208

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Formulas for Combined Stresses (1) Circular cantilever beam in direct compression and bending:
Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress Maximum Nominal Shear Stress
= 0.5 a a = 0.5 b b

8 LF y = 1.273 ------------ -----------a - F x 2 d d 8 LF y = 1.273 ------------ -----------b - + F x 2 d d (2) Circular cantilever beam in direct tension and bending:
Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress

Maximum Nominal Shear Stress

= 0.5 a a

8 LF y = 1.273 ------------ F + -----------a 2 x d d

8 LF y = 0.5 = 1.273 b ------------ F -----------b b 2 x d d (3) Rectangular cantilever beam in direct compression and bending:
Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress Maximum Nominal Shear Stress
= 0.5 a a = 0.5 b b

1 6 LF y = ----- ------------ F x a bh h 6 LF 1 y = ----- -----------b - + F x bh h (4) Rectangular cantilever beam in direct tension and bending:
Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress

Maximum Nominal Shear Stress

= 0.5 a a = 0.5 b b

6 LF y 1 = ----- F + -----------a bh x h 6 LF y 1 = ----- F -----------b bh x h (5) Circular beam or shaft in direct compression and bending:
Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress

Maximum Nominal Shear Stress

= 0.5 a a = 0.5 b b

2 LF y = 1.273 a ------------ ------------ + F x d2 d 2 LF 1.273 y = ------------ -----------b - F x d2 d (6) Circular beam or shaft in direct tension and bending:
Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress

Maximum Nominal Shear Stress

= 0.5 a a = 0.5 b b

2 LF y = 1.273 ------------ F -----------a d d2 x 2 LF y = 1.273 ------------ F + -----------b d d2 x

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
(7) Rectangular beam or shaft in direct compression and bending:
Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress Maximum Nominal Shear Stress
= 0.5 a a = 0.5 b b

209

1 3 LF y = ----a - ------------ + F x bh 2 h 1 3 LF y = ----- ------------ F x b bh 2 h (8) Rectangular beam or shaft in direct tension and bending:
Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress

Maximum Nominal Shear Stress

= 0.5 a a = 0.5 b b

3 LF y 1 = ----- F -----------a bh x 2h 3 LF y 1 = ----- F + -----------b bh x 2h (9) Circular shaft in direct compression and torsion:
Type of Beam and Loading
= a

Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress

Maximum Nominal Shear Stress

= a

8T 2 0.637 ------------ F F 2 + ------ d d2 (10) Circular shaft in direct tension and torsion:
a anywhere on surface Type of Beam and Loading
= a

0.637 2 8 T 2 ------------ F + ----- d d2

Maximum Nominal Shear Stress
= a

Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress

8T 2 0.637 ------------ F F 2 + ------ d d2 (11) Offset link, circular cross section, in direct tension:
a anywhere on surface Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress

0.637 2 8 T 2 ------------ F + ----- d d2

Maximum Nominal Shear Stress
= 0.5 a a = 0.5 b b

F 8 e = 1.273 ---------------- 1 ----a d d2 F 8 e = 1.273 ---------------- 1 + ----b d d2 (12) Offset link, circular cross section, in direct compression:
Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress

Maximum Nominal Shear Stress

= 0.5 a a = 0.5 b b

1.273 F 8 e - ---- a = ----------------1 d2 d 1.273 F 8 e b = ---------------- ----- + 1 d2 d

210

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

(13) Offset link, rectangular section, in direct tension:

Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress Maximum Nominal Shear Stress
= 0.5 a a

F 6 e - 1 ---- a = ----bh h F 6 e - 1 + ---- b = ----bh h (14) Offset link, rectangular section, in direct compression:
Type of Beam and Loading Maximum Nominal Tens. or Comp. Stress

= 0.5 b b

Maximum Nominal Shear Stress

= 0.5 a a

F 6 e - 1 ---- a = ----bh h F 6 e - 1 + ---- b = ----bh h

= 0.5 b b

Formulas from the simple and combined stress tables, as well as tension and shear factors, can be applied without change in calculations using metric SI units. Stresses are given in newtons per meter squared (N/m2) or in N/mm2. Three-Dimensional Stress. Three-dimensional or triaxial stress occurs in assemblies such as a shaft press-fitted into a gear bore or in pipes and cylinders subjected to internal or external fluid pressure. Triaxial stress also occurs in two-dimensional stress problems if the loads produce normal stresses that are either both tensile or both compressive. In either case the calculated maximum shear stress, based on the corresponding two-dimensional theory, will be less than the true maximum value because of three-dimensional effects. Therefore, if the stress analysis is to be based on the maximum-shear-stress theory of failure, the triaxial stress cubic equation should first be used to calculate the three principal stresses and from these the true maximum shear stress. The following procedure provides the principal maximum normal tensile and compressive stresses and the true maximum shear stress at any point on a body subjected to any combination of loads. The basis for the procedure is the stress cubic equation S3 AS2 + BS C = 0 in which: A = Sx + Sy + Sz B = Sx Sy + Sy Sz + Sz Sx Sxy2 Syz2 Szx2 C = Sx Sy Sz + 2Sxy Syz Szx Sx Syz2 Sy Szx2 Sz Sxy2 and Sx, Sy, etc., are as shown in Fig. 1. The coordinate system XYZ in Fig. 1 shows the positive directions of the normal and shear stress components on an elementary cube of material. Only six of the nine components shown are needed for the calculations: the normal stresses Sx, Sy, and Sz on three of the faces of the cube; and the three shear stresses Sxy, Syz, and Szx. The remaining three shear stresses are known because Syx = Sxy, Szy = Syz, and Sxz = Szx. The normal stresses Sx, Sy, and Sz are shown as positive (tensile) stresses; the opposite direction is negative (compressive). The first subscript of each shear stress identifies the coordinate axis perpendicular to the plane of the shear stress; the second subscript identifies the axis to which the stress is par-