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Biotechnology: Then and Now

MBB 1 June 16, 2011

Reporting Groups
Group 1 Villar, Amistoso, Jardin, Malabanan, Mario, Wee (6) Group 2 Las Pias, Recto, Roman, Samson, Villaflor, Lucio (6) Group 3 Catibog, Domingo, Magdaraog, Soriano JP, Torres (5) Group 4 Cimafranca, Conde, Ejera, Garas, Rivera (5) Group 5 Donato, Argulla, Baldicana, Responde, Santos, (5) Group 6 Reyes, Gagarin, Salazar, Soriano KN, Velasco (5)

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Overview
Defining biotechnology Ancient biotechnology Traditional biotechnology Modern biotechnology

Biotechnology
Bio biology, the science
of life

Technology -tools and techniques

for a purpose

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Broadly, Biotech is...

The use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment

http://www.rgp.ufl.edu/is/biotechnology/images/biotech_main.png

Definition of Biotechnology
Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms, to make or modify a product, improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.
The Office of Technology Assessment of the US Congress

- Biotechnology means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use
- UN Convention on Biological Diversity

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is as old as human civilization

defined as any biology-based technology which uses organisms or their parts to make or modify products, or improve plants, animals and microorganisms

http://www.fz-juelich.de/ibt/datapool/general/biotechnology.gif

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Biotechnology Applications
Pharmaceuticals and medicine Agriculture Industry Forensics

Aspects of Biotechnology
According to organism involved:
Microbial Plant Animal

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Microbial Biotech
Colonies of recombinant Streptomyces bacteria are designed to produce enzymes called cellulases. With these enzymes, the bacteria can break down cellulose on the way to producing ethanol.

Credit: NREL/U.S. Dept. of Energy/Photo Researchers

Plant Biotech
The head of a barley plant transformed with a gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP) using the gene gun. (The red head is untransformed; the green head is transformed)

Native

Genetically modified

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Animal Biotech: GloFish (2003)

http://www.glofish.com/images/glofish_005_std.jpg

Medical Biotech

http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~wmm024/images/pills.jpg http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/journal/svol2_2/2703-Fig-6.gif

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Industrial Biotech

http://www.achema.de/img/achema_/aufraeumen/w_intro.jpg

Agri Biotech
http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/Genetics/images/dnatech/fluorescentTobacco.j pg

http://www.mikesjournal.com/August%202006/Genetically%20 modified%20corn.jpg

Luciferase-expressing tobacco plant

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Marine Biotech

Ancient Biotechnology
Domestication and agriculture: 10,000 yrs ago Artificial selection

p. 3

Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology

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Today

7000 yrs ago

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From Teosinte to Corn

Ancient Teosinte (left) Corn's ancestor did not have large ears. Instead, hard, nut-like kernels were distributed in small, feathery cobs over many tertiary branches. Modern Corn (Maize) (right) Corn today comes in many varieties, all of which have ears that contain many soft kernels.
Photos courtesy of John Doebley.

http://www.koshlandsciencemuseum.org/exhibitdna/crops02.jsp

Problems with Ancient Biotech

Slow paced Crossing limited to closely-related varieties Unpredictable combination of traits

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Traditional Biotechnology
Traditional biotechnology refers to a number of ancient ways of using living organisms to make new products or modify existing ones. In its broadest definition, traditional biotechnology can be traced back to human's transition from hunter-gatherer to farmer. Humans collected wild plants and cultivated them and the best yielding strains were selected for growing the following seasons.

Traditional Biotechnology
Manufacture of beer in Babylonia and Egypt 3rd century BC Production of spirits of wine 1150 Vinegar manufacturing 1300

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Traditional Biotechnology
1818 1857 1897 Discovery of the fermentation properties of yeast Description of lactic acid fermentation by Pasteur Detection of fermentation enzymes in yeast

1928-29 Discovery of penicillin by Fleming 1945 > Discovery of many other antibiotics

Traditional Techniques
1. isolation of an organism producing the chemical of interest using screening/selection procedures 2. improvement of production yields via mutagenesis of the organism and selection 3. optimization of media and fermentation conditions.

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Traditional Biotechnology
Fermentation Crop and livestock improvement Antibiotics Traditional vaccines

p. 7-9

Traditional Biotechnology
Fermented food products
Beer and wine Vinegar Cheese Bread Fermented vegetables

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What is Fermentation?
Glucose starting material Types: 1. Lactic acid fermentation 2. Alcoholic fermentation

http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2006/07/Fermentation.gif

Traditional Biotechnology
Fermentation Crop and livestock improvement Antibiotics Traditional vaccines

p. 7-9

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Traditional Biotechnology
Hybrid Technology
PLANT 1 Plant with good growth but poor color is self pollinated until confirmed as a pure line that gives same plants each time. PLANT 2 Plant with poor growth but good color is self pollinated until confirmed as a pure line that gives same plants each time.

CROSS POLLINATION

F1 HYBRIDS WITH COMBINED DESIRABLE TRAIT OF GOOD GROWTH AND GOOD COLOR

Traditional Biotechnology
Mutation Breeding
In the late 1920s researchers discovered that the number of

variations or mutations in plants can be increased by exposing plants to radiation, and chemicals. This has been used with wheat, barley, rice, potatoes, soybeans, and onions.
There is an FAO mutant Variety Database which

(http://mvgs.iaea.org/AboutMutantVarieties.aspx) shows variants in specific crops produced by mutation

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The First Vaccine

Penicillin Discovered (1928)

Alexander Fleming
St. Mary's Hospital, London

Nobelprize. org

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Penicillum

Howard Florey And Ernst Chain Experiment (1940) Oxford teams experiment with penicillin mould.
Staphylococcus

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Results of Oxford teams experiment

Control

Treated

Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1945

Alexander Fleming Ernst Chain Sir Howard Florey

For the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases

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Traditional Techniques
- limited to substances produced in nature - limited by its trial and error approach - lengthy timeframe for yield improvement

Modern Biotechnology
Modern biotechnology refers to a number of techniques that involve the intentional manipulation of genes, cells and living tissue in a predictable and controlled manner to generate changes in the genetic make-up of an organism or produce new tissue. Examples of these techniques include: recombinant DNA techniques (rDNA or genetic engineering), tissue culture and mutagenesis.

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Modern Biotechnology
- means the application of in vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant DNA technology, that overcome natural, physiological, reproductive or recombinant barriers
(definition from Cartagena Biosafety Protocol)

Biotechnology
A set of biological techniques developed through basic research and now applied to research and product development. In particular, the use by industry of recombinant DNA, cell fusion, and new bioprocessing techniques.
www.abc.hu/dinnyes/egernt.jpg

Source: http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-B/Biotechnology.html

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Modern Biotechnology
Rooted in university research Interdisciplinary Uses recombinant DNA technology Tools and processes expensive Drenched in computational analysis Rapidly advancing: technology & industry Stirs debate and controversy

Some of the Goals of the DNA Technologist... 1. Isolation of a particular gene, part of a gene or region of a genome 2. Production of a desired RNA or protein molecule in large quantities 3. Increased production efficiency for commercially made enzymes and drugs

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4. Modification of existing organisms so that they express a particularly desirable trait not previously encoded in the genome. 5. Correction of genetic defects in complex organisms, including humans.

Gene Cloning or Molecular Cloning or Genetic Engineering or Genetic Manipulation or rDNA Technology (Recombinant DNA Technology)

REVOLUTIONIZED BIOTECHNOLOGY

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Applications
Human health Plant and animal agriculture Waste management Industrial biotechnology Forensics

Advantages of Modern Biotech

Speed Precision Unlimited donor-recipient of genes

Novel products Mass production

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