (20)
for the SS-SS-SS-P plate.
3. NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF PLATES HAVING TWO OPPOSITE
EDGES SIMPLY-SUPPORTED
The characteristic equations presented in the preceding section were programmed and
roots of the equations were found by using Newton's method. Numerical results for the
nondimensional frequency parameter). = ma
2
y pi D were obtained for each of the six cases
over a range of aspect ratios and their reciprocals (alb = 2'5, 1'5, 1'0, 2/3, 0'4). Poisson's
ratio, where relevant (cases 4, 5, and 6), was taken uniformly to be 03.
Numerical data for the six cases are presented in Appendix A. In each table, for each value
of alb, the nine lowest values of ma
2
'\!pID are displayed in increasing sequence. The results
are exhibited in considerable accuracy simply because they were easily obtained to the
accuracy given, and because they may be of worth to someone desiring to investigate the
accuracy of an approximate method on some of these problems. In addition, for each
eigenvalue presented, the corresponding mode shape is described by the number of half
waves in each direction. Thus, for example, a 32-mode has three half-waves in the x-direction
and two in the y-direction. For all six cases the wave forms are, of course, sine functions in the
x-direction, according to equation (7). Furthermore, the wave forms in the y-direction are
found to be sine functions exactly (i.e., B
m
= em = D
m
= 0) for the SS-SS-SS-SS case,
whereas for the other cases the forms are only approximately sinusoidal. A consequence of
this result is that the node lines lying in the y-direction (two for a 32-mode) will be exactly
straight, parallel to the y-axis, and evenly spaced. On the other hand, those lying in the
x-direction (one for a 32-mode), except for the SS-SS-8S-SS case, and except for an axis of
symmetry, will not be exactly straight, parallel to the x-axis, or evenly spaced.
For purposes of subsequent discussion in this section, it will also be useful to clarify some
terminology with respect to symmetry of modes. As already used in section 2, y-symmetric
modes are those modes having an axis of symmetry with respect to the y co-ordinate (e.g., 11,
21, 13 modes are y-symmetric). Similarly, for example, the 12,22, and 14 modes are y-anti-
symmetric modes. Accordingly, these modes can exist only where double geometric symmetry
is present (e.g., SS-SS-SS-SS, SS-C-SS-C, SS-F-SS-F). Of course, all the six cases discussed
in this section can have vibration modes which are either x-symmetric or x-antisymmetric.
Because the conditions along a straight nodal line are the same as those of a simply-
supported straight edge, considerable additional results for other alb ratios can be gleaned
from Tables Al to A6. For example, consider the SS-C-SS-C plate (Table A2) having
alb = 15. The 21 mode has a nodal line along x = al2 and has J, = 789836. Considering only
one-half of the plate in this mode, one then has a SS-C-SS-C plate with alb = 0'75 with
A= (1/2)278'9836 = 19'7459 vibrating in the 11 mode. Similarly, the 31 mode for alb = 15
(with A= 123'1719) can be interpreted as the 11 mode for alb = 0'5, with J. = (/3)2123'1719 =
13'6858, or as the 21 mode for alb = 10 with A= (2/3)2123'1719 = 54'7431 (already given in
the table). And the 41 and 51 modes for alb = 15 also yield the fundamental (11 mode)
frequencies for plates having alb = 0375 and 0300.
Considering the y-antisymmetric modes, one observes that the tables provide information
for plates having other boundary conditions as well. Returning to alb = 15 in Table A2, one
sees that the 12 mode corresponds to a II mode for a SS-C-SS-SS plate having alb = 3 and
the same value of frequency parameter, A= 1462677. (To accomplish these transformations
simply, one keeps the length a fixed and varies b to arrive at the desired alb ratio. Thus J, for
the 12 mode of a plate having b = (2/3) a is the same as that for the 11 mode of a plate having
b = (lj3)a. Furthermore, for fixed values of a, p and D, J, is a direct measure of the frequency,
w. Similarly, for example, the 32 mode for alb = 15 in Table A2 corresponds to the 11 mode
of a SS-C-SS-SS plate having alb = I and J, = (/3)2212'8169 = 23'6463 (already given in
Table A3).
A word of caution should be mentioned regarding the procedure described in the preceding
two paragraphs for obtaining additional information from the higher modes. In order for the
correspondences described above to exist, the nodal lines must be straight, parallel to the x-
and y-axes, and evenly spaced. As discussed earlier in this section, the nodal lines lying in the
x-direction satisfy these conditions in general only for Case 1, and in particular for the other
cases only when the line is one of geometrical symmetry (y = bl2 in Cases 2 and 6). Thus, for
the SS-C-SS-SS plate (Table A3) having alb = 1'0, Afor the 22 mode is less than four times
that of the II mode because the nodal line lying in the x-direction, while nearly straight,
occurs at y > O 5b. On the other hand, the frequency for the 22 mode of the SS-SS-SS-F plate
(Table AS) for alb = 1 i!; more than four times that of the II mode because the x-directed
nodal line is noticeably curved, thereby supplying additional circumferential stiffness to the
plate in the vicinity of the nodal line.
A useful analogy that exists (cf. [I, 10, 11]) between the vibration and buckling ofrectangu-
lar plates having two opposite edges simply-supported will be referred to from time to time
later in this section. Specifically, when uniformly distributed, compressive force resultants N
x
(force per unit edge length of plate) act in the plane of the plate and perpendicular to the
simply-supported boundaries x = 0 and x = a, then the following correspondence exists
between the frequency parameter (in the absence of N
x
) and the static buckling parameter
(due to N
x
):
2 {P fNx
wa ...; 15 ~ mna ,J Ii'
(26)
264
A. W. LEISSA
Some specific comments will be given below for each of the six cases having two opposite
sides simply-supported.
3.1. ss-SS-SS-SS
In order for equation (8) to be satisfied it is necessary that cP! = mc, with integer values of n.
Thus for this case (and only this case), the nondimensional frequency parameter can be
determined explicitly; i.e.,
wa
2
A= rc
2
[m
2
+n 2 ( ~ r ] (m,n = 1,2, ...) (27)
and the mode shapes are the same as those of vibrating rectangular membranes. Numerical
values for this case are listed in Table AI. From equation (27) it is clear that as alb -? 0,
OJa
2
Vpi D -? m
2
n
2
and that as bla -? 0, wb
2
Vpi D -? n
2
rc
2
.
In Appendix B it is shown that equation (16) for wa
2
VpID < m
2
rc
2
has no roots.
3.2. S8-C-SS-C
The eigenvalues listed in Table A2 are calculated from equations (24a) and (24b). In
Appendix B it is shown that equations (24c) and (24d) for wa
2
vpiD < m
2
rc
2
have no roots.
For the square plate (alb = 1) the same results were essentially also obtained by Iguchi [10],
although he overlooked the 41 mode. Other extensive results are presented in references [12]
and [13], and several other authors have solved this problem, some by approximate methods,
as summarized in reference [l].
Additional numerical results for the y-antisymmetric modes of SS-C-SS-C plates may be
easily obtained from the data presented for SS-C-SS-SS plates (see section 3.3), as discussed
in section 3.
3.3. S8-C-SS-S8
Thefrequency parameters listed in TabIe A3 are calculated from equation (10). In Appendix
B it is shown that equation (18) for wa
2
VpID < m
2
rc
2
has no roots.
The lowest six frequencies of the square, as well as thefundamental frequencies for the five
aspect ratios of Table A3, were also obtained to less accuracy in reference [10]. A few other
references dealing with this problem are described in reference [1].
Additional results for vibration frequencies of SS-C-SS-SS plates can be found quite simply
from the y-antisymmetric results for SS-C-SS-C plates given in Table A2, as discussed
previously in section 3. Specifically, fundamental frequencies for SS-C-SS-SS plates having
alb = 5,0, 3,0, 2'0, 5/3, 4/3, 0'80, 0'75, and 4/9 are thus obtained.
3.4. sS-C-SS-F
The frequency parameters listed in Table A4 are calculated from equation (11), the value
v = 03 being used. It is shown in Appendix B that roots to equation (19) can also exist for
v = 0'3, provided thatmbla > 7353. Thus,for alb = 1, the lowest frequency parameter of this
type would be A8!' having a value of approximately 630 (see the discussion in section 3.6).
The lowest six frequencies of the square were previously obtainr.:d in reference [12] and
duplicate the corresponding values of Table A4.
Additional numerical results are available for v= 025 from the plate buckling analogy
(see section 3) and the data given in references [14] and [15], as well as in reference [1].
3.5. sS-SS-SS-F
Equation (12) is used with v= 0'3 to obtain the frequency parameters listed in Table A5.
It is shown in Appendix B that roots to equation (20) can also exist for v = 0,3, provided that
mbla> 7'228. Thus, for the square plate, the lowest frequency parameter which would be
encountered such that A< m
2
n
2
would be ASi' Furthermore, as shown in section 3.6, this
frequency parameter would be close to m
2
n
2
( ~ 630), and would be far beyond the range of
the table. Similarly, for alb = 0-4, the lowest frequency parameter for the case of A. < m
2
n
2
would be A3I ~ 88.
The lowest six frequencies for the square were previously presented in reference [12] and
duplicate the corresponding values in Table AS.
Results whichsupplement those ofTable AS are easily obtained fromthe datafor SS-P-SS-P
plates given in Table AG. In particular, fundamental frequencies for SS-SS-SS-P plates
having alb = 5'0, 3'0, 2'0, 5/3, 4/3, and 08 are obtained from the frequencies of the y-anti-
symmetric modes listed in Table A6.
Numerical results are also available for v = 025 from the plate buckling analogy (see
section 3) and the data given in references [14] and [15], as well as in reference [1].
3.6. SS-F-SS-F
The frequency parameters listed in Table A6 are calculated with v=0'3 being used. Most
ofthe results are for A> m
2
n
2
, equations (25a) and (25b) being used. However, as is shown in
Appendix B, there always exists oney-symmetric mode for each value ofm such that A< m
2
n
2
,
and, under rather restricted circumstances, y-antisymmetric modes arising from roots of
equation (25d) can also be found such that A< m
2
n
2
In particular, for v = 0'3, it is seen in
Appendix Bthat mbla must be greater than 14-455 in the latter case, and thus no frequencies
of this type appear among the first nine for the values of alb used in Table A6.
TABLE 1
Representativefrequency parameters Afor the antisymmetric
(n = 2) modes of SS-F-SS-Fplates, with A< m
2
n
2
(v = 0'3)
alb m mbla m
2
n
2
A= wa
2
VjjJD
10 15 150 222066 222022
10 14 140 193444 non-existent
1'0 20 200 3947'84 394300
0'5 15 37'5 222066 2216'75
04 15 375 222066 221655
01 5 50 24674 24627
0'1 10 100 98696 98509
001 1 100 98696 98509
00690 1 14'49 986960 986946
The lack of importance of the antisymmetric frequencies for A< m
2
n
2
is seen further from
Table 1. All the values, although less than m
2
n
2
, are also quite close to m
2
n
2
, the largest
possible deviation occurring for extremely large mbla: i.e., for mbla = 100, A. differs from
m
2
n
2
by approximately 02 %. It was shown in reference [12] that for these modes a limiting
value of A= 099810 m
2
n
2
is reached for mbla = ro (when v= 0'3). The nearness to m
2
n
2
to
which the eigenvalue can be forced is demonstrated by the value of mbla = 1449 (>14'455)
in the table. From the table it is also seen that the first eigenvalue of this type for the square
plate would be reached when m = 15 (A = 2220'22). PromTable A6 it is evident that approxi-
mately 200 free vibration frequencies of the other three types of modes would precede this
one for alb = 1!
It is interesting to note in Table A6 that the frequency parameters for the y-symmetric
modes (11, 21, 31, etc.) having A< m
2
n
2
are the only ones that decrease as alb is increased.
Nor do the values of Adecrease with increasing alb for any fixed mode number in the five
preceding Tables Al to AS. With increasing alb, the symmetric eigenvalues having.A. < m
2
n
2
266 A. W. LEISSA
decrease to a limiting value of m
2
n
2
'\1f="V2. The reason for this is that the frequency
parameter Aitself contains ~ within D, and for large alb the plate behaves as a beam of
length a simply-supported at both ends and undergoing anticlastic bending, the beam
bending frequency being independent of Poisson's ratio. Thus the limiting case of large alb
gives the beam frequency parameter of wa
2
v'12p1Eh
3
= m
2
n
2
On the other end of the alb
range for these modes, the eigenvalues for the 11 modes are A= 98351 and 98509 for
alb = 0'1 and 0'01, respectively, approaching once more the limiting value of0'99810 m
2
n
2
as
alb -+ O.
The SS-F-SS-F case has received reasonable attention in the literature. The solution
function (7) was used by Voigt [2] on this plate vibration problemin 1893, sixyears before the
more widely recognized paper by Levy [16] proposing the same type of solution for static
problems of plate bending. Another excellent piece of early work on this problem was by
Zeissig [17] who plotted extensive results. In reference [12] the first six frequencies for the
square are given for v= 0'3 and agree with those of Table A6. Extensive tabular data for
v=0'16 and 03 were also presented by Jankovic [18]; however, the numerical results
presented are somewhat lacking in accuracy. A more serious fault of the latter paper is the
lack of recognition ofthe existence of solutions such that.:l. < m
2
n
2
This error gave values of
A= 11:2, (2n)2, (311:)2, ." for the 11,21, 31, ... modes/or all values o/a/b. Indeed, these values
of .:I. are poles of equation (25a) rather than roots.
4. ON THE EFFECTS OF POISSON'S RATIO
For isotropic materials, Poisson's ratio (v) can vary between 0 and 0'5. However, it was
seen above that the frequency parameter .:I. = OJa
2
v'pi D does not depend upon v unless one
or more of the edges of the plate is free. Thus, for example, among the six cases discussed in
section 3, in only three was A. a function of v. For these three cases, v was fixed at a value of
03.
However, it must not be forgotten that D =Eh
3
/12(l- v
2
), and thus depends upon v;
therefore, in every case the frequency itself depends upon v. For purposes of quantitative
comparison, a frequency parameter Q is now defined which does not contain v, viz.
Q == wa
2
J T 1 J = ~ . (28)
It is seen that Q is such that it equals Awhen v= O. Furthermore, in those cases where Adqes
not depend upon v, then Q (and consequently the frequency) for v = 0'5 is 1'15 (i.e., v'4/3)
times as great as Q for v= O.
To determine further the effects ofv upon.:l. and Q, numerical results were also obtained for
the SS-F-SS-F plate when other values of vwere used. This case was chosen because (1) the
presence of two free edges causes marked changes with v, (2) the y-antisymmetric modes
correspond to the SS-SS-SS-F case which is itself y-asymmetric, and (3) the existence of
eigenvalues is complicated, depending upon whether A. is greater or less than m
2
n
2
, as
discussed in section 3.
Table 2 gives values of A. for v= 0,0'3, and 0'5. Results are exhibited for alb = 0'4, 1, and
2'5 and for those modes corresponding to the first nine frequencies which exist for the square
plate having v = 03 (as given in Table A6). As vis varied, the ordering ofthe modes can also
change. For example, for alb = 0'4 it is seen that for v= 0'3, OJ16 < OJ
23
, but for v= 0'5,
W23 < OJ16' However, this is the only instance of mode reordering found for the range of
aspect ratios used in the table.
The modes are also separated into categories which are either y-symmetric or y-anti-
symmetric and having either A> m
2
n
2
or A< m
2
n
2
For the range of m and alb of the table,
only one y-antisymmetric mode was found for which A< m
2
n
2
; it occurs where indicated for
the 22 mode when alb = 0'4 and v = 05. As proven in Appendix B, these modes will exist if
mbla> 4051 for v = 0'5, and in this instance mbla = 5. The likelihood of these modes
existing increases with increasing v. Another example of this type which occurs beyond the
range of the table is fo'r v = 0'5 and alb = 01. Then Al2 = 96635 (mbla = 10, Au/n
2
= 0-9791)
and A22 = 386228 (mbla = 20, A22I(2n)2 =0'9783).
TABLE 2
Frequency parameter A= wa
2
Yp/D as afunction ofv for SS-F-SS-Fplates
J. > m
2
rr
2
v
or
a
A
Type of mode A< m
2
n
2
b mil 0 0'3 0'5
y-symmetric
0'4
11 98696 97600 94506
21 394784 39-2387 383771
11 9'8696 96314 90793
21 39'4784 38'9450 375192
<m
2
n
2
31 888264 87-9867 854899
11 98696 94841 87042
25
21 394784 383629 35-8799
31 888264 86'9684 82-5093
41 1579137 155'3211 1487256
13 157531 150626 141360
04 15 32'2511 311771 303335
23 457156 449416 41-0576
>m
2
n
2
13 392281 367256 347783
23 747963 707401 668020
25
13 1603527 156'1248 1531979
23 2119354 1998452 1908194
y-antisymmetric 12 114098 11'0368 103901
04
14 22-6610 21-7064 20'8650
22 410521 405035 39-0826t
16 447469 43-6698 428705
12 178821 16-1348 143516
>m
l
n
2
22 489147 467381 434768
14 77'5775 752834 73'6610
32 98,5481
96'0405 91-1600
12 394631 33-6228 287628
25 22 849399 75'2037 660192
32 142'1102 1303576 117'3358
t Obtained by using solution for A< m
2
n
2
In Table 2 it is observed that A. decreases with increasing v for the SS-F-SS-F case for all
a/b. Because the y-antisymmetric modes also contain all the modes of the SS-SS-SS-F case,
the statement applies to the latter case as well. Indeed, reviewing the comprehensive literature
survey of reference [1], only one mode ofone case (F-F-F-F) can be found wherein Aincreases
with increasing v. In that case a nearly cirCUlar internal nodal line gives rise to large circum-
ferential stiffening in the vicinity of the circle, thereby increasing the effect ofv. However, it
must be noted that although 15 of the 21 cases ofsimple boundary conditions for rectangular
plates have one or more free edges, yielding A.-dependence upon v, results in the literature for
values of v other than 03 are quite sparse.
268
A. W. LEISSA
TABLE 3
Variation of.A. with vfor the 22 mode
anda/b=O'4
v A. Difference
00 410521
-0'0683
0-1 409838
-{H683
0'2 408155
-0,3120
03 405035
-0,5322
04 39'9713
-0,8870
0'5 390826
TABLE 4
Frequency parameter Q = coa2V12p/Eh3 as a/unction ofv/or SS-F-SS-Fplates
A> m
2
7C
2
v
or
a
F
A
-
Type of mode A. < m
2
7C
2
b mn 0 03 0'5
y-symmetric
04
11 98696 10'2313 109126
21 394784 411333 443141
11 98696 10'0965 104839
1
21 394784 408255 433234
<m
2
n
2
31 888264 92'2351 98'7152
11 98696 99420 10'0507
2'5
21 39'4784 402152 414305
31 88'8264 91-1677 952737
41 157'9137 1628208 1717335
13 157531 157899 16'5307
04 15 322511 32'6825 35'0261
23 457156 47'1116 47'4092
>m
2
7C
2
13 392281 384989 401585
23 747963 741558 771363
2'5
13 1603527 163'6633 1768977
23 2119354 2094947 2203393
y-antisymmetric
12 114098 11'5697 119975
04
14 226610 22'7545 240928
22 410521 424592 45'1287i
16 447469 457784 495026
12 178821 169139 165718
>m
2
n
2
1
22 489147 489948 502027
14 775775 789184 85'0564
32 985481 100'6778 1052625
12 394631 35'6228 332124
2'5 22 849399 788349 762324
32 1421102 1366519 1354877
t Obtained by using solution for)" < m
2
rc
2

Not only does A. decrease with increasing v for all modes in Table 2, but the decrease is at
an increasing rate. That is, curves of Aus. v all have negative curvature everywhere. This
behavior is demonstrated in Table 3 for the 22 mode and alb = 04. Therein, Ais given for
changes in v having equal increment size 0'1. It is seen that the negative change in A. between
v = 0'4 and 05 is more than 13 times as great as between v = 0 and v = 01.
For the y-symmetric modes indicated such that A< m
2
n
2
and for v= 0, it is seen that Ais
precisely m
2
n
2
, which corresponds to the frequency parameter of a beam simply-supported
at both ends. Thus the plate behaves according to Euler-Bernoulli beam theory in this
special case.
The variation of the frequency parameter Q not containing v is displayed in Table 4 for the
same alb ratios and mode shapes as in Table 2. Particularlyinterestingto note is that Q usually
increases with increasing v for the y-symmetric modes, but either increases or decreases for
the y-antisymmetric modes, and the tendency for Q to decrease with increasing vincreases as
alb increases. For the 13 and 23 modes of the square plate, the behavior is even more c o m p l i ~
cated, Q first decreasing and then increasing with increasing v. A closer inspection of the 13
mode shows the following sequence of values for Q: 39'2281, 38'6400, 38'3887, 38'4989,
39'0406, 40'1585, corresponding to v = 0, 0'1, 0'2, 0,3, 0'4, 0'5, respectively. Frequency
decrease with increasing v is a strange phenomenon, but it can be found to occur in at least
one other case of boundary conditions, Specifically, from the very precise work of Sigillito
[19] on the completely free square plate, this phenomenon can be seen occurring for the
fundamental mode.
Upon considering the fundamental (i.e., 11) mode, it is seen from Table 4 that Q decreases
with increasing alb for all non-zero values of v, and approaches the simply-supported beam
frequency Q = n
2
as alb -+ oj. The curvature of the plate in the fundamental mode in the
y-direction is very small for small alb, thereby generating a bending moment My which
approximately equals vM
x
everywhere. For large alb, the free edges are relatively close
together, and because My is zero on these edges, only a small value ofit can be generated over
the small distance. Thus, the presence oflarge My for small alb causes considerable stiffening
and corresponding frequency increase for the plate. This effect increases, of course, with
increasing v. The same effects occur for the 21, 31, 41, etc., modes; however, for the other
modes one or more nodal lines lie in the x-direction, and the picture is then complicated by
the presence of curved nodal lines (for which My '# 0) and internal shearing forces, Qy.
5. PLATES HAVING OTHER EDGE CONDITIONS
For the other 15 cases of edge conditions not having two opposite sides simply-supported,
the classical Rayleigh-Ritz method was used with beam functions to obtain numerical
results for the frequency parameters, A.. This procedure is very well known (cf. references [1, 7,
20-28]) and will not be described in detail again here. Suffice it to say that the method uses
functions W(x,y) in equation (6) in the variables separable form,
W(x,y) = 2: ApqXp(x) Yiy),
p,q
(29)
where X
p
and Y
q
are normalized eigenfunctions exactly satisfying the equation ofmotion of a
freely vibrating, uniform beam. In addition, X
p
and Y
q
satisfy desired clamped, simply-
supported, or free edge conditions at the ends of the beam. The coefficients are determined by
the Ritz method so as to minimize an energy functional and thereby yield a best approxi-
mation to the satisfaction of the equation of motion (1) for the plate. Clamped and simply-
supported plate boundary conditions are exactly satisfied by use of the beam functions, but
free edge conditions are only approximated, making the approach usually less accurate when
270
A. W. LEISSA
a free edge is involved. Finally, in this short summary of the method, the orthogonality of the
beam functions and the consequent saving in numerical computational labor should be
pointed out.
For each of the 15 problems considered here, the first six beam functions were used in each
co-ordinate direction, yielding 36 terms onthe right-hand side ofequation (29). Inthe general
case the procedure then reduces to the evaluation of eigenvalues of a 36th order determinant.
However, in cases where one geometric symmetry axis is present (e.g., C-C-C-SS, C-C-C-F,
C-SS-C-F, C-F-SS-F, C-F-F-F, SS-F-F-F), all modes are either symmetric or antisymmetric
with respect to the geometric symmetry axis, and the determinant is uncoupled into two 18th
order determinants. Similarly, in cases having two geometric symmetry axes (C-C-C-C,
C-F-C-F, F-F-F-F), four symmetry classes of modes exist, yielding four ninth-order eigen-
value determinants. However, no effort was made to separate further the fourfold symmetric
modes of the square plate having C-C-C-C or F-F-F-F edges.
For several of the cases, more than the first six frequencies, particularly for alb = 1, can be
found elsewhere in the literature. Onthe other hand, for six ofthe cases (C-C.SS-F, C-SS-C-F,
C-8S-SS-F, C-SS-F-F, S8-8S-F-F, S8-F-F-F) no explicit previous results have been found.
Numerical results for the 15 cases are displayed in the tables of Appendix C. Therein the
six lowest values of the non-dimensional frequency parameter A. = C1Ja
2
V pI D are given for
alb = 0'4,2/3, 1'0, 1'5, and 2'5 in each case. Poisson's ratio, which is an independent para-
meter in the 12 cases involving a free edge, is taken uniformly as 03 in these tables.
Again the edge condition notation defined in section I is stressed. That is, for example, the
C-SS-F-F plate has the edge x = 0 clamped. The other edges in counterclockwise order are
then simply-supported (y = 0), free (x = a) and free (y = b).
In the tables the identifying mode number mn associated with each frequency is also given.
The mode number is determined by the largest A
pq
in the eigenvector associated with the
frequency. In many cases the resulting nodal patterns have m- 1 and n- 1 nodal lines
running parallel to, or approximately parallel to, the y- and x-axes, respectively, but in other
cases this geometrical correspondence is at best vague (cf. reference [1]). Where symmetrical
and antisymmetrical modes do exist, they can be identified by the mode numbers. Also, in
some special cases of square plates having diagonal symmetry in their edge conditions, it is
found that A
pq
= A
qp
or A
pq
= -A
qp
for all p and q, indicating diagonal symmetry or anti-
symmetry in the mode shapes.
For each entry in the tables the per cent difference of the 36-term solution eigenfrequency
from the single-term Rayleigh solution is also given. The single-term solution is based upon
using the one dominant beam function for the mode and determining the frequency by
means of Rayleigh's Quotient, inasmuch as no minimization is possible with a single beam
function. This procedure is the basis of Warburton's [8] useful formulas. In the more general
Ritz procedure, the single-term Rayleigh solution conveniently appears as the dominant
element on the diagonal of the characteristic determinant generated.
In the tables, values of A. are given to five significant figures. However, it should not be
thought that these values are exact to this degree of accuracy. Indeed, in some scattered
instances, particularly for alb = 1, more exact numerical results can be found elsewhere in
the published literature, as will be pointed out in detail in the discussion of the individual
cases later in this section. From a rigorous mathematical standpoint the only statement that
can be made concerning the relation of the Ato the exact values is that the present values are
upper bounds for the exact values. However, fromrate ofconvergence studies and comparison
with known lower bounds from the literature, it is suggested that the Agiven in the tables are
ordinarily exact to three significant figures. It is also known that the exactness decreases
ordinarily with increasing mode number and with the presence offree edges, as will be shown
later.
FREE VIBRATION OF RECTANGULAR PLATES
271
A detailed inspection of the tables of Appendix C reveals that as often as not the difference
between the one-term and 36-term solutions is less than 1 %. Furthermore, the difference
appears to be less for the stiffer cases (Le., those having the larger fundamental frequencies),
and to increase as free edges are added. Isolated examples of large differences are 24,36,
1745 and 11'56 %for the l2mode ofC-F-F-Fplates havinga/b = 2,5, 1'5, and 1, respectively;
14'77% for the 11 mode ofa C-SS-F-F plate havinga/b = 2'5; and n06%and minus 843 %
for the 13 and 31 modes, respectively, of a F-F-F-F plate having a/b = 1. The presence of a
free corner appears especially to detract from the exactness of the one-term solutions.
To study the question of exactness somewhat more quantitatively, Table 5 has been
prepared, which gives the average per cent differences for the 30 values of A, available for each
of the 15 cases. Negative differences in the tables were added algebraically so as to diminish
the average differences. Table 5 shows that the average difference for the e-e-e-e case is the
smallest and that, as the constraints are relaxed, ordinarily (1) changing a clamped edge to a
simply-supported one increases the difference slightly, (2) changing a simply-supported edge
to a free one increases the difference considerably, and (3) the intersection of two free edges
(Le., a free corner) causes large per cent differences. The overall average of differences for all
15 cases is seen to be somewhat less than 2%, and the mean difference is a little less than the
average.
TABLE 5
Average differences in A
between one-term and 36-term
solutions
Case
c-c-c-c
c-c-c-SS
c-c-c-p
c-c-SS-SS
c-c-p-SS
c-c-p-p
C-SS-C-P
C-SS-SS-F
C-SS-P-F
c-p-c-p
c-p-ss-p
c-p-p-p
SS-Ss-p-p
Ss-p-p-p
p-p-p-p
Average of
averages
Per cent
difference
038
041
091
046
110
427
0'54
061
3-80
0'58
077
4-86
293
HI
351
190
The significance of a negative error in the tables of Appendix C is particularly interesting
inasmuch as it denotes that the one-term Rayleigh eigenvalue is smaller than the 36-term
eigenvalue by the indicated per cent. And because both solutions are upper bounds for the
exact eigenvalues, a negative error would appear to indicate that the one-term solution is
more exact than the 36-term solution in such instances!
It is not widely known that the a ~ d i t i o n of terms to a Rayleigh-Ritz formulation can
decrease the accuracy of some of the eigenvalues. As a simple numerical illustration consider
the first two symmetric modes of the C-C-C-F square plate. If only the first two x-symmetric
272 A. W. LEISSA
(30)
terms of equation (29) are retained (i.e., All and A
12
being the only non-zero coefficients), the
following characteristic determinant is generated:
1
586,64 - ,1,2 -90,68 1=0.
-90,68 164256 -.P
It has the roots A.ll = 24'07 and ..1
12
= 4061. The one-term Rayleigh solutions are obtained
directly from the diagonal elements of equation (30), yielding All = 24,22 and ..1
12
= 40,53.
Thus, the two-term solution gives a more exact upper bound on the fundamental frequency.,
but also makes the A12 approximation worse. Accurate values of All and ..1
12
are seen in Table
C3 to be 24'020 and 40'039, respectively.
When the principle described above is applied to the ij mode, the terms preceding Al} in
equation (29) cause Al} to increase above the value obtained from the Ai) term taken alone,
although approximations to the other eigenvalues are then also obtained. The addition of
terms of equation (29) such that p > i and q > j will then decrease (i.e., improve the exactness
of) AiJ. Because the modes of each symmetry class become uncoupled in the solution, the
lowest frequency of each symmetry class will never be increased by the addition of terms in
equation (29). However, diagonal symmetry is also present for many cases when alb = 1(i.e.,
C-C-C-C, C-C-SS-SS, C-C-F-F, SS-SS-F-F, P-F-P-P) and the one-term solutions in the
co-ordinate system do not recognize this added symmetry. Thus, for example, the modes
labeled 13 and 31 for the F-F-F-P square plate (see Table CIS) are actually doubly anti-
symmetric and doubly symmetric with respect to the diagonals and are both being represented
by one-term eigenfunctions not possessing this symmetry. Hence, the frequency of the one-
term solution for the 31 mode (8'43 %less than the 36-term solution) need not be an upper
bound. The inadequacy of the single-term solutions when diagonal symmetry is present was
pointed out by Warburton [8].
TABLE 6
Boundary condition identities
Antisymmetric
modes of General modes of
C-C-C-C
C-C-C-SS
C-C-C-F
C-F-C-F
C-SS-C-F
C-F-F-F
SS-F-F-F
F-F-F-F
C-C-C-SS and C-C-SS-SS
C-C-SS-SS
C-C-SS-F
C-F-SS-F, C-SS-C-F and C-SS-SS-F
C-SS-SS-F
C-SS-F-F
SS-SS-F-F
SS-F-F-F and SS-SS-F-F
Straight nodal lines duplicate simply-supported boundary conditions; consequently,
additional frequency parameters, particularly for other aspect ratios, can often be obtained
by considering the antisymmetric modes of other cases. These correspondences are sum-
marized in Table 6. Thus, for example, some values of Afor C-C-C-SS and C-C-SS-SS plates
can be found from the frequencies of C-C-C-C plates, and conversely. This procedure is
described in detail in section 3.
For either verylarge or very small values ofalb, one set ofopposite edges is widely separated
and the other set is relatively close. In such cases the plate frequencies are related to the beam
frequencies. The frequency parameters for beams having length 1are given in Table 7, where
EIis the beamstiffness. For a beam strip ofthickness It and unit width, 1= h
3
112 and the beam
parameter contains the same quantities as the plate parameter !J [see equation (28)], with a
273
substituted for I. However. in most cases the values ojTable 7 are the limiting values ojtheplate
parameter A, rather than Q. This is due to the added stiffening in a plate due to Poisson ratio
effects, as discussed in section 4.
Aithough the plate parameters Aapproach the beam parameters of Table 7 for large and
small values of alb, they do so at different rates for the various edge conditions, as can be seen
in Table 8. Therein values ofthejundamental frequency parameter All are collated in descend-
ing order for the six cases where two opposite edges x = 0 and a are clamped. Although the
plate is 2 5 times as wide as it is long, the edge conditions at y = 0and bare still qui te sufficient
to raise All significantly above the beam parameter of 22373 in every case except the last. In
all six cases (with the possible exception of the last) Au -+ 22'373 as alb -+ O. In the table it is
also seen that the removal of the side constraints of deflection and slope reduces Au in every
case, and that the constraints of deflection are more significant than those of slope.
TABLE 7
Frequency parameters w}2 Vp/Eljor beams
m C-C c-ss C-F Ss-ss SS-F F-F
1 22373 15418 35160 9,8696 same same
2 61673 49965 22034 39478 as as
3 120903 104248 61-697 88'826 C-SS C-C
4 199859 178'270 120902 157-914
5 298556 272'031 199'860 246740
>5 (2m + l?n
z
/4 (4m + 1)Zn
Z
j16 (2m - l)2n
Z
j4 m
2
n
Z
TABLE 8
2
11
jor alb = 04
Edge
conditions
C-C-C-C
C-C-C-SS
C-SS-C-SS
C-C-C-F
C-SS-C-F
C-F-C-F
23648
230440
23277
22'577
22544
220346
In Table 8 it is also seen that 2
11
for the C-F-C-F case is less than the fundamental beam
parameter value of 22373. And in Table ClO All is found to be less than 22373 for all alb,
and decreases with increasing alb. Similarly, A.2l and A
31
are found to be less than 61673 and
120'903, respectively, for all alb, and decreasing with increasing alb. This behavior was seen
previously for another case when two opposite edges are free: the SS-F-SS-F case, as discussed
in section 3.6. Upon looking further it is found that this behavior occurs for these modes in all
cases when two opposite sides are free: that is, C-F-SS-F (Table Cl1), C-F-F-F (Table e12),
SS-F-F-F (Table C14) and F-F-F-F (Table CI5). Whether the plate parameters for these
modes approach a limiting value somewhat less than the corresponding beam parameters as
alb -+ 0, as occurred for the SS-F-SS-F case (see section 3.6) remains to be determined.
However, it is clear that, as for the SS-F-SS-F case discussed earlier, as alb -+ 00 the Afor
these modes approach the beam frequencies multiplied by vT="V2 (= 095394 for v = 0'3),
because My bending moments cannot effectively be generated for free edges and small b.
Some observations and, where fruitful, comparisons with other numerical results in the
published literature will be made in detail below for several of the 15 cases.
274 A. W. LEISSA
5.1. c-c-c-c (Table Cl)
Because of the relative mathematical simplicity of its boundary conditions, the literature
for the C-C-C-C plate is extensive. Reference [1] identifies 37 sources which deal explicitly
with this problem.
Relevant to the present paper, references giving lower bounds or more accurate upper
bounds for the frequency parameters are particularly worth noting. Lower bound references
include [29, 30, 31, 32]. Fromthese four sources closest lower bounds for the square (alb = 1)
of A= 35'986, 73'354, 108'12, 13155 and 132'18 can be extracted for comparison with Table
Cl. Upper bounds of A. = 35'9866, 131'58, 13221 for alb = 1 which are closer than those of
Table Cl can be found in reference [29]. Reference [29] is particularly outstanding in this
respect, giving close upper and lower bounds for the first 15 doubly symmetric modes for a
range of 0125 < alb < 1. The extensive, accurate numerical results of reference [33], although
not bounds, should also be mentioned here.
The existence of distinct" 13" and "31" modes for the square having distinct eigenvalues
(i.e., 13164 and 132'24) is still a matter of speculation at this time. Some authors report them
as distinct, others do not. A proof of whether the modes are distinct, or whether they simply
reflect numerical approximations, is not yet available. Fortunately, this troublesome point
only has mathematical, and not practical, significance.
5.2. C-C-C-F (Table C3)
Reference [24] is 'the only known previous work dealing with this case. However, it is
devoted solely to this problem and therefore deals thoroughly with it. The eigenvalues
presented in reference [24] are also obtained by using the Ritz method with beam functions
for v= 03. Results are given for alb = 0'5,0'75, 10, 1'5, 20 rather than those of Table C3, so
direct comparisons can only be made for two of these values. Using ten beam functions in
both the x- and y-directions, thereby giving 100 terms in equation (29) was found to yield
A= 2400, 40'03, 6341, 7673 and 8070 for alb = 1which are, of course, closer upper bounds
than those of Table C3. Similarly, using eight beam functions in the x-direction and seven in
the y-direction gave A= 26'72,65'89,66'19, 106'77 and 125'34 for alb = 15.
5.3. C-C-F-F (Table C6)
All the modes for the square in this case are either symmetrical or antisymmetrical with
respect to one diagonal. For example, the first five frequencies are symmetrical, antisym-
metrical (A
12
= -A
21
), symmetrical (A
12
= A
21
), symmetrical, and antisymmetrical (A
13
=
-A
31
), in that order.
To demonstrate further the rate of convergence of the Ritz method when using beam
functions, it can be mentioned that Young [20] used three beam functions in each direction,
yielding ninth order determinants and A. = 6'958, 24'80, 26'80, 4805 and 6314 for alb = 1 and
v = 0'3. Upon comparing with Table C6 it is then seen thatAfor the 12 modefrom using only
nine terms is even further removed (i.e., a larger negative difference) from the one-term
eigenvalue than the 36-term result. This is another example of the debilitating effect oflower
terms in a Ritz solution as discussed earlier in this section.
5.4. C-F-C-F (Table CI0)
Extensive workfor this case was done by Claassen and Thorne [33] who used aninteresting,
direct approach to the problem. The double sine series for SS-SS-SS-SS plates was used
along with additional edge and corner functions to obtain the necessary boundary period-
icities. Accurate results for Aare given in reference [33] which are lower than those of Table
CIO but, unfortunately, no claim for bounds can be made for the former.
275
5.5. C-F-F-F (Table C12)
Considerable analytical and experimental results are available for this case from many
literature sources, as summarized in reference [1]. Eighteen-term Ritz solutions with beam
functions were used in references [20, 21, 34] with v = 03. For comparison purposes, values
of A= 3'494,8'547,21'44,27'46 and 3117 were given for alb = 1, which are only slightly less
exact than those of Table C12.
Bazley, Fox and Stadter [35] used 50-term Ritz solutions with beam functions, as well as a
method giving lower bounds to obtain extensive results for the symmetric (only) modes and
v = 0'3. Direct comparison with Table C12 is only possible for alb = 1'0, for which the lower
bounds given in reference [35] are 3'4305, 20'874, 26501 and 51'502. Sigillito [19] used this
case to demonstrate the improved upper bound convergence possible when using functions
in equation (29) which are the products of beam functions and Legendre functions. He
thereby showed that a 36-term solution gave A= 3'4729,21'304, 27291 and 54'262 for the
symmetric modes of alb = 1.
The abundant numerical results of references [36] and [37] should also be mentioned here.
It is somewhat interesting to note that although the AIj increase with increasing alb for all
ij except for j = 1, and that All decreases monotonically with increasing alb as for the
SS-P-SS-P case (see the discussion in section 3.6), that the behavior of A21 is erratic. This
erratic behavior of the 21 frequency compared with the 11 frequency is also seenin the precise
results of references [19] and [35] for both lower and upper bounds, although the 31 mode
behaves monotonically like the 11 frequency.
The inexactitude of the one-term solution for the first antisymmetric mode (1
12
) in Table
Cl2 (e.g., 2436 %for alb = 2'5) is partially the result of the rudimentary beamfunction Y2(Y)
representing rigidrotation about the axis Y = b12. This simple mode shape by itself represents
excessive stiffness in the system. However, because the error in the one-termsolution appears
to be increasing without bound as alb increases, it would seem that gross lack of satisfaction
of the free edge boundary conditions is the primary source of the error. This difficulty is seen
to occur for the A
2
2 mode and also for the 11 mode of the C-SS-P-F plate (Table C9).
5.6. SS-SS-F-F (Table C13)
Because the mode shape of the fundamental single-term solution (i.e., the product of two
straight lines) is the deflected shape of the plate with apoint loadacting at the free corner [38],
rather than a distributed inertiaload, the equation ofmotionis poorly satisfied bythe function.
The lack of satisfaction of the free edge conditions by this simple function as discussed in
section 5.S also applies here. These two limitations combine to yield relatively poor accuracy
for the single-term Au.
5.7. SS-F-F-F (Table C14)
The erratic (i.e., non-monotonic) behavior of A21 and A31 with increasing alb is of some
interest in Table C14.
5.8. F-F-F-F (Table CIS)
In terms of ease in obtaining accurate analytical solutions, this is no doubt the most poorly
behaved of all 21 cases of rectangular plates. The difficulty is delineated partly by (1) the
presence of free edges and free corners, (2) the presence of additional symmetry (and the
increased confusion of identifying modes) for the square, and (3) the fact that the difficulties
of the SS-P-P-P and SS-SS-F-P cases are also inherent as parts of the overall problem (see
Table 6).
276 A. W. LEISSA
The confusionin the literature concerning the existence of modes for this problem(and the
shapes of the corresponding nodal patterns) is readily seen in the summarization laid out in
reference [I]. Frequently certain vibration modes are not discovered in the analyses.
Particularly noteworthy is the work of references [28] and [19] where accurate upper and
lower bounds for the doubly antisymmetric modes (corresponding to m and n both even in
Table C15) for v= O' 3 are presented, although no effort is made to identify the mode shapes.
For alb = 10 upper and lower bounds for Aof 13'464, 69'576, 76'904 and 13'092, 66'508,
75146 from references [28] and [19] can be compared with the upper bounds of 13489 (A
22
),
69'7620'24), and 77'825 (A42) of the present work. Similarly, for alb = 2/3, bounds of 8'9351,
38,294,66,965 and 8'6667, 36,651, 64844 can be compared with 8'9459, 38'434, 67'287.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to acknowledge the painstaking work of Donald Simons and Adel
Kadi, Who approximately three years before the author could find the time to write this
paper, wrote the computer programs and obtained the numerical results presented in
Appendixes A and C. Without their efforts this paper would have been impossible to
contemplate.
REFERENCES
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transversalen Schwingungen rechteckiger Platten.
3. E. F. F. CHLADNI 1787 Entdeckungen aber die Theorie des Klanges. Leipzig.
4. E. F. F. CHLADNI 1802 Die Akustik. Leipzig.
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6. E. F. F. CHLADNI 1817 Neue Beitriige zur Akustik. Leipzig.
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quadratischen Platte mit freien Randern.
8. G. B. WARBURTON 1954Proceedings o/the Institute 0/Mechanical Engineers, ser. A, 168, 371-384.
The vibration of rectangular plates.
9. R. JANICH 1962 Die Bautechnik 3,93-99. Die naherungsweise Berechnung der Eigenfrequenzen
von rechteckigen Platten bei verschiedenen Randbedingungen.
10. S. IGUCHI 1938 Memorandum o/the Faculty 0/ Engineering, Hokkaido University, 305-372. Die
Eigenwertprobleme fUr die elastische rechteckige Platte.
11. H. LURIE 1951 Journal ofAeronautical Sciences 18, 139-140. Vibrations of rectangular plates.
12. H. J. FLETCHER, N. WOODFIELD and K. LARSEN 1956 Brigham Young University. Contract
DA-04-495-0RD-560 (CFSTI No. AD 107 224). Natural frequencies of plates with opposite
edges supported.
13. S. T. A. ODMAN 1955 Proceedings NR 24, Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Royal
Institute of Technology (Stockholm), 7-62. Studies of boundary value problems. Part II.
Characteristic functions of rectangular plates.
14. S. TIMOSHENKO and J. M. GERE 1961 Theory 0/Elastic Stability. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc.
15. A. S. VOLMIR 1963 Stability a/Elastic Systems. Moscow: Gos. Izd. Phys.-Mat. Lit. (In Russian.)
16. M. LEVY 1899 Comptes rendues 129,535-539.
17. C. ZEISSIG 1898 Annalen der Physik 64,361-397. Ein einfacher Fall der transversalen Schwin-
gungen einer rechteckigen elastischen Platte.
18. V. JANKOVIC 1964 Stavebnicky Casopis 12, 360-365. The solution of the frequency equation of
plates using digital computers. (In Czech.)
19. V. G. SIGILLITO 1965 Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Engineering
Memorandum EM-40l2. Improved upper bounds for frequencies of rectangular free and
cantilever plates.
20. D. YOUNG 1950 Journal 0/AppliedMechanics 17, 448-453. Vibration of rectangular plates by the
Ritz method.
277
21. M. V. BARTON 1951 Journal ofAppliedMechanics 18, 129-134. Vibration of rectangular and skew
cantilever plates.
22. R. P. FELGAR 1950 University of Texas Circular No. 14. Formulas for integrals containing
characteristic functions of a vibrating beam.
23. V. S. GONTKEVICH1964 in Natural Vibrations ofPlates and Shells (A. P. Filippov, ed.). Kiev:
Nauk. Durnka. (Translated by Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Sunnyvale, California.)
24. G. F. ELSBERND and A. W. LEISSA 1970 Developments in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,
19-28. Free vibration of a rectangular plate clamped on three edges and free on a fourth edge.
25. E. M. FORSYTH and G. B. WARBURTON 1960 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 2,325-
330. Transient vibration of rectangular plates.
26. A. LEMKE 1928 Annalen der Physik 4, ser. 86, 717-750. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur
W. Ritzschen Theorie der Transversalschwingungen quadratischer Platten.
27. D. A. SIMONS and A. W. LEISSA 1971 Journal of Sound and Vibration 17,407--422. Vibrations of
rectangular cantilever plates subjected to in-plane acceleration loads.
28. N. W. BAZLEY, D. W. Fox and J. T. STADTER 1965 AppliedPhysicsLaboratory, The Johns Hopkins
University, Technical Memorandum TG707. Upper and lower bounds for the frequencies of
rectangular free plates.
29. N. W. BAZLEY, D. W. Foxand J. T. STADTER 1965 AppliedPhysicsLaboratory, The Johns Hopkins
University, Technical Memorandum TG-626. Upper and lower bounds for the frequencies of
rectangular clamped plates.
30. N. ARONSZAJN 1950 Oklahoma A. and M. College, Stillwater, Oklahoma, Technical Report No.3,
Project NR 041,090. The Rayleigh-Ritz and the Weinstein methods for approximation of
eigenvalues-III: Application of Weinstein's method with an auxiliary problem of type 1.
31. S. TOMOTIKA 1936 Philosophical Magazine 21, 745-760. The transverse vibration of a square
plate clamped at four edges.
32. S. TOMOTIKA 1935 Aeronautical Research Institute Report, Tokyo University 10, 301. On the
transverse vibration of a square plate with clamped edges.
33. R. W. CLAASSEN and C. J. THORNE 1960 U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake,
California, NOTS Tech. Pub. 2379, NAVWEPS Rept. 7016. Transverse vibrations of thin
rectangular isotropic plates. (Errata available from CFSTI as AD 245 000.)
34. M. V. BARTON 1949 Defense Research Laboratory, University ofTexas Report DRL222, CM570.
Free vibration characteristics of cantilever plates.
35. N. W. BAZLEY, D. W. Foxand J. T. STADTER 1965 AppliedPhysicsLaboratory, The Johns Hopkins
University, Technical Memorandum TO-70S. Upper and lower bounds for frequencies of
rectangular cantilever plates.
36. R. W. CLAASSEN and C. J. THORNE 1962 Pacific Missile Range, Technical ReportPMR-TR-61-1.
Vibrations of a rectangular cantilever plate.
37. R. W. CLAASSEN and C. J. THORNE 1962 Journal ofAerospace Science 29, 1300-1305. Vibrations
of a rectangular cantilever plate.
38. A. W. LEISSA and F. W. NIEDENFUHR 1963 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Journal 1, 116-120. Bending of a square plate with two adjacent edges free and the others
clamped or simply supported.
278 A. W. LEISSA
APPENDIX A
TABULATED DATA FOR PLATES HAVING TWO OPPOSITE SIDES SIMPLY-SUPPORTED
TABLE Al
Frequency parameters A. = wa
2
.ypjDfor SS-SS-SS-SS plates
alb
Mode
A
sequence 04 2/3 1'0 1'5 2-5
1
11 11 11 11 11
114487 14-2561 197392 320762 715564
2
12 12 21 21 21
161862 274156 49-3480 61-6850 1011634
3
13 21 12 12 31
240818 43-8649 493480 986960 150'5115
4
14 13 22 31 41
35-1358 493480 789568 1110330 2195987
5
21 22 31 22 12
410576 570244 98'6960 1283049 2566097
6
22 23 13 32 22
45-7950 78'9568 98-6960 177-6529 286-2185
7
15 14 32 41 51
49'3480 80-0535 1283049 1801203 3084251
8
23 31 23 13 32
53'6906 93'2129 1283049 2097291 335-5665
9
16 32 41 23 61
66'7185 1063724 1677833 2393379 4169908
TABLEA2
2
y pjDfor SS-C-SS-C plates
alb
Mode
A.
sequence 04 2/3 10 1'5 2-5
1
11 11 11 11 11
12-1347 17-3730 28-9509 56-3481 145-4839
2
12 12 21 21 21
183647 353445 54-7431 789836 1647387
3
13 21 12 31 31
27-9657 454294 693270 123-1719 2022271
4
14 13 22 12 41
40-7500 620544 945853 1462677 2611053
5
21 22 31 22 51
413782 62'3131 102'2162 1701112 3421442
6
22 23 13 41 12
470009 88'8047 1290955 1891219 3928746
7
23 31 32 32 22
56'1782 94'2131 140'2045 212-8169 415-6906
8
15 14 23 51 61
56'6756 974254 154'7757 2760012 444-9682
9
24 32 41 42 32
687486 1010788 1703465 276'0125 4553054
TABLEA3
Frequency parameters A= OJa
2
y'pfDfor SS-C-SS-SS plates
alb
Mode
A
sequence 04 2/3 1'0 15 25
1
11 11 11 11 11
117502 15'5783 236463 425278 103-9227
2
12 12 21 21 21
171872 310724 51-6743 69'0031 128'3382
3
13 21 12 31 31
259171 445644 586464 1162671 172-3804
4
14 13 22 12 41
37-8317 55-3926 861345 1209956 2372502
5
21 22 31 22 12
412070 59-4627 1002698 147-6353 3207921
6
22 23 13 41 51
46'3620 83-6060 1132281 184'1006 322-9642
7
15 14 32 32 22
529007 884384 1337910 193'8025 3467382
8
23 31 23 13 32
54'8720 93-6758 1408456 243-4964 3910659
9
24 32 41 42 61
666637 108'1069 1689585 2602020 429'2420
TABLEA4
Frequency parameters A= OJa
2
y'pfDfor SS-C-SS-Fplates
alb
Mode
A
sequence 04 2/3 10 1'5 25
11 11 11 11 11
101888 109752 126874 168225 306277
2
12 12 12 21 21
13-6036 203355 330651 453024 580804
3
13 13 21 12 31
200971 37-9552 417019 610178 1055470
4
14 21 22 22 12
29'6219 40'2717 630148 92'3073 149-4569
21 22 13 31 41
5
3%382 497317 72-3976 938293 1731060
6
15 14 31 32 22
42'2425 64'1889 906114 1417834 182-8110
7
22 23 23 13 32
42-9993 67-8993 1031617 1496055 2350155
8
23 31 32 41 51
495740 893571 111'8964 162'2413 2606371
9
16 24 14 23 42
580019 945150 1314287 1811868 305'2218
280 A. W. LEISSA
TABLEA5
2
y pJDfor SS-SS-SS-Fplates
alb
Mode
A.
sequence 04
2/3 10 15 2'5
1
11 11 11 11 11
101259 106712 11'6845 13-7111 18'8009
2
12 12 12 21 21
130570 182995 27'7563 435723 50'5405
3
13 13 21 12 31
188390 336974 411967 47-8571 1002321
4
14 21 22 22 12
275580 401307 590655 814789 1102259
5
15 22 13 31 22
39-3377 484082 618606 92'6925 147'6317
6
21 14 31 13 41
39'6118 575929 902941 124'5635 1691026
7
22 23 23 32 32
426964 64'7281 944837 132-8974 203-7304
8
23 24 32 23 51
487745 891859 1089185 1589180 257'4791
9
16 31 14 41 42
54'2497 892725 115'6857 1614205 2774280
TABLEA6
2
y'pJDfor SS-F-SS-Fplates
alb
Mode
r
A
sequence 04 2/3 10 1'5 25
1
11 11 11 11 11
97600 9'6983 9'6314 9'5582 94841
2
12 12 12 12 12
110368 129813 161348 216192 33-6228
3
13 13 13 21 21
15'0626 229535 367256 38'7214 383629
4
14 21 21 22 22
217064 39'1052 389450 548443 752037
5
15 14 22 13 31
311771 403560 467381 657922 869684
6
21 22 23 31 32
392387 426847 707401 87-6262 130'3576
7
22 23 14 23 41
405035 542400 752834 103-9665 155'3211
8
16 15 31 32 13
436698 662301 87-9867 105'1608 1561248
9
23 24 32 14 23
449416 731982 96-0405 1527784 1998452
APPENDIX B
ON THE EXISTENCE OF EIGENVALUES SUCH THAT A< m
2
n
2
(k
2
< (
2
)
An excellent attempt to determine the existence ofeigenvalues suchthat A< m
2
n
2
was made
in the unpublished work of Fletcher, Woodfield, and Larsen [12]. Therein, proofs similar to
those given below for Cases 3, 4, and 5 are correctly presented.
CASE 1. ss-ss-ss-ss
Equation (16) can be rewritten as
f(A) = sinh 111 sinh 112 = 0, (Bl)
where 111 = 111(A) and 112 = I1zCA) according to equation (22). For A= 0, sinhl11 = sinh112 > O.
As Aincreases, sinh172 increases monotonically and sinhl11 decreases monotonically, be-
coming zero at A= m
2
n
2
Thus,f(A) > 0 for all Ain the range 0 < A< mn, and no eigenvalues
can exist.
CASE 2. ss-c-ss-c
Consider first the y-symmetric modes. Equation (24c) is rewritten as
f(}.,) = 171 tanh!:= 112 tanh 172 =g(}.,)
2 2 2 2 .
(B2)
(B3) f(A)
For A= 0,j(0) = g(O) , but this is a trivial root. As Aincreases, 112/2 and tanh112/2 both mono-
tonically increase, and 111/2 and tanhl11/2 both monotonically decrease. At }., = m
2
n
2
,
171/2 = tanh171/2 = O. Thus,f(A) > g(A) for all Ain the range 0 < A< mn, and no y-symmetric
eigenvalues can exist.
Equation (24d) for the y-antisymmetric modes is rewritten as
tanh I1d2 tanh 112/2
I1d2 = 112/
2
= g(A).
But tane/e < 1 for all e, and decreases monotonically as eincreases. And 112> 111 for all ...t,
except A= 0, which is a trivial root. Therefore,f(A) > g(}.,) for alI...t > 0, and no y-antisymmetric
eigenvalues can exist.
CASE 3. ss-c-ss-ss
No eigenvalues can exist. The proof is the same as for the y-antisynunetric modes of
Case 2.
CASE 4. sS-C-SS-F
Equation (19) can be rewritten asf(A) =g(...t), where
f(A) = A
2
- m
4
n
4
(1- V)2 +[.F +m
4
n
4
(l- V)2] cosh 111 cosh 172' (B4)
g(A) = -m
2
n
2
( ~ ) 2 [A
2
(1 _ 2v) _ m4n4(I _ V)2] sinh 111 sinh 11
2
. (B5)
a 111 112
Now
282
and
A. W. LEISSA
Therefore,J(O) = g(O). Furthermore, letting A= m
2
n
2
[1 - v] gives
(
mnb ) (mnb )
f(m
2
n;2[1 - v]) = 2m
4
n
4
[1 - V]2 cosh -a- VV cosh -a- V2=V ,
;;- (mnb ) (mnb )
g(m
2
n
2
[1 - v]) = 2m
4
n
4
[1 - V]2 ,J 2="""; sinh -a- vv sinh -a- vT=V .
But coshe > sinha for all e, and 1 > vv/(2 - v); thereforef(m
2
n
2
[1- v]) > g(m
2
n
2
[1 - v]).
Therefore, a root of equation (19) will exist in the interval m
2
n
2
(1 - v) < A< m
2
n
2
if
f(m
2
n
Z
) <g(m
2
n
2
). Upon letting A= m
2
n
2
,'
{
V2 (mnb) (mnb .r;:;)}
= m
4
n;4 V2 -a- sinh -a- Y 2 ,
and then settingf(m
2
n
2
) < g(m
2
n
2
) yields
(
mnb ) v
2
(mnb) (mnb )
[1 - (1- V)2] + [1 + (1 - V)2] cosh -a-V2' < V2 a sinh -a-V"2
(B6)
as the condition for the existence of eigenvalues. Furthermore, for large values of mnbV2/a,
(
mnb )
[1 - (1 - )/)2] (1 +(1 - V)2] cosh --;-v'2
and
(
mrcb) (mnb)
sinh -a-0 :::::!cosh -a-V2 ,
and condition (B6) can be approximated by
mb 1 +(1 - v)l V2
- > - ~ - -
a v
2
n
(B7)
The roots of equation (B6) are given in Table Bl for 0 < v < 05. They are found to be the
same as the roots of equation (B7) for the number of significant figures given.
TABLE Bl
Roots ofequation (B6)
mb>
v a
00 00
01 255973
02 57983
03 23413
04 12'021
0'5 7072
CASE 5. sS-SS-SS-F
Equation (20) can be rewritten asf(A) = g(J.), where
f(A) = [A +m
2
n
2
(I _ v)]2 tanh 112 ,
112
tanh 111
g(A) = fA - m
2
n
2
(I - V)]2 --.
111
It is obvious thatf(O) =g(O) > O. Furthermore, letting A= m
2
n
2
[1 - v] gives
(B8)
(B9)
(BlO)
Therefore, a root of equation (20) will exist in the interval m
2
n
2
(l- v) < A< m
2
n
2
if
f(m
2
n
2
) < g(m
2
n
2
). Upon letting A= m
2
n
2
,
_v)2
r;:; mnb 2 - v
'v2-
a
as the conditionfor the existence ofeigenvalues. Furthermore, for large values of 'V'2(mnb/a) ,
tanh(V2mnb/a) is approximately unity, and condition (BlO) can be approximated by
mb 1 ( v )2
-;; > V2n 2 - v
(Bll)
284 A. W. LEISSA
The roots of equation (BIO) are given in Table B2 for 0.;;; v ~ 05.
TABLEB2
Roots ofequation (BID)
mb>
v a
0'0
00
01 81254
02 18'231
0'3 7'228
0'4 3'601
0'5 2026
CASE 6. S S ~ F - S S - F
Consider first the y-symmetric modes. Equation (25e) is rewritten asf(A.) =g(A.), where
111
f(A.) = tanh T'
(BI2)
(B13)
For A. = 0,111(0) = 112(0), thereforef(O) = g(O) = tanh(mrcb/2a). Furthermore,f(A.) is positive
and monotonically decreasing for all A. in the interval 0 ~ A. < m
2
rc
2
But, g(m
2
rc
2
[l- v]) = O.
Therefore, a root of equation (25c) will exist in the interval m
2
rc
2
(1 - v) < A. < m
2
rc
2
if
f(m
2
rc
2
) <g(m
2
rc
2
). Upon letting A. = m
2
rc
2
,
(
V)2 ( mrcb) (mrcb). 1
g(m
2
rc
2
) = m
4
n
4
-- vz-- tanh r,:; hm -= 00,
2-v a av21/
1
->01'/1
provided that v # O. If v = 0,f(m
2
rc
2
) remains zero, and
(
a) 111
= -- lim 111 tanh -=O.
mnb 1/
1
->0 2
Therefore, provided that v ~ 0, y-symmetric eigenvalues will always exist, and they will exist in
the interval m
2
rc
2
(l- v) < A. < m
2
rc
2
For the y-antisymmetrie modes, because equation (25d) is the same as equation (20) if 111
and 112 are replaced by 111/2 and 112/2, respectively, the results for Case 5 apply, with the
heading mb/a inTable B2 being replaced by mb/2a. For example, for v = O' 3, y-antisymmetric
eigenvalues will exist if mb/a > 2(7'228) = 14'455 (to five significant figure precision).
APPENDIX C
TABULATED DATA FOR PLATES NOT HAVING TWO OPPOSITE SIDES SIMPLY-SUPPORTED
TABLECl
Frequency parameters A. = roa
2
VpJDfor C-C-C-Cplates
Mode
alb
A
sequence 04 2/3 10 1'5 25
11 11 11 11 11
1 23-648 27010 35-992 60-772 147'80
0-23% 0-31 % 0'33% 0'31% 0'23%
12 12 21 21 21
2 27-817 41'716 73413 93'860 17385
0'35% 044% 044% 0'44% 0'35%
13 21 12 12 31
3 35-446 66'143 73413 148'82 221'54
0'31% 0'35% 0-44% 0'35% 0'31%
14 13 22 31 41
4 46'702 66552 10827 149'74 29189
0'40% 045% 053% 045% 0'40%
15 22 31 22 51
5 61554 79850 13164 17966 38471
0'43% 0'50% 0-64% 0'50% 0-43%
21 14 13 41 12
6 63-100 100'85 13224 22692 394'37
020% 0'47% 0'18% 0'47% 0'20%
TABLEC2
Frequency parameters A. = roazVpJDfor C-C-C-SS plates
alb
Mode
r
A
sequence 0'4 2/3 10 15 2'5
11 11 11 11 11
1 23-440 25-861 31-829 48167 10707
0'23% 0'34% 042% 0'46% 0'40%
12 12 12 21 21
2 27'022 38102 63-347 85507 13%6
0'22% 0'38% 0'49% 0'55% 0'54%
13 13 21 12 31
3 33799 60'325 71084 123-99 19441
0'29% 0'50% 048% 0'45% 0'45%
14 21 22 31 41
4 44'131 65516 10083 143'99 27048
041% 0'34% 0'41% 0'51% 0'52%
15 22 13 22 12
5 58034 77563 11640 15836 32255
0'49% 0'30% 049% 050% 0'27%
21 14 31 32 22
6 62-971 92'154 13037 21478 35343
018% 0'52% 0'40% 0'23% 044%
286 A. W. LEISSA
TABLEC3
Frequency parameters A. = a>a
2
-yfpjDfor C-C-C-Fplates (v = 0'3)
alb
Mode
r
A
sequence 04 2/3
10 15 25
11 11 11 11 11
22'577 23-015 24'020 26-731 37-656
029% 0'57% 0'84% 1-01 % 092%
12 12 12 12 21
2 24623 29-427 40'039 65-916 76407
0'96% 1'28% 1'22% 1'04% 1-47%
13 13 21 21 31
3 29244 44363 63493 66219 135'15
058% 0'68% 0'75% 1-16% 1-47%
14 21 13 22 12
4 37-059 62417 76761 10680 15247
044% 0'42% 0-72% 1-67% 0'69%
15 14 22 31 22
5 48283 68887 80713 12540 19301
0'50% 064% 1'76% 091 % 116%
21 22 23 13 41
6 61-922 69696 116-80 15248 213-74
0'18% 137% 0'80% 0'60% 1'27%
TABLE C4
2
-yfp/Dfor C-C-SS-SS plates
alb
Mode
A
sequence 0-4
2/3 1-0 1-5 25
11 11 11 11 11
1 16-849 19952 27056 44893 105-31
0'41% 0-55% 0-58% 0'55% 041 %
12 12 21 21 21
2 21-363 34'024 60'544 76-554 133-52
036% 0'52% 0'76% 0'52% 036%
13 21 12 12 31
3 29236 54370 60791 122-33 18273
0-44% 0'44% 0'35% 0-44% 0'44%
14 13 22 31 41
4 40-509 57'517 92-865 129-41 253-18
0-55% 0'58% 0'28% 0'58% 0'55%
21 22 13 22 12
5 51457 67-815 11457 15258 321-60
0'24% 0-28% 0'54% 028% 0-24%
15 14 31 41 51
6 55-117 90'069 114-72 20266 344-48
0-59% 0'55% 0-42% 0-55% 0'59%
TABLE C5
Frequency parameters A= wa
2
y'pfDfor C-C-SS-Fplates (v = 0'3)
alb
Mode
A
sequence 04 2/3 10 1'5 25
11 11 11 11 11
1 15-696 16287 17615 21'035 33-578
0'55% 1'04% 140% 146% 1-07%
12 12 12 21 21
2 18373 24-201 36-046 55184 66-612
1'60% 1'77% 1'46% 150% 1'66%
13 13 21 12 31
3 23'987 40701 52-065 63'178 119-90
0-85% 0-83% 1'01 % 1'08% 171 %
14 21 22 22 12
4 32-810 50822 71194 99007 150'83
061 % 0'58% 198% 1-53% 0'64%
15 22 13 31 22
5 44-862 59071 74349 10922 187-61
0'63% 1'70% 072% 112% 0'80%
21 14 31 13 41
6 50251 66'262 10628 150-90 193-23
0'25% 0'70% 0'65% 056% 146%
TABLE C6
2
VP7Dfor C-C-P-Pplates (v = 0'3)
alb
Mode
A.
sequence 04 2/3 10 1'5 25
11 11 11 11 11
1 3'9857 49848 6-9421 11216 24911
5'l2% 6'99% 7-23% 6'99% 5'22%
12 12 21 21 21
2 7'1551 13'289 24'034 29'901 44'719
5-93% 614% 10'24% 6'14% 593%
13 21 12 12 31
3 13'101 23-384 26'681 52'615 81879
4'24% 2-87% -0'70% 2'87% 4-24%
14 13 22 31 41
4 21844 30-262 47'785 68'090 136'52
5011% 3'30% 5-64% 330% 5'11 %
21 22 13 22 12
5 22896 34240 63039 77-041 14310
-0'55% 4'59% 4'00% 4'59% -055%
22 23 31 32 22
6 26-501 52398 65833 11790 165-63
3-36% 3-82%
-0,41 % 3'82% 3-36%
288 A. W. LEISSA
TABLEC7
Frequency parameters A. = maZyp/Dfor C-SS-C-Fplates (v = 0'3)
alb
Mode
A.
sequence 04 2/3 1'0 15 25
11 11 11 11 11
1 22544 22-855 23-460 24775 28'564
0'06%. 0'11% 0'17% 025% 0'46%
12 12 12 12 21
2 24'296 27-971 35612 53731 70'561
0'42% 073% 0'94% 1'09% 034%
13 13 21 21 12
3 28341 40683 63126 64959 114'00
0'50% 0'73% 015% 0'23% 0'97%
14 21 13 22 31
4 35-345 62'310 66808 97257 13084
049% 009% 085% 1-12% 0'27%
15 14 22 31 22
5 45710 62695 77'502 12448 15954
050% 073% 0-90% 018% 1'17%
16 22 23 13 41
6 59'562 68'683 10899 12792 210-32
0'49% 0'58% 0'81% 0'74% 0-24%
TABLEC8
Frequency parameters A. = waz.vp/Dfor C-SS-SS-Fplates (v = 0'3)
alb
Mode
A
sequence 04 2/3 1'0 15 2'5
11 11 11 11 11
15'649 16'067 16865 18540 23067
0-12% 020% 0'29% 0-40% 073%
12 12 12 12 21
2 17-946 22449 31-138 50442 59969
0'73% HO% 1-25% 1'24% 036%
13 13 21 21 12
3 22-902 36703 51631 53715 11195
077% 0-93% 0'20% 0'28% 092%
14 21 13 22 31
4 30892 50-696 64043 88'802 115-11
0'70%. 0-12% 0'92% 1'01 % 0'32%
15 22 22 31 22
5 42108 57908 67646 10819 15324
0'66% 0-72% 0'98% 0'22% 079%
21 14 23 13 41
6 50222 59840 10121 126'09 18949
006% 0'81 % 0'62% 0'70% 0'28%
TABLE C9
z
VpJDfor C-SS-F-Fplates (v = 0'3)
alb
Mode
A.
sequence 0'4 2/3 10 1'5
25
11 11 11 11 11
3'8542 4-4247 5'3639 6'9309 10-100
2'10% 366% 5-27% 8'24% 14'77%
12 12 12 21 21
2 64198 10912 19-171 27289 35-157
5-48% 665% 7'07% 3'12% 398%
13 21 21 12 31
3 11'576 22-958 24768 38'586 74990
4'68% 1-78% 0'67% 370% 1-87%
14 13 22 22 12
4 19767 25-698 43-191 64254 99'928
4'08% 3-06% 4-85% 643% 1'90%
21 22 13 31 22
5 22'521 32'425 53-000 67-467 127-69
0'01% 3-33% 248% -0'16% 5'28%
22 23 31 32 41
6 26-024 48467 64050 10802 135-45
1-96% 452% 0-35% 2'89% 0'06%
TABLE CIO
Frequency parameters A= wazvpJDfor C-F-C-Fplates (v = 0'3)
alb
Mode
A
sequence 04 2/3 1'0 1-5 2-5
11 11 11 11 11
22'346 22-314 22272 22215 22-130
0-12% 0-27% 0-46% 071% 1'10%
12 12 12 12 12
2 23'086 24309 26'529 30901 41689
0'06% 013% 0'25% 0'56% 155%
13 13 13 21 21
3 25-666 31-700 43664 61303 61002
0'42% 0'68% 0'98% 0'60% 110%
14 14 21 13 22
4 30'633 46820 61466 70'960 92-384
0'75% 101 % 0'34% 1-20% 0'61%
15 21 22 22 31
5 38-M7 61566 67549 74259 11988
0'33% 0'19% 0'16% 0'27% 0'85%
16 22 14 23 32
6 49858 64'343 79904 118'33 15776
0'49% 0-09% 1-03% 0'99% 0'23%
290 A. W. LEISSA
TABLE Cll
Frequency parameters A= roa
2
VpjDfor C-P-SS-Fplates (v = 0'3)
alb
Mode
.A
r
sequence 04 2/3 10 1'5 2'5
11 11 11 11 11
1 15'382 15-340 15'285 15217 15-128
024% 051 % 0'87% 1'32% 192%
12 12 12 12 12
2 16'371 17'949 20'673 25711 37294
0'12% 0-23% 0'44% 0'89% 198%
13 13 13 21 21
3 19-656 26734 39775 49550 49226
069% 0'98% 1'22% 084% 1'50%
14 14 21 22 22
4 25549 43190 49730 64-012 83-325
1-08% 121 % 047% 0-25% 0'41%
15 21 22 13 31
5 34507 49840 56'617 68'126 103014
0'52% 025% 0'18% 1'25% 1'07%
16 22 14 31 32
6 46435 53013 77368 10370 14368
0'64% 011% 1'07% 0'53% 023%
TABLE C12
2
VpjDfor C-P-F-Fplates (v = 0'3)
alb
Mode
"-
sequence 04 2/3 10 1'5 25
11 11 11 11 11
1 35107 35024 34917 34772 3-4562
174% 0'39% 070% 1'12% 1'74%
12 12 12 12 12
2 47861 6-4062 85246 11'676 17'988
4-17% 709% 11'56% 17'45% 24-36%
13 13 21 21 21
3 81146 14538 21429 21618 21563
7'20% 9-09% 2'83% 1'93% 2'19%
14 21 13 22 22
4 13882 22038 27'331 39492 57'458
6'69% -0'02% 5032% 4'74% 8'54%
21 22 22 13 31
5 21-638 26073 31111 53876 60581
1'83% 346% 3'17% 5'92% 1'84%
22 14 23 31 32
6 23731 31-618 54443 61-994 106'54
0-84% 3'37% 5'99% -0-48% 2-49%
291
TABLE C13
2
y'pjDfor SS-SS-F-Fplates ("\I = 0'3)
alb
Mode
A
\
sequence 04 2/3 10 15 2'5
11 11 11 11 11
13201 22339 33687 5'0263 82506
7'56% 5-93% 537% 5'93% 7'56%
12 12 12 21 21
2 47433 95749 17-407 21544 2%46
4'11 % 3'28% 7'80% 328% 4'11 %
13 21 21 12 31
3 10362 16764 19367 37718 64760
202% 1'33%
-3,11 %
1-33% 2'02%
21 13 22 31 12
4 15-873 24662 38291 55490 99'206
0'80% 145% 4'24% 145% 0'80%
14 22 13 22 41
5 18'930 27058 51324 60882 118'31
146% 331 % 301 % 3-31 % 146%
22 23 31 32 22
6 20171 44172 53738 99388 126'07
1'92% 2-96% -1-61 % 296% 1'92%
TABLE C14
2
y'pjDfor SS-P-P-Fplates (v = 0'3)
alb
Mode
A
sequence 04 2/3 10 15 2'5
12 12 12 12 21
It 2-6922 4481 6'6480 98498 14939
5-48% 5'63% 6'79% 8'11% 321 %
13 13 21 21 12
2 65029 13009 15023 15013 16242
4'37% 630% 2'63% 270% 927%
14 21 22 22 31
3 12-637 15-674 25492 34027 48844
3-35%
-1,63%
3-43% 4'61% 2'29%
21 22 13 31 22
4 15-337 20373 26126 48332 52089
053% 308% 1-87% 3'38% 6'84%
22 14 31 13 32
5 17'510 30'548 48711 55066 97225
0'70% 1'14% 2'57% -0'50% 2'69%
15 23 23 32 41
6 21-699 33'411 50849 70695 10234
3'03% 4'23% 2'37% 1'87% 1'87%
t In a mathematical sense the first mode has a zero frequency, and corresponds to rigid
body rotation about the simply-supported end.
292 A. W. LEISSA
TABLE CI5
2
vpjDfor F-F-F-Fplates (v =0'3)
alb
Mode
.A
sequence 04 2(3 1'0 15 2'5
13 22 22 22 31
It 34629 89459 13489 20128 21'643
3'37% 581 % 526% 5-81% 3-37%
22 13 13 31 22
2 52881 96015 19789 21-603 33050
740% 3'56% 1306% 3'56% 7'40%
14 23 31 32 41
3 96220 20735 24432 46654 6 0 ~ 1 3 7
2'55% 437% -843% 4'37% 2'55%
23 31 32 13 32
4 11437 22-353 35'024 50'293 71484
5'58% 0'09% 4'20% 0'09% 558%
15 14 23 41 51
5 18793 25867 35024 58-201 11745
2'94% 5-96% 420% 5'96% 2'94%
24 32 41 23 42
6 19100 29973 61526 67494 11938
341% -1-67% 0'24% -1'67% 341%
t In a mathematical sense the first three modes have zero frequencies and correspond to
rigid body translation in the transverse direction and rigid body rotations about the
symmetry axes.
APPENDIX D
NOTATION
Am,B
m
, Cm, D
m
constants of integration in equation (7)
A
pq
amplitudes of trial functions in equation (29)
a, b length dimensions of a rectangular plate in the x and y directions, respectively
C clamped edge indicator
D plate flexural rigidity; equals Eh
3
/12(1-v
2
)
e 271828 ...
E Young's modulus
F free edge indicator
h plate thickness
I second moment of the area ("moment of inertia") for a beam
k [pw
2
/D]1/4
I length of a beam
M",M
y
plate bending moments in the x and y directions, respectively
m, n number of half waves in the x and y directions, respectively, of a mode shape
N" compressive in-plane force resultant (force per unit edge length of plate) acting in
the x direction
p,q beam function summation indices, according to equation (29)
SS simply-supported edge indicator
t time
w transverse plate deflection, W = w(x,y, t)
W transverse plate deflection, W = W(x,y)
X
p
, Y
q
beam functions in the x and y directions, respectively
293
x,y coordinates in the middle plane of a plate
oc mnla
rPl' rP2 defined by equations (15)
A. nondimensional frequency parameter, equals wa
2
yfplD
v Poisson's ratio
n 3'14159 ...
p mass density per unit area of plate
'11,1/2 defined by equations (22)
Q nondimensional frequency parameter, equals A . / ~
OJ circular frequency, radians per unit time
'\74- biharmonic differential operator; equals '\72 '\72, where '\72 is the scalar Laplacian
operator

Free Vibration of Rectangular Plates: Exact Solutions and Ritz Analysis

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Free Vibration of Rectangular Plates: Exact Solutions and Ritz Analysis

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Journal of Sound and Vibration (1973) 31(3), 257-293

THE FREE VIBRATION OF

FREE VIBRATION OF RECTANGULAR PLATES 269

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