Advance Thermodynamics

Project Report on Boiler Energy Analysis

Submitted to: Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Ali

IMRAN SAJID SHAHID 12-MS-PT-TSE-12

Problem Description: Perform energy analysis on boiler of educational power plant (TH 135M compact Stem Power Plant) installed in HITEC university, shown in figure below:-

Solution: Typical thermodynamic process diagram of the training boiler is shown below. The area of interest is boxed in red. Superheated portion is not included at the time of purchase. So, superheated region is not included in our analysis.

For thermodynamics theoretical consideration, as shown below, is generally used by engineers as a standard of reference for comparing the performance of actual steam engines and steam turbines. The system contains of following apparatus: 1) 2) 3) 4) A steam generating unit A prime mover A condenser and cooling tower A boiler feed water pump

T-S Diagram

p-v Diagram

Above figure shows the following ideal thermodynamics processes: Process line C-D: the phase of pumping feed water into the boiler Process line D-E: the process of heating of feed water in the boiler representing the work input into the system Process line E-A: represents evaporation Process line A-B: assumed to be isentropic expansion, a constant entropy process, in the steam turbine Process line B-C: condensation of vapor in the condenser at constant pressure.

Following is the data measured under the steady condition, for simplicity and time limitation only four cycle data is collected.

Tested by: I.S.Shahid Date:3/6/12 At Steady state Condition FUEL Running time (m's'') 15:26 15:46 17:31 17:57 19:33 19:59 21:29 22:01 23:18 7:52 Feed water pump status Start Stop Start Stop Start Stop Start Stop Start FEED WATER Running time Vol. (m's'') 0 0:11 1:49 1:58 3:33 3:43 5:19 5:29 7:05 7:05 0.134799383 (Ltr) 37.1 39.2 39.2 41.3 41.3 45.5 45.5 47.6 47.6 10.5 42.7 37 5 158.8888889 159 Water tank temp T1(oC) 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 Steam pressure P2(kg/cm2) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 BOILER Steam outlet temp T4(oC) 159 159 158 159 159 159 159 159 159 Stack temp T9(oC) 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 159

Fuel pump status Start Stop Start Stop Start Stop Start Stop Start Differences: Average:

Vol. (mL) 874 1189 1189 1469 1469 1728 1728 1969 1969 1095 1509.33333

In calculation only average of four cycle data is used. Specific gravity of fuel is 0.842, given in instruction manual. Avg. feed water flow rate from 4 cycles, mc=Volume/t= 10.5Ltr / (4X60+5) = 0.024706 kg/sec Avg. fuel flow rate from 4 cycles, Energy Analysis:Now, performed energy analysis will be performed on each process shown on Rankine cycle. Process C-D: For general steady flow process the energy balance will be; EI - Eo =E Q - W = U + KE + PE Since Q=0 and W=0. So, the equation reduces to: 0=U=U2-U1 0 = h2 - p2v2 - h1 - p1v1 0 = (h2 - h1) - (p2 - p1)v mf=Volume/t= 1.095Ltr X 0.842 / (7X60+52) = 0.001953 kg/sec

In our system change subscript 2 with1 and 1 with 0, the resulting enthalpy of feed water after pumping is: h1 = h0 - (p1 - p0)v From steam table at T=370C, saturated feed water, after performing linear interpolation: h0=154.996 kJ/kg p0=101.325 kPa v=0.0010068 m3/kg And, p1 is the average pressure of min and max boiler set pressure, which are 7 and 8 kg/cm2 gauge. Substituting the value in above equation yield: h1=155.73 kJ/kg

Process D-A: From Data Sheet: Boiler pressure, p2 = 5kg/cm2 guage = 5.9bars abs. = 0.59 MPa abs.

Steam temperature, T4 = 158.890C From steam table at p2 = 0.59MPa and T4 = 158.890C, superheated vapor, after performing linear interpolation: h2=2755.44 kJ/kg h2=h3 (because there is no superheater) For general steady flow process the energy balance will be;

Neglecting the KE and PE terms the Equation reduce to; Qin - Qout = m (h2-h1) And, Qin = m (h2-h1) + Qout

Now, change the subscript to the current process; mf qf = mc (h2-h1) + mc hlb qf = the heating value/ energy value/calorific value of a substance is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a substance hlb= Enthalpy loss due to radiation, convection and flue gas at the boiler Above equation can be solved for hlb. After substituting the values: hlb= 817.623 kJ/kg Efficiency of boiler is calculated by b = mc (h2-h1) X 100 / mf qf = 76.08%

Uncertainty Analysis is also performed on feed water flow rate only for this matlab code is provided but I am not able to understand the output:**************************************************************************** Clc; clear all syms vol_feedw t_f_feedw t_i_feedw m_c = vol_feedw / ( t_f_feedw - t_i_feedw ) %Define values for the uncertainties in these values u_vol_feedw = 0.01; u_t_f_feedw = .1; u_t_i_feedw = .1; % unit is +-[m^3] u_m_c = sqrt((diff(m_c,vol_feedw)*u_vol_feedw)^2+... (diff(m_c,t_f_feedw)*u_t_f_feedw)^2+... (diff(m_c,t_i_feedw)*u_t_i_feedw)^2) pretty(u_m_c) vol_feedw t_f_feedw t_i_feedw = 10.5; = 425; = 0;

m_c = subs(m_c) u_m_c = subs(u_m_c) % anticipated possible error due to p_error_vol_feedw = (u_vol_feedw p_error_t_f_feedw = (u_t_f_feedw p_error_t_i_feedw = (u_t_i_feedw uncertanity in measuring instrument / vol_feedw) * 100 / t_f_feedw) * 100 / t_i_feedw) * 100

% percentage error as large as p_error_m_c = (u_vol_feedw/vol_feedw) * 100 **************************************************************************** MATALB OUTPUT: m_c = vol_feedw/(t_f_feedw-t_i_feedw)

u_m_c = 1/100*(1/(t_f_feedw-t_i_feedw)^2+200*vol_feedw^2/(t_f_feedw-t_i_feedw)^4)^(1/2)

/ 2 \1/2 | 1 vol_feedw | 1/100 |------------------------ + 200 ------------------------| | 2 4| \(t_f_feedw - t_i_feedw) (t_f_feedw - t_i_feedw) / m_c = 0.0247

u_m_c = 2.4924e-005

p_error_vol_feedw = 0.0952

p_error_t_f_feedw = 0.0235 Warning: Divide by zero. p_error_t_i_feedw = Inf

p_error_m_c = 0.0952