HEAT TRANSFER

INTRODUCTION
Heat transfer is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between two systems (or a system and its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference.

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat can be transferred in three different ways: conduction, convection, and radiation. All modes of heat transfer require the existence of a temperature difference. All modes of heat transfer are from the hightemperature medium to a lower temperature one.

CONDUCTION
Conduction is the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact with each other. The better the conductor, the more rapidly heat will transfer.

FOURIERS LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION

Example 1 : A flat wall is composed of 20 cm of brick having a thermal conductivity kt = 0.72 W/mK. The right face temperature of the brick is 900C, and the left face temperature of the brick is 20C. Determine the rate of heat conduction through the wall per unit area of wall.

Tright = 900C Tleft = 20C

20 cm

T Qcond kt A x Q T W (900 20)K cond kt 0.72 A x m K 0.2m W 3168 2 m

Exercise 1 :

Exercise 2 : The temperature at the surface in and out of a stone wall are respectively 50 C and 30 C. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit area through the wall if the wall thickness is 300mm with the thermal conductivity 12.52 W/mK.

Exercise 3 : Two surfaces of a 2-cm-thick plate are maintained at 0C and 100C, respectively. If it is determined that heat is transferred through the plate at a rate of 500 W/m2, determine its thermal conductivity.

CONVECTION
Convection is the up and down movement of gasses and liquids caused by heat transfer. Convection heat transfer is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.

FREE CONVECTION Fluid movement caused by buoyancy forces that occur from differences in density due to fluid temperature difference. Example: A cup of hot coffee left to cool by itself.

FORCED CONVECTION Fluid motion caused by an external source. Example: A cup of hot coffee quickly blown to cool

NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING

Example 2 :

Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20C. Determine the total rate of heat transfer from this person if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.6 m2 and 29C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6 W/ m2 C

Exercise 4 : Hot air at 80C is blown over a 2-m X 4-m flat surface at 30C. If the convection heat transfer coefficient is 55 W/ m2 C, determine the rate of heat transfer from the air to the plate.

Exercise 5: A 5-cm-external-diameter, 10-m-long hot-water pipe at 80C is losing heat to the surrounding air at 5C by natural convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 25 W/m2 C. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by convection.

RADIATION
Radiative heat transfer is energy in transition from the surface of one body to the surface of another due to electromagnetic radiation. The radiative energy transferred is proportional to the difference in the fourth power of the absolute temperatures of the bodies exchanging energy.

HEAT FLOW THROUGH THE DIFFERENT MEDIA

value of heat transfer rate per unit area is same for each media

Example 3 : A steel tank with a wall thickness of 5mm containing water temperature of 90 C. Calculate the rate of heat loss of the tank when the atmospheric temperature is 30 C. The thermal conductivity of steel is 50 W / mK and the coefficient of heat transfer inside and outside of each tank is 2800 W/ m2 K and 25 W/ m2 K. Then calculate the temperature at the outer surface of the tank.