18 CH 13 Disaster Management Plan - 29.08.10

Environmental Management Plant Dam (Barrage) Break Modelling and Disaster Management Plan
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DAM (BARRAGE) BREAK MODELLING AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
13.1 DAM (BARRAGE) BREAK PHENOMENON
Dams (Barrages) play a very vital role in the economy of a country by providing essential benefits like irrigation, hydropower, flood control, drinking water, recreation, etc. However, when these fail in rare conditions, these may cause catastrophic flooding in the downstream area resulting in huge loss to human life and property. This loss to life and property would vary with extent of inundation area, size of population at risk, and the amount of warning time available. The effect of such a flood disaster can be mitigated to a great extent, if the resultant magnitude of flood peak and its time of arrival at different locations downstream of the dam (barrage) can be estimated, facilitating planning of the emergency action measures. This warrants dam (barrage) break modelling, which assesses the flood hydrograph of discharge from the dam (barrage) breach and maximum water level at different locations of the river downstream of the dam (barrage) due to propagation of flood waves along with their time of occurrence. Dam (barrage) break may be summarized as the partial or catastrophic failure of a dam (barrage) leading to the uncontrolled release of water. Such an event can have a major impact on the land and communities downstream of the failed structure. A dam (barrage) break may result in a flood wave up to tens of meters deep traveling along a valley at quite high speeds. The impact of such a wave on developed areas can be sufficient to completely destroy infrastructure, such as roads, railways and bridges, and to demolish buildings. With such destructive force comes an inevitable loss of life, if advance warning and evacuation was not possible. Additional features of such extreme flooding include movement of large amounts of sediment (mud) and debris along with the risk of distributing pollutants from any sources, such as, chemical works or mines in the flood risk area.
13.2
OBJECTIVE OF DAM BREAK MODELLING In India, risk assessment and disaster management plan has been made a mandatory
requirement while submitting application for environmental clearance in respect of river valley
Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I 13-1
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projects. The extreme nature of dam (barrage) break floods means that flow conditions will far exceed the magnitude of most natural flood events. Under these conditions flow will behave differently to conditions assumed for normal river flow modelling and areas will be inundated that are not normally considered. This makes dam (barrage) break modelling a separate study for the risk management and disaster management plan. Therefore, one of the main objectives of dam (barrage) break modelling or flood routing is to simulate the movement of a dam (barrage) break flood wave along a valley or indeed any area downstream that would flood as a result of dam (barrage) failure. The key information required at any point of interest within this flood zone is generally: Travel time of flood water Peak water level extent of inundation Peak discharge Duration of flooding
The nature, accuracy and format of information produced from a dam (barrage) break analysis will be influenced by the end application of the data. The present study for the Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I comprises of the following hydrodynamic simulations due to occurrence of: 13.3 Design flood with Dam (barrage) break with initial reservoir level at FRL Design flood discharge with no dam (barrage) break, Design flood without dam (barrage) in place (virgin condition).
DAM BREAK MODELLING PROCESS
Generally, dam (barrage) break modelling can be carried out by either i) scaled physical hydraulic models or ii) mathematical simulation using computer. A modern tool to deal with this problem is the mathematical model, which is most cost effective and approximately solves the governing flow equations of continuity and momentum by computer simulation. A flow chart for mathematical modelling is given in Figure 13.1.
Mathematical modelling of dam (barrage) breach floods can be carried out by either one dimensional analysis or two dimensional analysis. In one dimensional analysis, the information about the magnitude of flood, i.e., discharge and water levels, variation of these with time and velocity of flow through breach are assessed in the direction of flow. In the case of two
Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I
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dimensional analysis, the additional information about the inundated area, variation of surface elevation and velocities in two dimension can also be forecast.
One dimensional analysis is generally accepted when valley is long and narrow and the flood wave characteristics over a large distance from the dam (barrage) are of main interest. On the other hand, when the valley widens considerably downstream of dam (barrage) and large area is likely to be flooded, two dimensional analysis is necessary. The basic theory for dynamic routing in one dimensional analysis consists of two partial differential equations originally derived by Adhmar Jean Claude Barr de Saint-Venant in 1871. The equations are:
i.
Conservation of mass (continuity) equation (Q/X) + (A + A0) t/ t - q = 0
ii.
Conservation of momentum equation (Q/t) + {(Q2/A)/X } + g A {(h/X ) + Sf + Sc } = 0
where Q = discharge; A = active flow area; A0 = inactive storage area; h = water surface elevation; q= lateral outflow; x = distance along waterway; t = time; Sf = friction slope; Sc = expansion contraction slope and g = gravitational acceleration.
Selection of an appropriate model to undertake dam (barrage) break flood modelling is essential to ensure in achieving the right balance between modelling accuracy and cost in terms of time spent developing the model setup. In the instant case HEC-RAS version 4.0 model released by Hydrologic Engineering Center of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in March 2008 has been selected. HEC-RAS is an integrated system of software, designed for interactive use in a multi-tasking environment. The system is comprised of a graphical user interface, separate hydraulic analysis components, data storage and management capabilities, graphics and reporting facilities. The model contains the advanced features for dam break simulation.
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HEC-RAS uses an implicit finite difference scheme. The common problem of instability in the case of unsteady flow simulation can be overcome by suitable selection of following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cross section spacing along the river reach Computational time step Theta weighing factor for numerical solution Solution iterations Solution tolerance Weir and spillway stability factors
13.4
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
Tawang HE Project Stage-I is a run-of-the-river scheme planned across Tawang Chhu river, near Nuranang Chhu Powerhouse in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. The project envisages construction of 26 m high barrage (Type - RCC raft with piers) across Tawang Chhu River. The Full Reservoir Level (FRL) and Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL) for the project are at EL 2090 m and 2087 m, respectively. The gross storage of the reservoir at FRL is 1.672 MCum (=167.2 ha m). The water spread area of the reservoir at FRL is 12.46 ha. The catchment area at the project site is 2937 sq km. The Standard Probable Flood (SPF) for the project has been estimated as 4263 cumec. The upstream elevation of the barrage is given in Fig.13.2 and the salient features of the project are given in the Table 13.1
Table 13.1 Salient features of the Project

A LOCATION State District River Barrage Site Nearest BG rail head Nearest airport Latitude Longitude HYDROLOGY Catchment area Average annual rainfall (at Murga Bridge) Maximum temperature Minimum temperature Max. 10 daily discharge Min 10 daily discharge
Arunachal Pradesh Tawang Tawang Chhu Near Nuranang Chu Powerhouse Guwahati & Nagaon Guwahati & Tezpur 273520 915903 2937 sq km 1710 mm 31.1 C -2.9 C 299.6 cumec 28.2 cumec
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SPF RESERVOIR Full reservoir level (FRL) Min. Draw Down Level Gross Storage at FRL at MDDL Area Under submergence at FRL BARRAGE Type Top elevation Crest elevation Downstream Floor Level Length at top Thickness of d/s Raft Upstream Floor Level Upstream Floor Thickness Thickness of Pier Height SPILLWAY Discharge capacity Type Crest elevation Number (including one emergency bay) Size (W x H) Energy dissipation
4263 cumec EL 2090 m EL 2087 m 167.2 Ham 131.43 Ham 12.46 Ha RCC RAFT WITH PIERS EL 2092 m EL 2068 m EL 2061 m 130.5 m 5m EL 2066 m 2m 3.5 m 26 m 12680 cumec Orifice type EL 2068 m 9 9.5 x 14.75 m Stilling Basin with End sill
13.5
METHODOLOGY: DATA INPUT AND MODEL SETUP
Undertaking a dam (barrage) break analysis requires following range of data: (i) Cross sections of the river from barrage site and up to location downstream of the barrage to which the study is required (ii) (iii) Stage-volume relationship for the reservoir Salient features of the all hydraulic structures at the barrage site and also in the study reach of the river (iv) (v) (vi) Design flood hydrograph Stage-discharge relationship at the last river cross section of the study area Mannings roughness coefficient for different reaches of the river under study
(vii) Rating curve of all the hydraulic structures in the study reach of the river (viii) Topographic map of the downstream area for preparation of inundation map after dam (barrage) break studies
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13.5.1 Dam (barrage) break model set up in general The dam (barrage) break model set up consists of a single or several channels, reservoirs, dam (barrage) break structures, and other auxiliary dam (barrage) structures such as spillways, sluices etc. The river is represented in the model by cross section at regular intervals. However, due to the highly unsteady nature of dam (barrage) break flood propagation, it is advisable that the river course be described as accurately as possible through the use of closely spaced cross sections, particularly where the cross section is changing rapidly. Further, the cross sections should extend as far as the highest modeled water level, which normally will be in excess of the highest recorded flood level.
The reservoir is normally modeled as a storage area to describe the storage characteristics by the use of storage-volume at different levels. This point will often also be the upstream boundary of the model, where inflow hydrograph may be specified. The downstream boundary will be either a stage discharge relation or time series water level as in case of tidal waves etc. For dam (barrage) break model setup and other hydrodynamic model set up for Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I, the different components of the project have been represented in the model as following:
13.5.2 Tawang Chhu River The Tawang Chhu river for a length of 15.1 km downstream of Tawang HE Project Stage-I barrage site has been represented in the model by cross sections taken at barrage axis has been connected to a storage area representing the reservoir. As the dam (barrage) breach flood levels far exceed the normal flood level marks and the flood spreads beyond the normal river course, the Mannings roughness coefficient for the dam (barrage) break studies should be assumed normally more than the other hydro-dynamic studies. The Mannings roughness coefficient for entire study reach of the river has been taken as 0.040 considering the boulder river beds with grassy banks of hilly terrain.
13.5.3 Reservoir The reservoir has been represented in the model by storage area of the graphical editor of the model and its Elevation-volume relationship has been specified therein. The stage volume relationship of the reservoir as used in the model set up is given in Table 13.2
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Table13.2 Elevation-Volume relationship of reservoir

ELEVATION (m) 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2074 2076 2078 2080 2082 2084 2086 2088 2090 2092 CUMULATIVE VOLUME (cubic meter) 0 900 6100 17000 33100 55600 83300 116900 156500 249800 361800 493500 641000 807900 997800 1205000 1429100 1672000 1927000
13.5.4 Dam (barrage) and Spillway The dam (barrage) of the project has been represented in the model by its crest length and crest level at the cross section just downstream of the reservoir. For the dam (barrage) break study the breach plan data has been specified at barrage location. The breast wall spillway of the project have been represented as gated inline structures at the barrage location, with its crest level, gate size and number of gates specified therein. The HEC-RAS model set up for dam (barrage) and spillway is given in Fig. 13.2
13.5.5 Upstream Boundary Normally upstream boundary for any hydrodynamic study is the flood hydrograph. This flood hydrograph can be corresponding to a flood of specific return period i.e. Standard Probable Flood (SPF) or Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). For the dam (barrage) break model simulation, the design flood (GLOF+SPF) given in Table 13.3 has been considered as the upstream boundary. The same has been impinged in to the reservoir as inflow hydrograph.
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Table 13.3 : Design Flood (GLOF+SPF)

Time (hour) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Discharge (cumec) 185 190 208 244 301 382 487 637 859 1168 1548 1967 2390 2771 3064 3238 3272 3178 2996 2782 2578 2409 2281 2191 2125 2074 2033 1996 1962 1936 1933 1984 2127 Time (hour) 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Discharge (cumec) 2377 2718 3112 3519 3887 4160 12680 10584 8694 7310 6194 5323 4632 4095 3671 3340 3064 2825 2603 2383 2163 1951 1759 1592 1441 1309 1193 1091 1000 918 846 780 718
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Time (hour) 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
Discharge (cumec) 664 615 574 536 502 470 441 415 390 367 341 313 285 264 248 239 232 226 224 221 218 215 212 207 203 199 198 197 197
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13.5.6 Downstream Boundary The normal depth has been used as the downstream boundary for the dam (barrage) break model set up. The downstream boundary has been applied at the cross section of Tawang Chhu river 15.1 km d/s of Tawang HE Project Stage-I barrage site.
13.5.7 Selection of breach parameters for Dam (barrage) Break study For any dam (barrage) break study it is extremely difficult to predict the chances of failure of a dam (barrage), as prediction of the dam (barrage) breach parameters and timing of the breach are not within the capability of any of the commercially available mathematical models. However, assuming the dam (barrage) fails, the important aspects to deal with are, time of failure, extent of overtopping before failure, size, shape and time of the breach formation. Estimation of the dam (barrage) break flood will depend on these parameters.
The breach characteristics that are used as input to the existing dam (barrage) break models are i) Final bottom width of the breach, ii) Final bottom elevation of the breach, iii) Left and right side slope of the breaching section, iv) Full formation time of breach, and v) Reservoir level at time of start of breach. The breach formation mechanism is, to a large extent, dependent on the type of dam (barrage) and the cause due to which the dam (barrage) failed.
A study of the different dam (barrage) failures indicate that concrete arch and gravity dams breach by sudden collapse, overturning or sliding away of the structure due to inadequate design or excessive forces that may result from overtopping, earthquakes and deterioration of the abutment or foundation material. The manner in which the failure is to commence can be specified as one of the following: At a specified stage (water surface elevation) of the reservoir and duration At a specified time
13.5.7.1 Critical condition for dam (barrage) break study The critical condition for a dam (barrage) break study is when the reservoir is at Full Reservoir Level (FRL) and design flood hydrograph (GLOF+SPF) in the present case is impinged. Accordingly, in the present study keeping the reservoir at FRL of 2090 m, the reservoir routing has been carried out by impinging the design flood hydrograph. The flood discharge capacity of spillway is 12680 cumec while the peak ordinate of (GLOF+SPF) is also 12680 cumec. As the capacity of spillway is sufficient for the design flood it is possible to
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synchronize the outflow with all segments or the ordinates of the design flood. Accordingly the release through spillway has been synchronized with the ordinates of design flood keeping the reservoir at FRL throughout the simulation period of 94 hours. The discharge through spillway gates and the reservoir level as obtained during reservoir routing of SPF is shown in Fig. 13.3. The dates given on the horizontal axis of the plot are the relative dates only, as used in HEC-RAS model set up. From the Fig. 13.3 it can be seen that the design flood can be safely passed by suitable operation of spillway gates. It is important to mention here that the reservoir storage at FRL is only 1.672 Mcum.
13.5.7.2 Breach parameters selected for sensitivity analysis of dam (barrage) break simulation Considering the criteria for selection of breach parameters and critical condition for the dam (barrage) break study as discussed earlier, two different cases of breach parameters as given in (Table 13.4) have been identified for sensitivity analysis of dam (barrage) break simulations. In both the two cases, the initial breach elevation has been taken corresponding to the top of barrage (EL 2092 m). The final bottom elevation of the breach has been taken corresponding to average ground level. The breach side slope has been taken as zero for concrete gravity dam breach and 0.50 for compacted rockfill breach. The breach development time has been taken as 10 minutes for the instantaneous breaching of concrete blocks. The breach development time has been taken as 30 minutes for breaching of compacted rockfill portion.
Table 13.4: Breach parameters considered for sensitivity analysis

Case No. Breach Elevation (m) Breach Width (m) Breach Development Time (Minutes) 10 Max. Discharge just d/s of barrage (cumec) 14910 Remarks
Initial 1. 2092
Final 2068 26 2 concrete blocks with pier to pier central line width of 26 m considered to break up to the foundation level at EL of 2068 m. The compacted rockfill with bottom breach width of 20 m and side slope of 0.5 considered to breach up to average ground level at EL 2080 m.
2.
2092
2080
20
30
12654
As case-1 results the maximum discharge just downstream of barrage (Table 13.4), the same has been finalized for detailed outputs of dam (barrage) break simulation.
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13.5.7.3 Dam (barrage) break simulation: Breach width 26 m, breach depth 24 m For the present case, two concrete blocks with total width of 26 m considered to break till the foundation at EL 2068 m, 39 hours after the occurrence of design flood. As the reservoir is very small with storage of 1.672 Mcum only at FRL the assumption of only two concrete blocks getting breached is completely justified. In the model set up the first ordinate of design flood hydrograph has been assumed to occur on 02 July 2010 at 0000 hour (which is a relative time used for mathematical modelling only). Accordingly, the dam (barrage) has been assumed to breach on 03 July 2010 at 1500 hours, when the peak of design flood also occurs. The maximum discharge through breach has been found as 2631 cumec occurring on 03 July 2010 at 1500 hours i.e. (39 hours after the impingement of design flood hydrograph). The time series plot of discharge through dam (barrage) breach is given in Figure 13.4. From Figure 13.4 it can be seen that due to very small capacity of the reservoir gets depleted instantly resulting the maximum discharge through breach of the order of 2631 cumec with the time base of the breach outflow hydrograph of only 30 minutes.
The dam (barrage) break flood hydrograph just downstream of barrage (comprising of total discharge through spillway and dam (barrage) breach) with peak 14910 cumec is given in Fig. 13.5. The maximum discharge, water level and flood travel time at different locations of the Tawang Chhu river downstream of the dam are given in Table 13.5. From the Table 13.5., it can be seen that the dam (barrage) breach flood peak just downstream of the barrage is 14910 cumec which gets reduced to 14740 cumec at a distance 15100 m downstream of barrage. This very little attenuation of flood peak is primarily due to very steep slope of the river (of the order of 1:100) in the study reach. The flood wave propagation for such steep slope is expected to be like kinematic wave with very little or nil attenuation of flood peak. The velocity of the flood wave in the study reach of the river is about 90 km/hour due to very steep slope of the river course.
Table 13.5 Maximum discharge, water level and flood wave travel time at different locations of Tawang Chhu river for dam (barrage) break of Tawang HE Project Stage-I (breach width 26m, breach depth 24 m) (Note: Tawang Chhu 400 denotes the location of river cross sections 400 m d/s of barrage axis)
Chainage (m) d/s of Tawang HEP Stage-I barrage axis (m) 0 Max Discharge (m3/s) Max WS 14910 Bed level (m) 2066.29 Max. Water level (m) 2078.28 Travel Time (Date: hr:min:sec) 3-7-2010 15:00:00 13-11
River
Profile
Tawang Chhu Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I
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Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu
-400 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 -3000 -3500 -4000 -4500 -5000 -5500 -6000 -6500 -7000 -7500 -8000 -8500 -9000 -9500 -10000 -10500 -11000 -11500 -12000 -12500 -13000 -13500 -14000 -14500 -15100
Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS
14885 14899 14914 14913 14869 14890 14892 14852 14876 14871 14837 14854 14823 14818 14828 14827 14806 14814 14822 14802 14794 14802 14789 14771 14767 14757 14752 14760 14750 14740
2057.08 2004.60 1982.18 1973.11 1948.39 1926.11 1914.97 1897.07 1889.23 1879.41 1874.56 1864.38 1853.37 1841.10 1811.23 1784.24 1757.40 1751.25 1745.35 1723.72 1714.62 1696.94 1675.19 1662.01 1655.27 1643.02 1627.80 1611.17 1597.07 1587.47
2067.73 2040.03 2013.73 1992.80 1980.32 1958.79 1939.52 1926.45 1909.40 1903.18 1894.51 1886.44 1875.48 1865.84 1850.89 1820.58 1792.72 1770.40 1763.45 1754.01 1735.57 1724.86 1705.60 1687.87 1675.04 1667.61 1654.39 1639.85 1623.24 1612.99
3-7-2010 15:01:00 3-7-2010 15:02:00 3-7-2010 15:02:00 3-7-2010 15:02:00 3-7-2010 15:02:00 3-7-2010 15:03:00 3-7-2010 15:03:00 3-7-2010 15:03:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:05:00 3-7-2010 15:05:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:07:00 3-7-2010 15:07:00 3-7-2010 15:08:00 3-7-2010 15:08:00 3-7-2010 15:08:00 3-7-2010 15:09:00 3-7-2010 15:09:00 3-7-2010 15:09:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00
13.5.7.3.1 Dam (barrage) Breach flood hydrograph The dam (barrage) break flood hydrograph just downstream of the Tawang HE Project Stage-I barrage for breach parameters corresponding to case-1 (Table 13.4) given in Figure 13.5 is also tabulated in Table13.6.
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Table 13.6: Dam (barrage) break flood hydrograph Date (hr:min:sec) 2-7-2010 00:00:00 2-7-2010 01:00:00 2-7-2010 02:00:00 2-7-2010 03:00:00 2-7-2010 04:00:00 2-7-2010 05:00:00 2-7-2010 06:00:00 2-7-2010 07:00:00 2-7-2010 08:00:00 2-7-2010 09:00:00 2-7-2010 10:00:00 2-7-2010 11:00:00 2-7-2010 12:00:00 2-7-2010 13:00:00 2-7-2010 14:00:00 2-7-2010 15:00:00 2-7-2010 16:00:00 2-7-2010 17:00:00 2-7-2010 18:00:00 2-7-2010 19:00:00 2-7-2010 20:00:00 2-7-2010 21:00:00 2-7-2010 22:00:00 2-7-2010 23:00:00 3-7-2010 00:00:00 3-7-2010 01:00:00 3-7-2010 02:00:00 3-7-2010 03:00:00 3-7-2010 04:00:00 3-7-2010 05:00:00 3-7-2010 06:00:00 3-7-2010 07:00:00 3-7-2010 08:00:00 3-7-2010 09:00:00 3-7-2010 10:00:00 3-7-2010 11:00:00 3-7-2010 12:00:00 3-7-2010 13:00:00 3-7-2010 14:00:00 3-7-2010 14:15:00 3-7-2010 14:30:00 3-7-2010 14:45:00 3-7-2010 15:00:00 3-7-2010 15:05:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00 3-7-2010 15:15:00 3-7-2010 15:30:00 3-7-2010 15:45:00 3-7-2010 16:00:00 3-7-2010 16:15:00 3-7-2010 16:30:00 3-7-2010 17:00:00 Discharge (cumec) 10 190 207 243 299 379 483 632 851 1156 1532 1951 2375 2758 3054 3232 3271 3181 3002 2789 2585 2415 2286 2194 2127 2076 2035 1997 1963 1937 1933 1982 2122 2368 2706 3099 3506 3876 4152 6062 8219 10366 14910 14111 12633 12233 11694 11171 10648 10169 9697 8754 Date (hr:min:sec) 3-7-2010 18:00:00 3-7-2010 19:00:00 3-7-2010 20:00:00 3-7-2010 21:00:00 3-7-2010 22:00:00 3-7-2010 23:00:00 4-7-2010 00:00:00 4-7-2010 01:00:00 4-7-2010 02:00:00 4-7-2010 03:00:00 4-7-2010 04:00:00 4-7-2010 05:00:00 4-7-2010 06:00:00 4-7-2010 07:00:00 4-7-2010 08:00:00 4-7-2010 09:00:00 4-7-2010 10:00:00 4-7-2010 11:00:00 4-7-2010 12:00:00 4-7-2010 13:00:00 4-7-2010 14:00:00 4-7-2010 15:00:00 4-7-2010 16:00:00 4-7-2010 17:00:00 4-7-2010 18:00:00 4-7-2010 19:00:00 4-7-2010 20:00:00 4-7-2010 21:00:00 4-7-2010 22:00:00 4-7-2010 23:00:00 5-7-2010 00:00:00 5-7-2010 01:00:00 5-7-2010 02:00:00 5-7-2010 03:00:00 5-7-2010 04:00:00 5-7-2010 05:00:00 5-7-2010 06:00:00 5-7-2010 07:00:00 5-7-2010 08:00:00 5-7-2010 09:00:00 5-7-2010 10:00:00 5-7-2010 11:00:00 5-7-2010 12:00:00 5-7-2010 13:00:00 5-7-2010 14:00:00 5-7-2010 15:00:00 5-7-2010 16:00:00 5-7-2010 17:00:00 5-7-2010 18:00:00 5-7-2010 19:00:00 5-7-2010 20:00:00 Discharge (cumec) 7356 6232 5355 4658 4116 3688 3354 3076 2835 2613 2393 2173 1961 1768 1601 1449 1316 1199 1096 1004 922 849 783 721 666 617 575 537 503 471 442 416 391 368 342 314 286 265 249 239 232 226 224 221 218 215 212 207 203 199 198
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13.5.8 Maximum water level in Tawang Chhu due to occurrence of design flood without dam (barrage) break In order to assess the maximum water level at different locations of Tawang Chhu river downstream of barrage due to occurrence of design flood, without any dam (barrage) break, the design has been routed through the reservoir assuming initial water level at FRL. As the capacity of reservoir at FRL is only 1.672 Mcum no mitigation in design flood peak can be expected. Further, the capacity of spillway is sufficient for the design flood, hence, it is possible to synchronize the spillway outflow with all segments or the ordinates of the design flood. Accordingly the release through spillway has been synchronized with the ordinates of design flood keeping the reservoir at FRL throughout the simulation period.
The maximum discharge, water level and flood travel time at different locations of the Tawang Chhu river downstream of the barrage are given in Table 13.7. From the Table 13.7 it can be seen that there is no attenuation in the flood peak. This is due to very large time base of the peak segment of the design flood hydrograph. Due to very steep slope the flood translation characteristic is just like kinematic wave without any attenuation of peak. The velocity of the flood wave propagation in the study reach of the river is about 70 km/hour.
Table 13.7 Maximum discharge, water level and flood wave travel time in Tawang Chhu due to occurrence of design flood without dam (barrage) breach
Chainage (m) d/s of Tawang HEP Stage-I barrage axis (m) 0 -400 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 -3000 -3500 -4000 -4500
River
Profile
Max Discharge (m3/s)
Bed level (m) 2066.29 2057.08 2004.60 1982.18 1973.11 1948.39 1926.11 1914.97 1897.07 1889.23
Max. Water level (m) 2077.19 2066.86 2012.97 1991.93 1979.70 1958.00 1938.65 1925.74 1908.55 1902.13
Travel Time (Date: hr:min:sec) 3-7-2010 15:00:00 3-7-2010 15:01:00 3-7-2010 15:02:00 3-7-2010 15:03:00 3-7-2010 15:03:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:05:00
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Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu
Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS
12600 12599 12598 12597 12597 12597 12597 12597 12597 12597
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Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu
-5000 -5500 -6000 -6500 -7000 -7500 -8000 -8500 -9000 -9500 -10000 -10500 -11000 -11500 -12000 -12500 -13000 -13500 -14000 -14500 -15100
Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS
12597 12597 12597 12597 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596
1879.41 1874.56 1864.38 1853.37 1841.10 1811.23 1784.24 1757.40 1751.25 1745.35 1723.72 1714.62 1696.94 1675.19 1662.01 1655.27 1643.02 1627.80 1611.17 1597.07 1587.47
1893.53 1885.45 1874.68 1864.97 1850.08 1819.87 1791.98 1769.48 1762.53 1753.30 1734.69 1724.12 1704.82 1686.96 1674.15 1666.62 1653.52 1638.89 1622.02 1612.23 1602.75
3-7-2010 15:05:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:07:00 3-7-2010 15:07:00 3-7-2010 15:07:00 3-7-2010 15:07:00 3-7-2010 15:08:00 3-7-2010 15:08:00 3-7-2010 15:09:00 3-7-2010 15:09:00 3-7-2010 15:09:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00 3-7-2010 15:11:00 3-7-2010 15:11:00 3-7-2010 15:12:00 3-7-2010 15:12:00 3-7-2010 15:13:00
13.5.9 Maximum water level in virgin condition of Tawang Chhu due to occurrence of design flood It is important to know the water level for occurrence of design flood in the virgin condition of the Tawang Chhu river i.e., without barrage. This will indicate inundation levels under virgin conditions. In this condition the design has been impinged at chainage 0 of the Tawang Chhu river (location just downstream of barrage) without considering the Tawang HE Project Stage-I.
The maximum discharge, water level and flood travel time at different locations of the Tawang Chhu river are given in Table 13.8. From the Table 13.8 it can be seen that the maximum discharge and water level in this case is exactly same as that of routing of design flood without dam (barrage) break. The velocity of the flood wave propagation in this case is also about 70 km/hour.
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Table 13.8 : Maximum discharge, water level and average travel time in virgin condition of Tawang Chhu river due to occurrence of design flood
Chainage (m) d/s of Tawang HEP Stage-I barrage axis (m) 0 -400 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 -3000 -3500 -4000 -4500 -5000 -5500 -6000 -6500 -7000 -7500 -8000 -8500 -9000 -9500 -10000 -10500 -11000 -11500 -12000 -12500 -13000 -13500 -14000
River
Profile
Max Discharge (m3/s)
Bed level (m) 2066.29 2057.08 2004.60 1982.18 1973.11 1948.39 1926.11 1914.97 1897.07 1889.23 1879.41 1874.56 1864.38 1853.37 1841.10 1811.23 1784.24 1757.40 1751.25 1745.35 1723.72 1714.62 1696.94 1675.19 1662.01 1655.27 1643.02 1627.80 1611.17
Max. Water level (m) 2077.19 2066.86 2012.97 1991.93 1979.70 1958.00 1938.65 1925.74 1908.55 1902.13 1893.53 1885.45 1874.68 1864.97 1850.08 1819.87 1791.98 1769.48 1762.53 1753.30 1734.69 1724.12 1704.82 1686.96 1674.15 1666.62 1653.52 1638.89 1622.02
Travel Time (Date: hr:min:sec) 3-7-2010 15:00:00 3-7-2010 15:01:00 3-7-2010 15:02:00 3-7-2010 15:03:00 3-7-2010 15:03:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:04:00 3-7-2010 15:05:00 3-7-2010 15:05:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:06:00 3-7-2010 15:07:00 3-7-2010 15:07:00 3-7-2010 15:07:00 3-7-2010 15:07:00 3-7-2010 15:08:00 3-7-2010 15:08:00 3-7-2010 15:09:00 3-7-2010 15:09:00 3-7-2010 15:09:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00 3-7-2010 15:10:00 3-7-2010 15:11:00 3-7-2010 15:11:00 3-7-2010 15:12:00
13-16
Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu
Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS Max WS
12600 12599 12598 12597 12597 12597 12597 12597 12597 12597 12597 12597 12597 12597 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596 12596
CISMHE
Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu
-14500 -15100
Max WS Max WS
12596 12596
1597.07 1587.47
1612.23 1602.75
3-7-2010 15:12:00 3-7-2010 15:13:00
13.5.10 Inundation map An inundation map depicting the downstream areas likely to be inundated by the dam (barrage) break was prepared. The map was prepared with the help of maximum water level given in Tables 13.5, 13.7 and 13.8 for different simulated conditions. The inundation map has been prepared using 1:50000 SOI toposheets. It is clear from this study that in the event of the barrage break, none of the villages / settlements will be affected because they fall out of the inundation zone. However, infrastructure assets like short length of road and existing bridge located on the margins of the likely flooded area may be affected. due to dam (barrage) break flood (Fig. 13.6). In such a scenario, loss of property could be anticipated in the downstream. The uncertainties associated with the inundation map, specially breach width, breach depth and breach development time may cause uncertainty in flood peak estimation and arrival times.
13.6
DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
Dam (barrage) failure though unlikely to happen, poses serious threat to human lives, property and infrastructures located downstream from the dam (barrage). In order to save a large numbers of injuries, huge damage to property an integrated disaster management approach is essential. This approach includes disaster prevention, mitigation, and preparedness. However, failure of dam (barrage) is a low risk but high impact hazard as they do not occur often but can be extremely catastrophic. However, over the recent years failure rate has fallen below 0.5%, in which most of the failures involve small dams. The failures of dam (barrage) are directly related to the type of dams (barrages).
From the result it is evident that up to about 15.1 km D/S of the Tawang H.E Stage I barrage, time required in reaching the flood wave elevation to the maximum is of the order of few minutes. It hardly leaves any possibility of any rescue or evacuation. Since the time available is very short, the Disaster Management Plan should concentrate on preventive actions.
Surveillance and monitoring programmes are required to be implemented during design and investigation, construction, first reservoir filling, early operation period and operation & maintenance phases of the life cycle of barrage. It is desirable that all gates, electricity, public
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announcement system, power generator backups etc. are thoroughly checked before arrival of the monsoon. As it is clear from the results that upstream water level has significant effect on the dam (barrage) break flood, the following flood conditions may be considered for different level of alertness: i) If u/s water level is at or below FRL (El. 2090 m) and flood is of the order of 20% to 30% PMF, it may be considered as normal flood condition and normal routine may be maintained. ii) If water level is rising above FRL, it may be considered as Level-1 emergency. In this condition all concerned officials should be alerted so that they may reach at the barrage site to take suitable actions. Preventive actions may be carried out simultaneously. A suitable warning and notification procedure may be laid. The local officials should be informed about the situation. iii) If u/s water level rises above the barrage top (El. 2092 m), it may be considered as Level-2 emergency. At this point only a few minutes are available for taking any action. All the staff from the barrage site should be alerted to move to a safe place. The district administration and the Corporations head office should be informed about the possibility of barrage failure.
The following measures can be taken to avoid the loss of lives and property:
13.6.1 Preventive Measures Once the likelihood of an emergency situation is suspected, action has to be initiated to prevent a failure. The point at which each situation reaches an emergency status shall be specified and at that stage the vigilance and surveillance shall be upgraded. At this stage a thorough inspection of the barrage shall be carried out to locate any visible signs of distress. The anticipated need of equipment shall be evaluated and if these are not available at the barrage site, the exact locations and availability of these equipments shall be identified. A plan shall be drawn on priority for inspection of the barrage. The barrage, its sluices and non-overflow sections will be properly illuminated.
13.6.2 Surveillance Surveillance and monitoring programs are required to be implemented during design and investigation, construction, early operation period and operation and maintenance phases of the life cycle of the barrage. It is desirable that all gates, public announcement system, power generator backups etc. are thoroughly checked before arrival of the monsoon. An effective flood
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forecasting system is required by establishing hourly gauge reading at suitable u/s locations with real time communicator at the top. An effective dam (barrage) safety surveillance and monitoring programme also includes rapid analysis and interpretation of instrumentation and observation data along with periodic inspection, safety reviews and evaluation.
13.6.3 Infrastructural Development It is essential to improve, modernise and expand the existing network of rainfall and stream gauging stations in the region. Total financial allocation for the surveillance, monitoring and infrastructure development would be Rs. 60 lakhs.
13.6.4 Emergency Action & Preparedness Plan An emergency is defined as a condition of serious nature which develops unexpectedly and endangers downstream property and human life and requires immediate attention. Community preparedness is key mitigation factor in the flash flood condition. It involves not only the emergency action plan and well developed communication but needs awareness programme for the people residing in downstream areas. Preparedness also involves the development of infrastructures like escape routes and refuge for people and livestock of flood prone areas. Following emergency action and preparedness measures are suggested for disaster management of Tawang HE Project Stage I:
13.6.4.1 Administrative and Procedural Aspects The Administrative and Procedural aspects of emergency action plan consist of a flowchart depicting the names, addresses and telephone numbers of the responsible and coordinating officials. In order of hierarchy, the following system will usually be appropriate. In the event of potential emergency, the observer at the site is required to report it to the Engineerin-charge through a wireless system, if available, or by the fastest communication system available. The Engineer-in-charge shall be responsible for contacting the Civil Administration, viz. Deputy Commissioner. In order to oversee all the operations required to tackle the emergency situations, a centralized command and control room would be set up by the project authorities at Jang village near the barrage site. The office would also remain in contact with offices of downstream projects. .
Each person involved with the emergency plan would be made aware of his/her responsibilities / duties and the importance of work assigned under the Emergency Action Plan.
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All the villages falling under the flood prone zone or on the margins would be connected through wireless communication system with backup of standby telephone lines. A centralized siren alert system would be installed at all the Village Panchayats so that in the event of a warning all villagers can be alerted through sirens rather than informing everybody through messengers which is not feasible in such emergency situations. A financial allocation of Rs.70 lakhs has been made in the project cost for setting up of emergency control room and installation of siren/hooter alert systems at various locations.
13.6.4.2 Communication System An efficient communication system and a downstream warning system are absolutely essential for the success of an emergency plan especially when time is of great essence. The difference between a high flood and a dam (barrage) break situation shall be made clear to the downstream people in advance through awareness programmes. All the villages falling under the flood-prone zone or on the margins are required to be connected through wireless system backed by stand-by telephone lines. A centralized siren system is to be installed at Panchayats so that villagers can be alerted in the event of any disaster.
Keeping the disaster scenario in mind, any terrestrial system such as land lines or even cellular towers, etc. are likely to be the first casualty in earthquakes or floods. The system, therefore, cannot be made operational soon enough. The fault repairs and restoration of communication services are usually not possible for a considerable period of time after the calamity has struck. Moreover, it is critical that the communication systems are restored at the earliest so that relief/medical teams and other personnel can be arranged at the earliest possible time. All the subsidiary help depends solely on the communication system. As this criterion is paramount, existing systems such as telephones and telex, etc. are practically of little use in case of such events and situations. Similarly, microwave links are expected to be down due to collapse of towers, etc. Restoration of towers and alignment of equipment is again a time consuming activity.
Keeping in view the urgency of services and their dependability during emergency relevant to the disaster conditions, satellite based systems present an ideal solution. The satellite based system usually comprises following components: i) ii) iii) A small dish of approximately one meter diameter Associated radio equipment A power source
13-20
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The deployment of the system is not dependent on the restoration of land routes. The existing satellite based communication systems are designed in such a manner that they are able to withstand fairly high degree of demanding environmental conditions. Secondly, the restoration of the satellite based system can be undertaken by carrying maintenance personnel and equipment by helicopters at a very short notice. Even the fresh systems could be inducted in a matter of an hour or so because most of these are designed for transportability by air. The deployment takes usually less than an hour. The power requirements are not large and can be met by sources such as UPS/batteries/generators. Satellite phones are the other option that could prove very useful for such situations and must be considered by the project authorities.
The cost of deployment and maintenance of a telecommunication system in disaster prone areas is not as important as the availability, reliability and quick restoration of the system. The cost of both satellite bandwidth and the ground components of the satellite communication system has been decreasing rapidly like that of V-SAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) based systems supporting a couple of voice and data channels. Some highly superior communication systems in VSAT without time delay are marketed by National agencies like HECL, HFCL and HCL Comet. There are two different types of systems with the above mentioned capabilities available in the market viz. SCPCDAMA and TDMA. However, the first one named SCPCDAMA has been recommended for Tawang H.E. Project Stage I. Such systems would be installed at different sites in the area. The estimated cost of installation of such a communication system has been given in Table 13.9.
Table 13.9 The estimated cost of setting up of a satellite communication system Sl.No. A. 1. Product Setting up of V-SAT communication system Product Name : SCPCDAMA (6 sites) @ Rs.25.00 lakhs per site 2. 3. 4. Generators 10 Nos. (2 KVA) UPS 4 Nos. (2 KVA) Installation and maintenance of system, maintenance and running cost of UPS, generators, etc for 7 years. 15.00 5.00 60.00 150.00 Amount (Rs. in lakhs)
Total
230.00
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13.6.5 Awareness A few guidelines to be generally followed by the inhabitants of flood prone areas, which form part of public awareness for disaster mitigation include: (i). (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Listen to the radio for advance information and advice. Disconnect all electrical appliances. Move household goods and all clothing out of reach of flood water. Move vehicles, farm animals and movable goods to the highest ground nearby. Move all dangerous pollutants and insecticides out of reach of water. Do not enter flood waters on foot, if it can be avoided.
13.6.6 Response and Recovery The entire rescue operation depends on the responses from the administration and project developers. All technical support and medical support must be supplied to the victims in first phase of operation. The response and Recovery plan include evacuation plan.
13.6.7 Evacuation Plan Emergency Action Plan includes evacuation plans and procedures for implementation based on local needs. These are: (i). (ii) Demarcation and prioritization of areas to be evacuated Notification procedures and evacuation instructions
(iii) Safe routes, transport and traffic control (iv) Shelter areas (v) Functions and responsibilities of members of evacuation team
(vi) The flood prone zone in the event of barrage break of Tawang H.E. Project shall be marked properly at the village locations with adequate factor of safety. As the flood wave takes sufficient time in reaching these villages, its populace shall be informed well in time through wireless and sirens etc. so that people may climb on hills or to some elevated place beyond the flood zone which has been marked.
The Evacuation Team would comprise: i) D.M. / Nominated Officer (To peacefully relocate the people to places at higher elevation with State Administration) ii) Engineer-in-Charge of the Project (Team Leader) iii) S.P./ Nominated Police Officer (To maintain law and order)
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iv) C.M.O. of the area (To tackle morbidity of affected people) v) Sarpanch / Gram Budha of Affected Villages to execute the resettlement operation with the aid of state machinery and project proponents vi) Sub-committees at village level
The entire evacuation team will be well equipped with rescue team, medical team, medicines, emergency vans, boats, helicopter, and other means of transport. The Engineer-inCharge will be responsible for the entire operation including prompt determination of the flood situation from time to time. Once the red alert is declared the whole state machinery will come into swing and will start evacuating people in the inundation areas delineated in the inundation map. For successful execution, annually Demo exercise will be done. DM is to monitor the entire operation. Total financial outlay for the Recovery, Evacuation and rescue operation would be Rs. 70.00 lakhs.
13.6.8 Medical team After declaration of red alert, District Administration would arrange a team of doctors within a few hours. The strength of the medical team depends on the magnitude of disaster. The team will be lash with all possible medical facilities to cure the emergency cases, injuries and water borne diseases like diarrhoea etc. Total financial budget for the medical team would be Rs. 50.00 lakhs.
13.6.9 Mitigation and Rehabilitation In event of the barrage break, project authorities would provide adequate Relief Fund. The package includes the cost of property lost, sustenance grant, livelihood grant, medical grant and rights and privilege grant on forest resources. A road infrastructure is affected in case of barrage failure. Rs. 160.00 lakhs has been made in the project cost for accidental and emergency causes. Besides, for the notification and public awareness Rs 50 lakhs has been allocated. In addition, for miscellaneous expenses another Rs. 50 lakh has been allocated.
13.7
COST ESTIMATE The estimated total cost of execution of disaster management plan including the
equipment would be Rs. 740.00 lakhs and the break-up is given in Table 13.10.
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Table 13.10 Cost estimate for the disaster management plan of Tawang H.E Project Stage I
Particulars Surveillance, monitoring and infrastructural development Administrative and Procedural Aspects Communication System Recovery, evacuation and rescue operation Medical expenditure Mitigation & rehabilitation Notification and Public awareness Miscellaneous Total Total cost (Rupees in lakhs) 60.00 70.00 230.00 70.00 50.00 160.00 50.00 50.00 740.00
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18 CH 13 Disaster Management Plan - 29.08.10

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Environmental Management Plant Dam (Barrage) Break Modelling and Disaster Management Plan

DAM BREAK MODELLING PROCESS

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Conservation of mass (continuity) equation (Q/X) + (A + A0) t/ t - q = 0

Conservation of momentum equation (Q/t) + {(Q2/A)/X } + g A {(h/X ) + Sf + Sc } = 0

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

Table 13.1 Salient features of the Project

METHODOLOGY: DATA INPUT AND MODEL SETUP

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Table13.2 Elevation-Volume relationship of reservoir

Table 13.3 : Design Flood (GLOF+SPF)

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Table 13.4: Breach parameters considered for sensitivity analysis

Tawang Chhu Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Max Discharge (m3/s)

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Max Discharge (m3/s)

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Tawang Chhu Tawang Chhu

3-7-2010 15:12:00 3-7-2010 15:13:00

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

Tawang H.E. Project Stage-I

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