Multiuser interference analysis of

MC-CDMA system using various spreading

sequences
Ki-Chun Cho
The Graduate School
Yonsei University
Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering
Multiuser interference analysis of
MC-CDMA system using various
spreading sequences
Ki-Chun Cho
A Thesis Submitted to the
Graduate School of Yonsei University
in Partial Fulllment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science
Supervised by
Professor Hong-Yeop Song, Ph.D.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
The Graduate School
YONSEI University
December 2005
This certies that the thesis of
Ki-Chun Cho is approved.
Thesis Supervisor: Hong-Yeop Song
Jong-Moon Chung
Soo-Yong Choi
The Graduate School
Yonsei University
December 2005
+ ;
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2005` 12Z4
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Contents
List of Figures iv
List of Tables v
Abstract vi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 MC-CDMA system model 5
2.1 Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 L-multipath channel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Multiuser interference and spectral correlation 9
3.1 The Detection model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Interference analysis according to combining methods . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.1 Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
i
3.2.2 Equal Gain Combining (EGC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.3 Orthogonality Restoring Combining (ORC) . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.4 Minimum Mean Square Error Combining (MMSEC) . . . . . . 17
3.3 Spectral correlation according to interleaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4.1 Channel model (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4.2 Channel model (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4 Requirements of frequency spreading sequences 37
5 Spectral correlation prole 39
6 Concluding Remarks 46
Bibliography 49
Abstract (in Korean) 53
ii
List of Figures
2.1 MC-CDMA transmitter model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 MC-CDMA receiver model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 Spectral correlation : |X
(8,1)
WH
8
(l)| for Q = 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Spectral correlation : |X
(8,1)
WH
8
(l)| for Q = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3 BER performance using MRC, EGC (Users:4, Paths:2) . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 BER performance using MMSEC, ORC (Users:4, Paths:2) . . . . . . . 23
3.5 Spectral correlation : X
(6,5)
WH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.6 Spectral correlation : X
(7,5)
WH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.7 Spectral correlation : X
(8,5)
WH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.8 Spectral correlation : X
(3,2)
WH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.9 Spectral correlation : X
(5,2)
WH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.10 Spectral correlation : X
(8,2)
WH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.11 BER performance using MRC, EGC (Users:4, Paths:4) . . . . . . . . . 26
3.12 BER performance using MMSEC, ORC (Users:4, Paths:4) . . . . . . . 26
3.13 BER performance for Walsh-Hadamard using MRC (Users:2) . . . . . 29
3.14 BER performance for m-sequence Hadamard using MRC (Users:2) . . 29
iii
3.15 BER performance for m-sequence Hadamard using MRC (Users:2) . . 30
3.16 BER performance for Walsh-Hadamard and m-sequence Hadamard us-
ing MMSEC (Users:4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.17 Spectral correlation :

u=2,3,4
X
(u,1)
WH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.18 Spectral correlation :

u=3,5,8
X
(u,2)
WH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.19 Spectral correlation :

u=3,7,8
X
(u,1)
MH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.20 Spectral correlation :

u=2,3,5
X
(u,1)
MH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.21 BER performance for Walsh-Hadamard and m-sequence Hadamard us-
ing MMSEC (Users:8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.22 Spectral correlation :

u=1
X
(u,1)
WH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.23 Spectral correlation :

u=1
X
(u,1)
MH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.1 BER performance of Zadoff-Chu and other sequence (Users:8, Paths:8) 43
5.2 Spectral correlation : X
(3,1)
Chu
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.3 Spectral correlation : X
(2,1)
MH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.4 Spectral correlation : X
(2,1)
OG
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.5 Spectral correlation : X
(2,1)
QH
8
(l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
iv
List of Tables
3.1 Simulation parameters(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2 Simulation parameters(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3 Reqired E
b
/N
o
according to combining methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4 Simulation parameters(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.5 Maximum absolute value and required E
b
/N
o
for target BER 10
5
. . . 30
5.1 Simulation parameters(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
v
ABSTRACT
Multiuser interference analysis of MC-CDMA system
using various spreading sequences
Ki-Chun Cho
Department of Electrical
and Electronic Eng.
The Graduate School
Yonsei University
For effective communication over frequency selective fading channels, multicarrier
systems have been proposed as a scheme to enable high data rate transmission. Based on
this perspective, MC-CDMA systems, which is a combination of multicarrier systems
and CDMA, have been widely studied to achieve high user capacity. Applying frequency
diversity techniques based on spreading and combining data in the frequency domain can
results in a gain. When MC-CDMA technology is applied, frequency selectivity distorts
the amplitude and phase of the subcarriers, which breaks the orthogonality of the users
and as a result the multiuser interference increases. Therefore, effective control of the
interference could lead to a performance improvement.
MC-CDMA systems use frequency spreading sequences to separate multiusers. As
time spreading sequence characteristics affect the user capacity and system performance
of DS-CDMA, frequency spreading sequence characteristics may affect those of MC-
vi
CDMA systems. Spectral correlation is introduced as one of the methods to analyze
MUI with spreading sequences. This can be derived from a received signal expression,
and it differs from the conventional correlation properties which focus on time domain.
In multipath channels, the received signal can be expressed as a sum of many signals
multiplied by distinct channel coefcients. And this kind of distinct power and time de-
lay of multipath results in amplitude and phase variation of spreading sequences, which
brings distortion of orthogonality among users. Spectral correlation shows features of
frequency spreading sequences including multipath time delay.
In this paper, we dene the spectral correlation more clearly than conventional one to
be suited to downlink MC-CDMA system. And we can observe the expression of MUI
and control MUI with spreading sequence properties by using the spectral correlation.
L-multipath Rayleigh fading channels and multicarrier system are considered. MRC,
EGC, ORC, MMSEC are applied for combining methods. In this system, we observe
the relation between MUI and spectral correlation and derive the expression of MUI
based on sequence properties. And conrmation by simulation follows to investigate
system performance related to those properties. As a result, for MRC, it was shown that
MUI could be expressed as product of 3 terms: data symbol, channel elements, spectral
correlation, and it was observed that spectral correlation directly affected MUI. Here,
it was examined that the maximum absolute value of spectral correlation played a ma-
jor role to determine system performance, and good randomness of sequence made the
maximum absolute value small. Therefore, if spectral correlation at l

was 0, correspond-
ing interference component became 0. And the system performances for 2 users using
Walsh-Hadamard and m-sequence Hadamard to reach target BER 10
5
are examined.
vii
As a result, the best case using Walsh-Hadarard has 25.7dB and performance deviation
of 4.3dB, but the worst case using m-sequence Hadamard has 25.7dB and performance
deviation of 0.9dB. For EGC, a similar conclusion could be obtained by approximation,
and performance differences relevant to spectral correlation were shown. For MMSEC,
the performance difference was also given. From the above spectral correlation proper-
ties, it can be known that the requirements of frequency spreading sequences are as fol-
lows: orthogonality of spreading sequences, small spectral correlation value, and good
randomness. And spectral correlation prole informs us of how the amplitude and phase
of the received signal are changed and how it affects the system performance. As a
result, the system using Zadoff-Chu sequence and BPSK modulation gained 3dB as op-
posed to using other sequences. Therefor, the MUI of MC-CDMA can be estimated by
using spectral correlation, and sequences which is constructed based on the above fact
and allocation of selected sequences to some users can lead better system performance
and reduced deviation of system performances.
Key words : MC-CDMA, spectral correlation, multiuser interference, rayleigh fad-
ing channel, frequency spreading sequences, combining,
viii
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Motivation
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is multiple access system which can transmit
many users signal simultaneously using code or sequence, and a multiple access sys-
tem based on direct sequence CDMA has achieved great importance for mobile radio
applications [1] [2]. Recently, CDMA technique has been considered to be a candi-
date to support multimedia services in mobile radio communications [3], because it has
its own capabilities to cope with asynchronous nature of multimedia data trafc, to pro-
vide higher capacity over conventional access techniques such as TDMA(Time-Division
Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency-Division Multiple Access).
On the other hand, an interesting approach to combat the distortions due to multipath
propagation in mobile communications based on multicarrier (MC) systems is consid-
ered. That system often called OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is
applied to combat the frequency selectivity of the channel using a simple one tap equal-
izer. Furthermore OFDM prevents ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) and ICI (Inter Carrier
Interference) by inserting a guard interval between adjacent OFDM symbols [4] [5] [6].
1
The efcient combination of multicarrier modulation technique, i.e., OFDM with
CDMA, known as MC-CDMA has gained considerable attention both from academia
and industry as a promising technique for high datarate wireless communications sys-
tems [7] [8] [9]. MC-CDMA possesses the ability to mitigate severe multipath inter-
ference and the possibility to exploit the frequency diversity by spreading across sub-
carriers. Moreover, thanks to the guard interval between consecutive OFDM symbols,
MC-CDMA is an ISI free system as long as the delay spread of the channel is shorter
than the guard interval. In addition to these properties, MC-CDMA possesses other ad-
vantages like efcient utilization of bandwidth, exible resource management and ability
to generate different data rates within a xed bandwidth [10]. However, through a fre-
quency selective fading channel, all the subcarriers have different amplitude levels and
different phase shifts (although they have high correlation among subcarriers), which
breaks the orthogonality among theses sequences, and resulting multiuser interference
(MUI) drastically reduces the system performance[8] [11] [12].
MC-CDMA system seriously suffers from performance degradation resulted from
MUI. Consequently, an effective scheme to manage MUI from analyzing it is required.
As time-domain autocorrelation and crosscorrelation function have been efciently used
as criteria for measuring MUI for DS-CDMA systems, spreading sequences may affect
MC-CDMA system. Especially, selected sequence allocation in a sequence family may
cause performance difference [13]. But time-domain correlation functions are not proper
ways to look into MUI of MC-CDMA systems. Hence, it is essential to observe the
characteristic of spreading sequences including the effect of multipath delay.
There is a method to analyze the performance of MC-CDMA system, named as
2
spectral correlation function [14]. This can be evaluated from the expression of the
received signal in MC-CDMA system, which differs from the conventional time-domain
correlation function which has been applied for observing the correlation characteristic
among codes in DS-CDMA. In multipath channels, the received signal is the sum of
transmitted signals passing through different paths. And that results in distortion of
codes. Spectral correlation function, a method of observing characteristics of codes
including multipath delay, reects features of codes and time delay. Therefore, spectral
correlation could be a criterion measuring MUI in MC-CDMA system.
It is a goal of this paper to study a method suppressing MUI using spreading se-
quences from analyzing the relation between MUI and spreading sequences for MC-
CDMA. In this study, we consider L-multipath channel and MC-CDMA system, and
MRC, EGC, MMSEC, ORC which are well-known detection techniques for a single
user. In the above system, we analyze the relation between MUI and spreading sequence
using spectral correlation and how the characteristic of the sequence affects MUI. Also,
the requirements of spreading sequences to improve system performance are derived,
and what characteristic MUI has according to spreading sequence is observed.
1.2 Overview
Chapter 2 gives the description of MC-CDMA system model which covers a transmitter,
a receiver and L-multipath channel model. In Chapter 3, MUI analysis according to
4 combining methods and how to explain MUI using spectral correlation are carried
out. And spectral correlation is derived based on the general system model with serial-
to-parallel (S/P) and interleaver, and its physical meaning is investigated. And related
3
simulation results are shown. In Chapter 4, a summary of the requirements of codes to
mitigate MUI is given. In Chapter 5, we introduce a spectral correlation prole which
gives us knowledge of form of MUI. Finally, Chapter 6 draws conclusions and future
work.
4
Chapter 2
MC-CDMA system model
2.1 Transmitter
Figure 2.1 is MC-CDMA transmitter model. Input bit stream is mapped onto modulated
data symbols through modulation and pass a serial-to-parallel (S/P) block. The Q num-
ber of data symbols are arranged in parallel and pass Qnumber of copiers to be copied N
number of chips respectively. The copied N chips are multiplied by chips of frequency
spreading sequence of length N, {c
(u)
n
}
N1
n=0
, where (u) represents a user. At this time,
total number of subcarriers is QN. Chip-interleaver takes N number of spreaded chips
of q-th data symbol on (q +Qn)-th subcarrier, where n = 0, 1, 2, ..., N 1. Inverse Fast
Fourier Transform (IFFT) is applied to these QN subcarriers and transmitted signal of
time duration T is generated. The complex baseband representation of the transmitted
signal on a (q + Qn)-th subcarrier, s
q+Qn
(t), in a signaling interval, T, can be written
as:
s
q+Qn
(t) =
_
E
s
N
U1

u=0
b
(u)
q
c
(u)
n
e
j2(q+Qn)t/T
, (2.1)
5
laa
Clanncl
Lnoodcr
Modulaon
T:
Copcr
l
Copcr
:/!
) (
0
u
c
) (
1
u
N
c

) (
0
u
c
) (
1
u
N
c

Q
l
n

c
r
l
c
a
v
c
r
lFF
Cuard
ncrval
Figure 2.1: MC-CDMA transmitter model
and total representation of the transmitted signal can be written as:
s(t) =
_
E
s
N
U1

u=0
Q1

q=0
N1

n=0
b
(u)
q
c
(u)
n
e
j2(q+Qn)t/T
, (2.2)
where E
s
and b
(u)
q
are the energy per data symbol and the q-th data symbol of (u)-th
user respectively. N is the length of frequency spreading sequence, and U is the number
of users.
2.2 L-multipath channel model
A wideband fading channel can be modelled as a sum of several differently delayed,
independent Rayleigh fading processes. The corresponding channel impulse response
(CIR) is described as:
h(t, ) =
L1

l=0
a
l
h
l
(t)(
l
), (2.3)
where a
l
is the normalized amplitude such that

L=1
l=0
a
2
l
= 1.0, h
l
(t) is the Rayleigh
fading process with E
_
|h
l
|
2

= 1.0, and () is the Dirac function. {

l
}
L1
l=0
is the delay
6
of the l-th path, and l is tap index of channel impulse response model [15].
For a multipath Rayleigh fading channel, the fading process can be represented by
h
l
=
l
e
j
l
, where {
l
}
L1
l=0
, {
l
}
L1
l=0
are the random CIR tap amplitudes, phases,
respectively. We assume that {
l
}
L1
l=0
, {
l
}
L1
l=0
, {
l
}
L1
l=0
are mutually independent.
Fading amplitudes {
l
}
L1
l=0
are assumed to be statistically independent random variables
having a probability density function (PDF) expressed as:
f(
l
) =
2
l

exp
_

2
l

_
, (2.4)
where = E[
2
l
]. The phases {
l
}
L1
l=0
of the different paths and of different subcarriers
are assumed to be uniformly distributed random variables in [0, 2) [16], while the path
delay of {
l
}
L1
l=0
are uniformly distributed in [0, T
max
], where T
max
is maximum delay
spread.
2.3 Receiver
A block diagram of the baseband model of the MC-CDMA receiver for user (0) is rep-
resented on Figure 2.2. The signal received by user (0) during the symbol interval is
rst OFDM-demodulated by applying an Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of size QN and
despreaded with the (0)-th users spreading sequence. {w
n
}
QN1
n=0
is a frequency do-
main equalization gain factor, which is dependent upon the employed diversity combin-
ing scheme. Combined data symbols are inserted into parallel-to-serial (P/S) block and
demapped to binary bit stream.
7
laa
Clanncl
lcoodcr
!/:
N Q
w
1
l
c

c
r
l
c
a
v
c
r
FF
Cl
lcmovc
* ) 0 (
0
c
* ) 0 (
1 N
c
* ) 0 (
0
c
* ) 0 (
1 N
c
0
w
1 N
w
1 QN
w

Figure 2.2: MC-CDMA receiver model

8
Chapter 3
Multiuser interference and spectral
correlation
In this chapter we investigate the received signal according to combining methods and
analyze the multiuser interference using spectral correlation. In section 3.1, we look into
the expression of the received signal. In section 3.2, multiuser interference according
to combining methods is derived and spectral correlation is dened. And how spectral
correlation affects the multiuser interference and what meaning it has are derived. In
section 3.3, spectral correlation is applied to more general system with chip interleaver.
Simulation results supporting derived conclusion are showed in section 3.4.
3.1 The Detection model
From Figure 2.2, guard interval is removed from received signal and FFT is applied to
the signal. The FFT demodulated received symbol {{r
q+Qn
}
N1
n=0
}
Q1
q=0
of the (q +Qn)-
th subcarrier can be expressed as:
r
q+Qn
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=0
b
(u)
c
(u)
n
H
q+Qn
+N
q+Qn
, (3.1)
9
where H
q+Qn
is the (q +Qn)-th subcarriers frequency domain channel transfer factor,
and N
q+Qn
is a AWGNprocess having zero mean and a one-sided power spectral density
of N
o
. In restoring arbitrary xed q

-th data symbol among Q number of parallel data

symbols, the decision variable of the (0)-th users q

-th data symbol, d

(0)
q

, is given for a
single user detector as:
d
(0)
q

=
N1

n=0
w
q

+Qn
c
(0)
n
r
q

+Qn
, (3.2)
where () represents the complex conjugation for the complex number. We assume
that there is no inter-subcarrier interference and frequency and timing synchronization
is accurate. The decision variable d
(0)
q

can be expanded with the aid of Equation 3.1 and

3.2 as:
d
(0)
q

=
N1

n=0
w
q

+Qn
c
(0)
n
_
_
E
s
N
U1

u=0
b
(u)
q

c
(u)
n
H
q

+Qn
+N
q

+Qn
_
= + +, (3.3)
where is the desired signal component given by
=
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

N1

n=0
H
q

+Qn
w
q

+Qn
, (3.4)
is the MUI given by
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
H
q

+Qn
w
q

+Qn
, (3.5)
and is the noise component given by
=
N1

n=0
c
(0)
n
N
q

+Qn
w
q

+Qn
. (3.6)
These three signal components predetermine the performance of the single user detector
considered[15].
10
3.2 Interference analysis according to combining methods
3.2.1 Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)
Channel estimation technique makes it possible to obtain the frequency domain channel
transfer factor from which the frequency domain equalization gain factor can be derived.
The frequency domain channel transfer factor comes from FFT of the time domain chan-
nel impulse response and can be written as:
H
q+Qn
=
QN1

l=0
a
l
h
l
e
j2(q+Qn)l/(QN)
=
QN1

l=0
a
l
h
l
e
j2ql/(QN)
e
j2nl/N
. (3.7)
When {{H
q+Qn
}
N1
n=0
}
Q1
q=0
is frequency domain channel transfer factor, the equalization
gain factor, w
q+Qn
, for the MRC is given as:
w
q+Qn
= H

q+Qn
. (3.8)
We assume the perfect channel estimation, then the equalization gain factor, from Equa-
tion 3.7 and Equation 3.8, is given by:
w
q+Qn
=
QN1

l=0
a
l
h
l
e
j2ql/(QN)
e
j2nl/N
. (3.9)
11
Using above Equations, w
q+Qn
H
q+Qn
can be rewritten as:
w
q+Qn
H
q+Qn
= H

q+Qn
H
q+Qn
= a
2
0
h
2
0
+a
2
1
h
2
1
+... +a
2
L1
h
2
L1
+
_
a
0
a
1
h
0
h

1
+a
1
a
2
h
1
h

2
+... +a
L2
a
L1
h
L2
h

L1
_
e
j2q1/QN
e
j2m1/N
+
_
a
0
a
1
h

0
h
1
+a
1
a
2
h

1
h
2
+... +a
L2
a
L1
h

L2
h
L1
_
e
j2q1/QN
e
j2m1/N
+
_
a
0
a
2
h
0
h

2
+a
1
a
3
h
1
h

3
+... +a
L3
a
L1
h
L3
h

L1
_
e
j2q2/QN
e
j2m2/N
+
_
a
0
a
2
h

0
h
2
+a
1
a
3
h

1
h
3
+... +a
L3
a
L1
h

L3
h
L1
_
e
j2q2/QN
e
j2m2/N
.
.
.
+
_
a
0
a
L1
h
0
h

L1
_
e
j2q(L1)/QN
e
j2m(L1)/N
+ (a
0
a
L1
h

0
h
L1
) e
j2q(L1)/QN
e
j2m(L1)/N
=
L1

l=(L1)
R(l) e
j2nl/N
, (3.10)
where
R(l) = e
j2ql/(QN)
L1l

k=0
a
k
a
k+l
h
k
h

k+l
, l = 0, 1, ..., L 1, (3.11)
R(l) = e
j2ql/(QN)
L1l

k=0
a
k
a
kl
h

k
h
kl
, l = 1, ..., (L 1). (3.12)
12
The corresponding users received signal component for q

-th data symbol, , is given

by:
=
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

N1

n=0
|H
q

+Qn
|
2
=
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

N1

n=0
L1

l=(L1)
R(l)e
j2nl/N
=
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

L1

l=(L1)
R(l)
N1

n=0
e
j2nl/N
=
_
E
s
N
R(0)b
(0)
q

N1

n=0
1
=
_
NE
s
b
(0)
q

R(0). (3.13)
The MUI associated with MRC is given by:
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
|H
q

+Qn
|
2
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

L1

l=(L)
R(l)
N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
e
j2nl/N
. (3.14)
Now we dene spectral correlation[14] between arbitrary different users (r) and (s)
which is given by:
X
(r,s)
(l) =
N1

n=0
c
(r)
n
c
(s)
n
e
j2nl/N
, (3.15)
and from the Equation 3.14 and 3.15, can be expressed in the form
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
|H
n
|
2
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

L1

l=(L1)
R(l)
N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
e
j2nl/N
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

L1

l=(L1)
R(l)X
(u,0)
(l). (3.16)
13
As we can see in the Equation 3.16, MUI consists of 3 terms.
1) Different users data symbol, b
(u)
q

,
2) Channel element, R(l),
3) Spectral correlation, X
(r,s)
(l).
Because different users data symbol is not related to multipath fading, we exclude it
from considering MUI. Then MUI is regarded as product of the channel elements and
the spectral correlations. As we know from Equation 3.11 and 3.12, channel element is
a sum of multipaths multiplied by other multipaths spaced
T
QN
l time apart. Therefore,
spectral correlation, X
(r,s)
(l), can be regarded as a weight affecting to correlation value
between multipaths and other multipaths spaced
T
QN
l time apart. In other word, spectral
correlation can inuence characteristics of MUI and if X
(r,s)
(l) is zero or small value,
then the corresponding interference can become zero or small value.
3.2.2 Equal Gain Combining (EGC)
The equalization gain factor, w
q+Qn
, for the EGC is given as:
w
q+Qn
=
H

q+Qn
|H
q+Qn
|
. (3.17)
From Equation 3.17, the desired signal component of and MUI of q

-th data symbol are

given by:
=
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

N1

n=0
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
|H
q

+Qn
|
=
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

N1

n=0
_
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
, (3.18)
14
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
|H
q

+Qn
|
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
_
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
. (3.19)
We consider mean value and variance to analyze MUI. The mean value is given as:
E[H

q+Qn
H
q+Qn
] = E
_
_
L1

l=(L1)
R(l)e
j2nl/N
_
_
= E[R(0)] +E
_

_
L1

l=(L1)
l =0
R(l)e
j2nl/N
_

_
= 1, (3.20)
and the variance is given as:
V ar[H

q+Qn
H
q+Qn
] = V ar
_
_
L1

l=(L1)
R(l)e
j2nl/N
_
_
= V ar [R(0)] +V ar
_

_
L1

l=(L1)
l =0
R(l)e
j2nl/N
_

_
= V ar
_
L1

k=0
a
2
k
h
2
k
_
+
L1

l=(L1)
l =0
V ar
_
L1l

k=0
a
k
a
k+l
h
k
h

k+l
_
= 2
4
L1

k=0
a
4
k
+
L1

l=(L1)
l =0

4
L1l

k=0
a
2
k
a
2
k+l
2a
4
0

4
L + 2a
4
0

4
L(L 1)
2
= a
4
0

4
L(L + 1). (3.21)
From the Taylor series, an expansion of

x about 1 is given by:

x 1 +
1
2
(x 1)
1
8
(x 1)
2
+
1
16
(x 1)
3
. (3.22)
15
And the desired signal component and MUI approximated using Equation 3.22 are given
as:

_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

N1

mn=0
_
1 +
1
2
(H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
1)
_
=
1
2
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

+
1
2
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

N1

n=0
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
=
1
2
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q
+
1
2
_
NE
s
b
(0)
q
R(0), (3.23)

_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
_
1 +
1
2
(H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
1)
_
=
1
2
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
+
1
2
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
=
1
2
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
+
1
2
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

L1

l=(L1)
R(l)X
u,0
(l). (3.24)
In the Equation 3.24, the rst term is independent on the channel so that it can be consid-
ered as constant, especially zero when spreading sequences are orthogonal. The second
term is dependent on the channel and similar to the expression of MRC, Equation 3.16.
Therefore, in the case of EGC, MUI can be expressed with spectral correlation like the
case of MRC and MUI characteristic is analogous to that of the case of MRC, but smaller
than it by 1/2. The energy of the desired signal is as large as that of MRC, however the
interference is smaller than that of MRC by 1/2. Hence performance of EGC is better
than that of MRC.
16
3.2.3 Orthogonality Restoring Combining (ORC)
The equalization gain ,w
q+Qn
, for the ORC is given as:
w
q+Qn
=
H

q+Qn
|H
q+Qn
|
2
. (3.25)
From this Equation 3.25, the desired signal component and MUI of q

-th data symbol

are given by:
=
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

N1

n=0
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
|H
q

+Qn
|
2
=
_
NE
s
b
(0)
q

, (3.26)
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
|H
q

+Qn
|
2
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
. (3.27)
As shown in above equation, ORC cancels the effect of the channel so that spectral
correlation is not represented in the expression. Besides, if sequences are orthogonal,
MUI is equal to zero. But multipath diversity gain could not be acquired.
3.2.4 Minimum Mean Square Error Combining (MMSEC)
The equalization gain ,w
q+Qn
, for the MMSEC is given as:
w
q+Qn
=
H

q+Qn
|H
q+Qn
|
2
+
2
2
U
N
Es
. (3.28)
From this Equation 3.28, the desired signal component and MUI of q

-th data symbol

are given by:
=
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

N1

n=0
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
|H
q

+Qn
|
2
+
2
2
U
N
Es
, (3.29)
17
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
H

+Qm
H
q

+Qm
|H
q

+Qn
|
2
+
2
2
U
N
Es
. (3.30)
From the Taylor series, an expansion of
x
x+a
about 1 is given by:
x
x +a

1
1 +a
+
a
(1 +a)
2
(x1)+
2a
(1 +a)
3
(x1)
2
+
6a
(1 +a)
4
(x1)
3
+ , (3.31)
and the desired signal component and MUI approximated using Equation 3.31 are given
as:

_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

N1

n=0
_
1
1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
+
2
2
U
N
Es
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
(H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
1)
_
=
_
E
s
N
b
(0)
q

_
2
2
U
N
Es
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
N1

n=0
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
+
N
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
_
=
_
E
s
Nb
(0)
q

_
2
2
U
N
Es
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
R(0) +
1
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
_
, (3.32)

_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
_
1
1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
+
2
2
U
N
Es
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
(H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
1)
_
=
_
E
s
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
_
2
2
U
N
Es
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
+
1
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
_
=
_
E
s
N
_
1
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
_
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
+
_
E
s
N
_
2
2
U
N
Es
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
_
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
H

+Qn
H
q

+Qn
=
_
E
s
N
_
1
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
_
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

N1

n=0
c
(u)
n
c
(0)
n
+
_
E
s
N
_
2
2
U
N
Es
(1 +
2
2
U
N
Es
)
2
_
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

L1

l=(L1)
R(l)X
(u,0)
(l). (3.33)
In the Equation 3.33, the rst term is independent on the channel so that it can be consid-
ered as constant, especially zero when spreading sequences are orthogonal. The second
18
term is dependent on the channel and similar to the expression of MRC, Equation 3.16.
Therefore, in the case of MMSEC, MUI can be expressed with spectral correlation like
the case of MRC and MUI characteristic is analogous to that of the case of MRC. But
variance of the channel affects the MUI expression. Hence, the feature of MMSEC is
similar to that of ORC in high SNR, and to that of MRC in low SNR. Therefore, MUI is
slightly affected by spectral correlation.
3.3 Spectral correlation according to interleaver
In Equation 3.16, spectral correlation is a sum of products of reference users sequence,
c
(0)
n
, and another users sequence, c
(u)
n
, and e
j2nl/N
, where m = 0, 1, ..., N 1. That
is the result which IFFT is applied to the product of two sequences and {e
j2nl/N
}
N1
n=0
.
In that equation, Q, the size of S/P, is not shown. But back to the derivation, we can see
the spectral correlation including Q which is given by:
X
(r,s)
(l

) =
N1

n=0
c
(r)
n
c
(s)
n
e
j2Qnl

/QN
. (3.34)
In other words, spectral correlation, Equation 3.15, is dened for Q = 1, and when
Q > 1, IFFT of size QN is applied to the product of sequences whose chip and another
chip are spaced Q-chip apart. Therefore, a spectral correlation for Q > 1 has a form of
repetition of the spectral correlation for Q = 1. Using above fact, the spectral correlation
for arbitrary Q > 1 and l

N is given by:
X
(r,s)
(l

) = X
(r,s)
(l), l

l(modN), l

N > l. (3.35)
Figure 3.1 is a spectral correlation of Walsh-Hadamard of size 8 for Q = 1, and Figure
19
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.1: Spectral correlation : |X
(8,1)
WH
8
(l)| for Q = 1
-31 -24 -16 -8 0 8 16 24 31
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.2: Spectral correlation : |X
(8,1)
WH
8
(l)| for Q = 4
20
3.2 is for Q = 4. For Q = 4, the spectral correlation for Q = 1 is repeated 4 times
sequentially. Therefore, regardless of S/P size, Q, we can estimate the feature of MUI
from only knowing the path delay interval index, l, and the spectral correlation, X
(r,s)
(l).
3.4 Simulation results
In this section, we investigate how BER performance of MC-CDMA system is affected
by spectral correlations. The channel is assumed to keep constant in one OFDM-CDMA
symbol and change from symbol to symbol independently. We assume perfect channel
estimation and accurate timing and frequency synchronization. And maximum delay
spread is within guard interval. We consider two channel model. First, CIR tap coef-
cients are placed every sample point within guard interval and exponentially decayed.
Second, CIR tap coefcients are placed arbitrary sample points within guard interval and
exponentially decayed.
3.4.1 Channel model (1)
Multipaths delay by one sample, and exponentially decay. 2 multipaths lie within
_
0,
T
QN
1
_
or within guard interval. Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4 show some simulation results with
21
Walsh-Hadamard matrix of size 8 which is given by:
WH
8
=
_

_
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
_

_
(3.36)
and simulation parameters are shown on Table 3.1. In those gures, WH(5,6,7,8) means
that 5,6,7,8-th sequences of above Walsh-Hadamard matrix are allocated to different 4
users, respectively. Figure 3.3 is for MRC and EGC. BER performances of WH(5,6,7,8)
for MRC and EGCapproach single user performances for MRC and EGC, which acquire
best performances. But BER performances of WH(2,3,5,8) for MRC and EGC are worse
than those of WH(5,6,7,8). Figure 3.4 is for MMSEC and ORC. BER performance
of WH(5,6,7,8) for MMSEC also approaches a single user performance for MMSEC,
which acquires best performance. But BER performance of WH(2,3,5,8) is worse than
that of WH(5,6,7,8). Because ORC cancels effect of the channel, there is no difference
according to spectral correlations.
Spectral correlations of Walsh-Hadamard of size 8 are shown on from Figure 3.5 to
Table 3.1: Simulation parameters(1)
FFT/IFFT
Points
Number of
subcarriers
OFDM symbol Modulation QPSK
8 8
8+1 samples
(Guard interval=T/8)
QPSK 8
22
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
E
b
/N
o
[dB]
B
E
R
MRC single user
MRC (5.6.7.8) best
MRC (2.3.5.8) worse
EGC single user
EGC (5.6.7.8) best
EGC (2.3.5.8) worse
Figure 3.3: BER performance using MRC, EGC (Users:4, Paths:2)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
E
b
/N
o
[dB]
B
E
R
MMSEC single user
MMSEC (5.6.7.8) better
MMSEC (2.3.5.8) worse
ORC (5.6.7.8)
ORC (2.3.5.8)
Figure 3.4: BER performance using MMSEC, ORC (Users:4, Paths:2)
23
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-5
0
5
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.5: Spectral correlation : X
(6,5)
WH
8
(l)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.6: Spectral correlation : X
(7,5)
WH
8
(l)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.7: Spectral correlation : X
(8,5)
WH
8
(l)
24
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.8: Spectral correlation : X
(3,2)
WH
8
(l)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.9: Spectral correlation : X
(5,2)
WH
8
(l)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.10: Spectral correlation : X
(8,2)
WH
8
(l)
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
E
b
/N
o
[dB]
B
E
R
MRC single user
MRC (5.6.7.8) better
MRC (2.3.5.8) worse
EGC single user
EGC (5.6.7.8) better
EGC (2.3.5.8) worse
Figure 3.11: BER performance using MRC, EGC (Users:4, Paths:4)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
E
b
/N
o
[dB]
B
E
R
MMSEC single user
MMSEC (5.6.7.8) better
MMSEC (2.3.5.8) worse
ORC single user
ORC better
ORC worse
Figure 3.12: BER performance using MMSEC, ORC (Users:4, Paths:4)
26
Table 3.2: Simulation parameters(2)
FFT/IFFT
Points
Number of
subcarriers
OFDM symbol Modulation QPSK
32 32
32+4 samples
(Guard interval=T/8)
QPSK 8
Table 3.3: Reqired E
b
/N
o
according to combining methods
Number of paths:2 Number of path:4
10
5
single
best
(no MUI)
worst single best worst
MRC 24.9 24.9 36.1 16.5 41.0 x
EGC 25.3 25.7 32.5 17.5 23.8 x
MMSEC 25.0 25.7 27.1 16.7 21.0 21.8
Figure 3.10. X
(r,s)
WH
8
(l) means spectral correlation of Walsh-Hadamard of size 8. From
Figure 3.5 to Figure 3.7, X
(6,5)
WH
8
(1) = X
(7,5)
WH
8
(1)= X
(8,5)
WH
8
(1) = 0. Those re-
sults mean that correlation between multipaths and other multipaths spaced
T
QN
l time
apart becomes zero. In other words, MUI becomes zero so that the BER performances
approach single user performances. But from Figure 3.8 to Figure 3.10, because of
X
(5,2)
WH
8
(1) = 0 and X
(8,2)
WH
8
(1) = 0, MUI exist and BERperformances of WH(2,3,5,8)
for MRC, EGC, MMSEC are degraded.
Figure 3.11 and Figure 3.12 show BER performances for 4 multipaths and sim-
ulation parameters are shown on Table 3.2. 4 multipaths delayed by one sample lie
within
_
0,
T
QN
3
_
or within guard interval and are exponentially decayed. For these
cases, BER performances of WH(5,6,7,8) for MRC, EGC, MMSEC are better than
those of WH(2,3,5,8), too. Because X
(6,5)
WH
8
(l) = 0 for l = 0, 1, 2, 3 and oth-
ers have some values, not zero. Therefore, MUI for WH(5,6,7,8) get smaller than those
for WH(2,3,5,8), and the system using WH(5,6,7,8) acquires better performance. Table
27
3.3 summarizes required E
b
/N
o
[dB] for MC-CDMA systems that shown in this section
to attain BER 10
5
.
3.4.2 Channel model (2)
In this section, we consider more general case. 8 multipaths are within guard interval,
64 samples, and uniformly distributed in that and exponentially decayed.
Figure 3.13 and Figure 3.14 show BER performances of MC-CDMA system using
Walsh-Hadamard and m-sequence Hadamard for 2 users, and Figure 3.15 compares the
performances between those systems. And simulation parameters are shown on Table
3.4. m-sequence Hadamard matrix is obtained from the matrix consisting of all cyclic
shifts of m-sequence by bordering the matrix on the top with a row of all zeros and on
the right by a column of all zeros. The m-sequence Hadamard matrix of size 8 we used
is given by:
MH
8
=
_

_
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
_

_
(3.37)
The notation WH(1,2) means that we use 1-st and 2-nd row of Walsh-Hadamard
matrix, Equation 3.36, as spreading sequences of MC-CDMA system and allocate to
two different users respectively, and the notation MH(1,2) is for m-sequence Hadamard.
Figure 3.13, 3.14, and 3.15 show differences in BER performances according to selected
28
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
E
b
/N
o
[dB]
B
E
R
WH(1,2).worst
WH(1,3).worse
WH(1,4).worse
WH(1,5).good
WH(1,6).good
Figure 3.13: BER performance for Walsh-Hadamard using MRC (Users:2)
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
E
b
/N
o
[dB]
B
E
R
MH(1,8).worst
MH(1,2).good
MH(1,5).good
MH(1,7).good
Figure 3.14: BER performance for m-sequence Hadamard using MRC (Users:2)
29
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
E
b
/N
o
[dB]
B
E
R
WH(1,2).worst
WH(1,5).good
MH(1,8).worst
MH(1,2).good
Figure 3.15: BER performance for m-sequence Hadamard using MRC (Users:2)
Table 3.4: Simulation parameters(3)
FFT/IFFT
Points
Number of
subcarriers
OFDM symbol Modulation QPSK
512 512
512+64 samples
(Guard interval=T/8)
QPSK 8
Table 3.5: Maximum absolute value and required E
b
/N
o
for target BER 10
5
Pair of
sequences
WH(1,2)
WH(1,3)
WH(1,4)
WH(1,5)
WH(1,8)
deviation MH(1,8)
MH(1,2)
MH(1,7)
deviation
Masimum
absolute value
8 5.6569 5.2263 2.7737 5.2263 4 1.2263
Largest/Smallest
of MAV
largest smallest largest smallest
dB 30.0 27.2 25.7 4.3 25.7 24.8 0.9
30
sequences. Maximum of absolute value of spectral correlation can explain that. We de-
ne the value as maximum absolute value. Maximum absolute value is the largest value
among absolute values over N < l < N in a spectral correlation,
max
N<l<N
_
|X
(r,s)
(l)|
_
.
And in a sequence set, largest and smallest are exist among pairs of sequences. We call
the difference maximum absolute value deviation. Table 3.5 shows maximum absolute
values and its maximum, and minimum values for Walsh-Hadamard and m-sequence
Hadamard. From Figure 3.13 and Table 3.5, we can observe that greater the maximum
absolute value, worse the BER performance. Same explanation can be applied to m-
sequence Hadamard.
Figure 3.15 compares both systems. From Figure 3.15, as WH(1,2) has largest max-
imum absolute value, it has worst BER performance, and as MH(1,2) has smallest max-
imum absolute value, it has best BER performance. And as WH(1,5) and MH(1,8) have
same maximum absolute value, we can observe that they have nearly same BER perfor-
mances. Judging from that, BER performance of MC-CDMA system for 2 users using
binary sequence depends on maximum absolute value of spectral correlation. Moreover,
for Walsh-Hadamard, largest maximum absolute value and smallest maximum absolute
value are 8 and 5.2263, respectively, and the difference between two values is 2.7737.
And for m-sequence Hadamard, largest and smallest value are 5.2263 and 4, respec-
tively, and the difference between two values is 1.2263 which is smaller than that for
Walsh-Hadamard. This inuence BER performances shown in Figure 3.13, 3.14, and
3.15 and BER performance deviation. Therefore, because a sequence set having ran-
dom characteristic has small deviation of maximum absolute values, BER performance
deviation can be small. In Figure 3.16, BER performances of MC-CDMA system us-
31
20 20.5 21 21.5 22 22.5 23 23.5 24
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
E
b
/N
o
[dB]
B
E
R
WH(1,2,3,4).worse
MH(2,3,5,8).worse
MH(1,3,7,8).better
WH(2,3,5,8).better
Figure 3.16: BER performance for Walsh-Hadamard and m-sequence Hadamard using
MMSEC (Users:4)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.17: Spectral correlation :

u=2,3,4
X
(u,1)
WH
8
(l)
32
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.18: Spectral correlation :

u=3,5,8
X
(u,2)
WH
8
(l)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.19: Spectral correlation :

u=3,7,8
X
(u,1)
MH
8
(l)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.20: Spectral correlation :

u=2,3,5
X
(u,1)
MH
8
(l)
33
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
E
b
/N
o
[dB]
B
E
R
WH
MH
Figure 3.21: BER performance for Walsh-Hadamard and m-sequence Hadamard using
MMSEC (Users:8)
ing Walsh-Hadamard and m-sequence Hadamard for 4 users are shown and simulation
parameters are shown on Table 3.4. WH(1,2,3,4) means that 1,2,3,4-th row of Walsh-
Hadamard, Equation 3.36, are allocated to each user. From Figure 3.17 to Figure 3.20
show spectral correlations for 4 users. Spectral correlation for many users is expressed
as a sum of spectral correlation for 2 users and dened as:

r=s
X
(r,s)
(l) =

r=s
N1

n=0
c
(r)
n
c
(s)
n
e
j2nl/N
. (3.38)
From Figure 3.16, WH(1,2,3,4), MH(1,2,3,5), MH(1,3,7,8), WH(2,3,5,8) are in or-
der of bad performance. And WH(1,2,3,4) only has maximum absolute value 8, and
the others have 7.3910. Therefore WH(1,2,3,4) has the worst performance, and the
34
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.22: Spectral correlation :

u=1
X
(u,1)
WH
8
(l)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 3.23: Spectral correlation :

u=1
X
(u,1)
MH
8
(l)
35
others are better than WH(1,2,3,4) and have little performance differences. Therefore
maximum absolute value of spectral correlation is major factor to decide BER perfor-
mance. Figure 3.21 shows BER performances using Walsh-Hadamard and m-sequence
Hadamard for 8 users, and simulation parameters are shown on Table 3.4. BER perfor-
mances of both systems are same for 8 users. This is due to same maximum absolute
values of 8 for two sequences as shown in Figure 3.22 and Figure 3.23.
36
Chapter 4
Requirements of frequency
spreading sequences
From Equation 3.16, MUI is consists of channel elements and spectral correlation. First,
only to investigate effect of channel, we calculate mean and variance of channel cross
product, R(l). Mean value is given by:
E[R(l)] =
_
1, for l = 0,
0, for l = 0.
(4.1)
From the channel model, we assume that normalized amplitudes, {a
l
}
L1
l=0
, have ampli-
tudes of a
0
a
1
a
L1
. Hence, variance is given by:
V ar [R(l)] =
4
L1l

k=0
a
2
k
a
2
k+l

4
a
2
0
a
2
l
(L 1). (4.2)
From Equation 4.1 and Equation 4.2, channel element for l = 0 has mean value 1
and larger variance than any other elements. Other elements have mean value 0 and
smaller variance than 1 as l is larger. Therefore, spectral correlation at l = 0 should
be 0, X
(r,s)
(0) =

N1
m=0
c
(r)
m
c
(s)
m
= 0, and this means that spreading sequences are
orthogonal. In Equation 3.24, rst term of the expression can be 0, and in Equation 3.27,
37
interference can be 0, when spreading sequences are orthogonal. Hence, orthogonality
is most essential factor for frequency spreading sequences.
The rst term of the MUI can be removed by using orthogonal sequences but the
other terms still remained. But those terms are consist of the channel elements and
spectral correlations so that each term can be controlled by spectral correlation value,
i.e., if a spectral correlation is zero or small, the term containing it is also zero or small.
If two multipaths are apaced by 1T/QN, MUI can be 0 by using spreading sequence
whose spectral correlation at 1 is 0, X
r,s
(1) = 0. As we see simulation results at
secton 3.4, considering channel model and setting corresponding spectral correlation 0
or very small, MUI can be 0 or very small.
But if CIR tap coefcients are lied uniformly within guard interval larger than N
samples, it is not enough to consider particular spectral correlation being 0 or small.
In this case, we consider not only spectral correlation at particular l, but also at all
N < l < N. At that time, maximum absolute value of spectral correlation is regarded
as a major factor to system performance, and smaller it is, less MUI is, and better BER
performance. Random characteristic of spreading sequence inuence BER performance
difference according to user combinations. More random sequence is, smaller perfor-
mance deviation is.
38
Chapter 5
Spectral correlation prole
In this section, we investigate MUI more deeply and introduce spectral correlation pro-
le. Spectral correlation basically has complex value. Therefore, real part, imaginary
part, and absolute value of spectral correlation has various gures according to spreading
sequence. In this case, X
(r,s)
(l) and X
(r,s)
(l) for l = 0, 1, ..., N 1 can be complex
conjugate pair or not. We dene spectral correlation prole as gure of spectral correla-
tion on complex plane.
From Equation 3.16 of MUI expression, R(l) and R(l) are complex conjugate
pair. And MUI has form of R(l)X
(r,s)
(l) +R(l)X
(r,s)
(l). Therefore, gure of MUI
can be changed by gures of spectral correlations, X
(r,s)
(l) and X
(r,s)
(l). Now, we
consider two cases.
1) X
(r,s)
(l) = X
(r,s)
(l),
2) Either X
(r,s)
(l) or X
(r,s)
(l) is zero.
For the case 1), we use X
(r,s)
(l) = X
(r,s)
(l) to express Equation 3.16, then MUI
39
is given by:

1
=
_
E
S
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

L1

l=1
2R
_
R(l)X
(u,0)
(l)
_
, (5.1)
where R{} is a function which results real value. In this case, R
_
R(l)X
(u,0)
(l)
_
has
only inuence on real part of channel elements but imaginary part. Therefore, magnitude
of MUI becomes twice of real part of R(l)X
(u,0)
(l), and phase of MUI is distorted by
only data symbol.
For the case 2), we use X
(r,s)
(l) = 0 to express Equation 3.16, then MUI is given
by:

1
=
_
E
S
N
U1

u=1
b
(u)
q

L1

l=1
R(l)X
(u,0)
(l). (5.2)
In this case, R(l)X
(u,0)
(l) has complex form, which has inuence on both real and
imaginary part of channel elements. Therefore, magnitude of MUI becomes that of
R(l)X
(u,0)
(l), and phases of MUI is distorted by both data symbol and R(l)X
(u,0)
(l).
To investigate above phenomenon, some simulations using some sequences are per-
formed. We use Zadoff-Chu sequence, Walsh-Hadamard, m-sequence Hadamard, Or-
thogonal Gold sequence, Quadri-phase Hadamard, and introduce about those rst.
Zadoff-Chu sequence [17] has optimum correlation properties. From that, orthog-
onal sequence set can be constructed. Zadoff-Chu orthogonal sequences of size 8 and
length 8 is given by:
e
j2

k
2
2
+qk

/2N
, k = 0, 1, ..., N 1, q = 0, 1, ..., N 1, (5.3)
40
and for the simulation, we set the exponent as matrix
_
k
2
2
+qk
_
, which is given by:
_
k
2
2
+qk
_
=
_

_
0 3 12 11 0 11 12 3
0 9 8 13 8 9 0 13
0 15 4 15 0 7 4 7
0 5 0 1 8 5 8 1
0 11 12 3 0 3 12 11
0 1 8 5 8 1 0 5
0 7 4 7 0 15 4 15
0 13 0 9 8 13 8 9
_

_
. (5.4)
Orthogonal Gold sequence [18] is constructed using m-sequence and its preferred
pair by using optimum autocorrelation property, and it is constructively similar to m-
sequence Hadamard. For the simulation, we use Orthogonal Gold sequence of size 8
given by:
OG
8
=
_

_
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
_

_
. (5.5)
Quadri-phase Hadamard [19] of size 8 is 4-ary complex sequence having 4 symbols,
41
{1, 1, j, j}. For the simulation, we use Quadri-phase Hadamard of size 8 given by:
QH
8
=
_

_
+1 +j +1 +1 +j +j j 1
+1 j +1 +1 j j +j 1
+1 +j 1 +1 +j j +j +1
+1 j 1 +1 j +j j +1
+1 +j +1 1 j j j +1
+1 j +1 1 +j +j +j +1
+1 +j 1 1 j +j +j 1
+1 j 1 1 +j j j 1
_

_
. (5.6)
Figure 5.1 shows BERperformances whose modulation methods are BPSK, and Table5.1
shows simulation parameters of the systems. We can observe that the system using
Zadoff-Chu sequence gains 3dB at target BER 10
5
. This comes from the fact that
spectral correlation proles of binary sequence and Quadri-phase Hadamard belong to
the case 1) previous mentioned, but that of Zadoff-Chu sequence belongs to the case
2). While using BPSK modulation which has data symbol as {+1, 1}, we decide
the sign of data symbol only on real part. For the case 1), MUI is under inuence
of 2R
_
R(l)X
(u,0)
(l)
_
, while for the case 2),R
_
R(l)X
(u,0)
(l)
_
. In other words, for
the system which use Zadoff-Chu sequence and decide the sign of data symbol on 1-
dimension like BPSK, MUI reduced by half.
Figure 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, and 5.5 are spectral correlation of Zadoff-Chu sequence, m-
sequence Hadamard, Orthogonal Gold, and Quadri-phase Hadamard. As we can see
the gures, X
(r,s)
Chu
8
(2) = 8, X
(r,s)
Chu
8
(2) = 0, thus Zadoff-Chu belongs to the case 2).
Others are X
(r,s)
(l) =
_
X
(r,s)
(l)
_

and belong to the case 1). In fact, all binary

42
Table 5.1: Simulation parameters(4)
FFT/IFFT
Points
Number of
subcarriers
OFDM symbol Modulation QPSK
64 64
64+8 samples
(Guard interval=T/8)
BPSK 8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
E
b
/N
o
[dB]
B
E
R
Zadoff-Chu
Walsh-Hadamard
m-sequence Hadamard
Orthogonal Gold
Quadi-phase Hadamard
Figure 5.1: BER performance of Zadoff-Chu and other sequence (Users:8, Paths:8)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 5.2: Spectral correlation : X
(3,1)
Chu
8
(l)
43
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 5.3: Spectral correlation : X
(2,1)
MH
8
(l)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 5.4: Spectral correlation : X
(2,1)
OG
8
(l)
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
R
e
X
(
l
)
Real
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
I
m
X
(
l
)
Imaginary
-5 0 5
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
l
|
X
(
l
)
|
Absolute Value
Figure 5.5: Spectral correlation : X
(2,1)
QH
8
(l)
44
integer sequences are in case 1) because of below expression as:
X
(r,s)
(l) =
N1

m=0
c
(r)
m
c
(s)
m
exp
j2m(l)/N
=
_
N1

m=0
c
(r)
m
c
(s)
m
exp
j2ml/N
_

= X
(r,s)
(l). (5.7)
Quadri-phase Hadamard sequence is a nonbinary, complex sequence. But it has c
(r)
m
c
(s)
m
=
c
(r)
m
c
(s)
m
so that it belongs to the case 1). In other words, we can see how MUI appears
as observing spectral correlation prole.
45
Chapter 6
Concluding Remarks
In this paper, we have analyzed the relation between a multiuser interference and fre-
quency spreading sequences in a MC-CDMA system by using a spectral correlation.
Based on this, we investigated requirements of frequency spreading sequence and what
gure MUI takes on according to the spectral correlation prole. MRC, EGC, ORC,
and MMSEC were considered as combining methods of the MC-CDMA system for sin-
gle user detection as well as an L-multipath Rayleigh fading channel. As a result of
examining MUI using 4 methods, MUI of the system using MRC was drawn as prod-
uct of 3 terms: data symbol, channel elements, and spectral correlation. And we veri-
ed that MUI of the system using EGC and MMSEC had a similar form to that using
MRC through approximation and simulation. In the system with S/P and interleaver, we
showed that MUI is also derived from spectral correlation.
Spectral correlation is weight which has an effect on interference so that X
(r,s)
(l)
directly affects products of multipaths spaced
l
apart. Thus, we veried that if spectral
correlation at some l is 0, the corresponding interference could be 0 by derivation and
simulation. In order to conrm this, we have observed the required E
b
/N
o
[dB] for target
46
BER 10
5
in the channel which has 2 multipaths spaced
T
QN
apart by using 4 different
Walsh-Hadamard sequences, which have X
(r,s)
(1) = 0. As a result, the system for a
single user using MRC, EGC, and MMSEC needed 24.9, 25.3, and 25 dB, respectively,
and for 4 users, about 24.9, 25.7, and 25.7 dB, respectively. These show that there are
nearly no interferences.
The maximum absolute value of spectral correlation is a major factor affecting an
interference. Smaller the maximum absolute value is, the better the system performance,
and smaller the deviation of maximum absolute values is, the smaller the deviation of
system performances according to user allocation is. This relates to the randomness of
sequences so that sequences which have good randomness have small maximum absolute
values and small deviation of maximum absolute values. A typical binary sequence
which has good randomness is m-sequence Hadamard. m-sequence Hadamard of size
8 and length 8 has smallest the maximum absolute value of 4, which is smaller than
that of Walsh-Hadamard of 5.2263, and it has the largest maximum absolute value of
5.2263, which is smaller than that of Walsh-Hadamard of 8, and it has a smaller deviation
of maximum absolute values. Thus, when the sequences are allocated to some users,
the system using m-sequence Hadamard is better than that of Walsh-Hadamard, and
has a smaller deviation of performances. In order to conrm this, we have observed
the required E
b
/N
o
[dB] for target BER 10
5
in the channel which has 8 multipaths
spaced arbitrary apart within the guard interval. A system using MRC and m-sequence
Hadamard for 2 users needed 24.8 and 25.7dB with respect to the maximum absolute
values of 4 and 5.2263, respectively, and the one using Walsh-Hadamard needed 25.7
and 30.3dB with respect to the maximum absolute values of 5.2263 and 8, respectively.
47
A system using MMSEC and m-sequence Hadamard for 4 users needed about 21.4dB
with respect to both the largest and the smallest maximum absolute values and the one
using Walsh-Hadamard needed 21.6 and 21.7 dB with respect to the largest and the
smallest maximum absolute values.
As a consequence of the above results, we mention the requirements of frequency
spreading sequences. First, the orthogonality of sequences to distinguish multiusers
is essential. From the derived MUI expression, the largest interference factor can be
removed by using the orthogonal sequence. Second, spectral correlation should be 0 or
small. From the expression, spectral correlation directly affects channel elements, which
also affects the interference. Third, good randomness of a sequence is required. The
more random a sequence is, the smaller the spectral correlation value and the deviation
of system performance and the better the system performance are in case of allocation
of selected sequences to some users is carried out.
On the other hand, spectral correlation prole offers us what form MUI takes and
how it affects the system. All binary sequences and Quadri-phase Hadamard used in
this paper have same spectral correlation prole, but Zadoff-Chu sequence has a differ-
ent spectral correlation prole. Therefore, in a system which performs 1-dimensional
decision like BPSK, the interference affecting the decision is reduced. In order to con-
rm this, we have observed the required E
b
/N
o
[dB] for target BER 10
6
using BPSK
modulation. In that simulation, the system using Zadoff-Chu sequence gained 3dB as
opposed to using other sequences.
MC-CDMA which would use advantages of OFDM and CDMA is widely studied
for high data rate multimedia communication. But MUI greatly degrades system perfor-
48
mance. In this paper, spectral correlation and spectral correlation prole are introduced
as a method to manage and analyze MUI. And we veried it by derivation and simula-
tion. The MUI of MC-CDMA can be estimated by using spectral correlation. Therefore,
sequences which is constructed based on the above fact and allocation of selected se-
quences to some users can lead better system performance and reduced deviation of
system performances.
Binary sequences are mainly dealt in this study; complex sequences, however, have
more various appearances which affect spectral correlation and system performance than
binary sequences do. Therefore, examining the relation between spectral correlation of
complex sequences and system performance would contribute to development of system
performance.
49
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52
`.
_^X`^-MC-CDMA '.`-'-
7`-
' ^ '`^' .^ 1 7` 1 _`.~ .
- ~ ^-_`^' ., `-_ -'---_`CDMA
^MC-CDMA`^ .. MC-CDMA`-. `^-~
.~ . ^ 1 ^X ^.~ ." ^ ` ``-_
^ `, ' ^ ' `^' ` ` . _^
' ., ^`- '-7 .` ' - '- 7^ -`- -
^ . " ' 7` (.~ . ' ~ ^ ` ` _ _` ^
.
MC-CDMA ' .`- ^X~.' -`-. DS-CDMA^'
^X `-^ ' - --_( ' .` `^ _` ^, MC-CDMA
^' ' . ~ ^X` '-' .1 `^_` `^
^. ^X~.7`` -`-1 _`.~ ." .'._``
. ^`-- ~ ' .`^' ''.~ .` 1 ' .^.+ ,
'7 .~ . _`-``-- _`(`--'`^ .
-~. -' `-`^' ''`-'~ . -~.` -( '`^
^ ~ . .^ . . ^ - ~. '~ . - . '7
53
- ` -"'^X . _ -~, ^X .`
'. .'._--~.^ '7`.~ ^X
`-``-.~ ." `-('7`-`"
.
`^ ' `-.'._`_-.MC-CDMA^`'.--'`'.
`^X . `^-.~ ." MUI `^ ., ^X
`-^`MUI'~ ^. ' .`"&.~ ." `-L'-~.
^ '`(- ~ ' .``. . ^_`.~ .`-MRC, EGC,
ORC, MMSEC -. ^ ' .`^' - '- 7( .'. _
( '' . . `-^~ _'`-`` -^X
. .^ `-^' .` `^~ " _` `-' .^ _`` -
~ -. (MRC7``. . .'._.~ .
.^ .+ .'. _^ 7^ .~ . _` `-` ^X
^ . ^v .'._,^` . ^`
+ , ^_^ -,^-`^X^ .
' .'._ ^0^`^ _`-7 `-'.0^ . .
`'-^ Walsh-Hadamard ^-' .`(m-sequence Hadamard
^-' .`^`.BER 10
5
` E
b
/N
o
[dB] ' .. (
Walsh-Hadamard `-_ - 25.7dB., `-`-4.3dB.
`^ m-sequence Hadamard `- _ 1"- 25.7dB., ` -
`-0.9dB`_^1 . EGC' .-'~,` - ``
., .'._^" -`^ ' .^X^ . MMSEC' .' .
^ _`` -'`^ ^X^ . _-.'._`-
54
.~ .` 1 ^X^~ ~ ^. ' _-., -.'._
, `-^ .`^ . ..'._--``-.~ ."
`` ` -( ''. _^ ~ _'-+ ' .` `^~ _'
-`-. `- (Zadoff-Chu `'-BPSK ' .`
^ -`` '- ^ `.BER 10
6
` E
b
/N
o
[dB]^
3dB -`^X^ . " ' .'._`^-~ MC-CDMA
7`^., ^_.~ . `' ~ (.~ .' .` `
_ _`'.' .^`^ .
`-`: MC-CDMA, .'._, -'-7, ^X,
^ '`, ^
55