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Biopsy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon or an interventional radiologist involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the histological architecture of the tissues cells, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy.
Biopsy
Intervention
Brain biopsy ICD-10PCS MeSH OPS301 code: 0?D???X (without force), 0?B???X (with force) D001706 1-40...1-49 (http://ops.icdcode.de/ops/code/1-40...1-49.html) (without incision) 1-50...1-58 (http://ops.icdcode.de/ops/code/1-50...1-58.html) (with incision) MedlinePlus 003416
Contents
1 Etymology 2 History 3 Conditions identified with biopsies 3.1 Cancer 3.2 Precancerous conditions 3.3 Inflammatory conditions 4 Biopsied sites 5 Analysis of biopsied material 6 See also 7 References 8 External links
Etymology
Biopsy is of Greek origin, coming from the words bio, meaning life, and opsia, meaning to see. French dermatologist Ernest Besnier introduced the word biopsy to the medical community in 1879.[1]
History
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One of the earliest diagnostic biopsies was developed by the Arab physician Abulcasis (10131107). A needle was used to puncture a goiter, and the material issuing was characterized.[2]
Pathologic examination of a biopsy can determine whether a lesion is benign or malignant, and can help differentiate between different types of cancer. In contrast to a biopsy that merely samples a lesion, a larger excisional specimen called a resection may come to a pathologist, typically from a surgeon attempting to eradicate a known lesion from a patient. For example, a pathologist would examine a mastectomy specimen, even if a previous nonexcisional breast biopsy had already established the diagnosis of breast cancer. Examination of the full mastectomy specimen would confirm the exact nature of the cancer (subclassification of tumor and histologic "grading") and reveal the extent of its spread (pathologic "staging").
Precancerous conditions
For easily detected and accessed sites, any suspicious lesions may be assessed. Originally, this was skin or superficial masses. X-ray, then later CT, MRI, and ultrasound along with endoscopy extended the range.
Inflammatory conditions
A biopsy of the temporal arteries is often performed for suspected vasculitis. In inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), frequent biopsies are taken to assess the activity of disease and to assess changes that precede malignancy.[4] Biopsy specimens are often taken from part of a lesion when the cause of a disease is uncertain or its extent or exact character is in doubt. Vasculitis, for instance, is usually diagnosed on biopsy. Kidney disease: Biopsy and fluorescence microscopy are key in the diagnosis of alterations of renal function. The immunofluorescence plays vital role in the diagnosis of Crescentic glomerulonephritis.
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Infectious disease: Lymph node enlargement may be due to a variety of infectious or autoimmune diseases. Metabolic disease: Some conditions affect the whole body, but certain sites are selectively biopsied because they are easily accessed. Amyloidosis is a condition where degraded proteins accumulate in body tissues. In order to make the diagnosis, the gingival. Transplantation: Biopsies of transplanted organs are performed in order to determine that they are not being rejected or that the disease that necessitated transplant has not recurred. Fertility: A testicular biopsy is used for evaluating the fertility of men and find out the cause of a possible infertility, e.g. when sperm quality is low, but hormone levels still are within normal ranges.[5]
Biopsied sites
Location Description Since blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, a bone marrow biopsy is employed in the diagnosis of abnormalities of blood cells when the diagnosis cannot be made from the peripheral Bone marrow blood alone. In malignancies of blood cells (leukemia and lymphoma) a bone marrow biopsy is used in staging the disease. The procedure involves taking a core of trabecular bone using a trephine, and then aspirating material. Flexible endoscopy enables access to the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, such that biopsy of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum via the mouth and the rectum, colon and terminal ileum are commonplace. A variety of biopsy instruments may be introduced through the endoscope and the visualized site biopsied. Until recently, the majority of the small intestine could not be Gastrointestinal visualized for biopsy. The double-balloon push-pull technique allows visualization and biopsy of tract the entire gastrointestinal tract.[6] Needle core biopsies or aspirates of the pancreas may be made through the duodenum or stomach.[7] Lung Biopsies of the lung can be performed in a variety of ways depending on the location. In hepatitis, most biopsies are not used for diagnosis, which can be made by other means. Rather, it is used to determine response to therapy which can be assessed by reduction of inflammation and progression of disease by the degree of fibrosis or, ultimately, cirrhosis. In Wilson's disease, the biopsy is used to determine the quantitative copper level. Prostate Nervous system Urogenital system Other Forms of prostate biopsy include transrectal biopsy and transurethral biopsy Forms include brain biopsy, nerve biopsy, and meningeal biopsy Forms include renal biopsy, endometrial biopsy and cervical conization Other sites include breast biopsy, lymph node biopsy, muscle biopsy, and skin biopsy
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Liver
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See also
Interventional radiology
References
1. ^ "Biopsy: its history, current and future outlook (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7975522)". PubMed.gov. 2. ^ Anderson, J. B.; Webb, A.J. "Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy and the Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer", British Journal of Surgery 74:292-6, 1987. 3. ^ Sausville, Edward A. and Longo, Dan L. "Principles of Cancer Treatment: Surgery, Chemotherapy, and Biologic Therapy", Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Ed. Kaspar, Dennis L. et al., eds. p.446 (2005). 4. ^ Friedman, S. and Blumberg, R.S. "Inflammatory Bowel Disease", Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Ed. Kaspar, Dennis L. et al., eds. pp.1176-1789, 2005. 5. ^ Mens health - Testicular Biopsy (http://men.webmd.com/Men-Medical-Reference/Testicular-Biopsy) 6. ^ Saibeni, S., Rondonotti, E., Iozzelli, A., Spina, L., Tontini, G.E., Cavallaro, F., Ciscato, C., de Franchis, R., Sardanelli, F., Vecchi, M. "Imaging of the Small Bowel in Crohn's Disease: A Review of Old and New Techniques" (http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/13/3279.asp), World Journal of Gastroenterology 13(24): 3279-87, 2007. 7. ^ Iglesias-Garcia, J., Dominguez-Munoz, E., Lozano-Leon, A., Abdulkader, I., Larino-Noia, J., Antunez, J., Forteza, J. "Impact of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Biopsy for Diagnosis of Pancreatic Masses" (http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/13/289.asp), World Journal of Gastroenterology 13(2): 289-93, 2007.
External links
Mybiopsyinfo.com (http://www.mybiopsyinfo.com) - What is a biopsy? How is a biopsy examination performed? This website gives you answers to these and many other questions. MyBiopsy.org (http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/reference/myBiopsy/index2.html) - Information about biopsy results for patients. This site is created by pathologists, the physicians who diagnose cancer and other diseases by looking at biopsies under a microscope. RadiologyInfo (http://radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/modal-alias.cfm?modal=biop) - The radiology information resource for patients: Biopsy Fine needle aspiration biopsy on Wikisurgery (http://www.wikisurgery.com/index.php?title=Fine-needleaspiration-Operationscript) Core needle (Trucut) biopsy on Wikisurgery (http://www.wikisurgery.com/index.php?title=Trucut-needleen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsy 4/5
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biopsy-Operationscript) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biopsy&oldid=539419930" Categories: Biopsy Pathology Surgical procedures This page was last modified on 21 February 2013 at 14:11. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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