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Infection control questions :

very important note: you have to know the following from the elearning uploaded material
related to infection control: **Lab Power point :How to deal with each lab item **Additional resource:What is the difference between disinfection and asepsis Disinfectant solutions **Videos to see each of the procedures followed at each stage of treatment.

1) The abbreviation CDC stands for what? centers for disease control 2) What are the hazards that make Infection Control Important in Dentistry? A) both patients and dental health care personel (DHCP) can be exposed to pathogens contact with blood , oral and respiratory secretions, and contaminated equipment occurs C) proper procedures can prevent transmission of infections among patients and DHCP 3) What are the Modes of Transmission of these hazards A)direct contact with blood or body fluids b) indirect contact with a contaminated instrument or surface C) contact of mucosa of the eyes , nose or mouth with droplets or spatter D) inhalation of airbrone microorganisms 4) Are these precautions done to risky patients only? no , we apply it to all patients 5) What should oral health personnel take in an Infection Control Program A)education and training B)immunization C) exposure prevention and post exposure management D) medical condition management and work related illnesses and restrictions E) health record maintenance 6) Why are Bloodborne Pathogens the greatest risk because it can transmissible in health care settings , can produce chronic infection , and the last thing it can carried by persons anaware of there infiction 7) What are the Potential Routes of Transmission of Bloodborne Pathogens A) patient to DHCP b)DHCP to patient c) patient to patient 8) Average Risk of Bloodborne Virus for HCV-----> 1.8%

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for HIV ----->0.3% for HBV----->23-62% 9) what body fluid that cause the most Transmission of viruses Blood , serum , wound exudates 10) What are the most common viral diseases transmitted heptitis B 11) What are the common sharps which pose aq risk of transmission of disease Needle-stick 12) What are the Exposure Prevention Strategies A) engineering controls b) work practice controls C)administrative controls 13) How do Engineer the dental practice place to reduce exposure By throwing the sharp material in a special plastic container and this container is placed in a biomedical way , and to protect your self thers is a medical devices with injury protection feature for ex: self sheathing needles 14) How do you change the way you practice the work procedures to reduce exposure As we see in the video when the salive were red , the streamline from this point is what happen in the clinic have a strong effect whether we can transmit the disease or not so the work procedures that can prevent esposure by 1) safer behavior 2) personal protective equipment. Ex : A) using instrument imstead of fingers to retract or palpate tissue. one - handed needle recapping 15) What are the Administrative Controls that a clinic should implement to reduce exposure administrative controls are policies and procedures that reduce the risk of expousre to certain diseases such as TB , Ex: when we have workers in the dental office who is ill , they shouldn't come to work. 16) What should the Post-exposure Management Program include if a health care giver reported an exposure, e.g. a needle stick A) vaccinate all DHCP who are at risk of expousre to blood provide access to qualified health care professionals for administration and follow up testing C) test for anti-HBs for 1-2 months after 3rd dose D) knowledge of antibody response should guide appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis 17) Why Is Hand Hygiene Important? Because hands are the most common method for transmission of diseases so we should definitely wash our hands between patient to patient , also it reduse the spread of antimicrobial resistance, and prevent health care-associated infections.

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18) When Hands Need to be Cleaned A) visibly dirty after touching contaminated objects with bare hands C) before and after patient teratment 19) What are the Hand Hygiene methods and when is each indicated A) Handwashing--------> washing hands with plain soap and water before wearing a gloves and after it b) antiseptic handwash------> washing hands with water and soap or other detergents containing an antiseptic agent C) alcohol based handrub---------> rubbing hands with an alcohol containing preparation D) surgical antisepsis---------> handwashing with an antiseptic or an alcohol- based handrub before operations by surgical personal 20) What other Special Hand Hygiene is essential A) use hand lotions to prevent skin dryness b) consider compatibillity of hand care products with the gloves C)keep finger nails short D) avoid artifical nails E) avoid hand jewelry that may tear gloves 21) When are Personal Protective Equipment used and why personal prtective equipment it is : A) a major component of standars precautions. protects the skin and mucous membranes from exposure to infectious materials in spray or spatter. C) should be removed when leaving treatment areas. The most important thing in personal protective is a barrier control that was used in different ways such as : A) gloves facial mask (eg: surgical mask) C) glasses. D) face shield 22) How are Masks, Protective Eyewear, Face Shields used Facial masks : it's efficacy decrease with the increase in time of wearing . means we cant use same mask for the whole day long , also it is disposable at regular time interval ( between patients) Protective eyewear: if it's covers only the eye thus this glasses are not enough because it's not protect thr eyes from going in around the side , we should go around the face and long enough vertically to cover the entire area. Face shields: protect mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth. 23) What Protective Clothing should be used The idea of the growns , lab coat or uniforms ismto cover SKIN and PERSONAL CLOTHING likely to become soiled with blood , saliva or infectious material and we SHOULD change them if there are visibly soiled . amd the last thing you SHOULD remove all barriers before leaving the work area( clinics). 24) How are gloves used, and what are their requirements

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The requirements of gloves: A) minimize the risk of health care personal acquiring imfections from patients b) prevent microbial flora from being transmitted from health care personal to patients C) reduce contamination of the hands of health care personal by microbial flora that can be transmitted from one patient to another D) are not a substitute for handwashing The recommendations for gloving: A) wear gloves when contact with blood, saliva , and mucous membranes is possible remove gloves after patient care C) wear a new pair of gloves for each patient D) remove gloves that are torn , cut or punctured E) do not wash ordisinfect ot sterilize gloves for reuse 25) What is the difference between Latex Hypersensitivity and Contact Dermatitis and Allergic contact dermatitis Latex allergy: type one hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex proteins , reactions may include (nose, eye , and skin reactions) and this reqctions may include more serious ones like respiratory distress-rarely sho k or death Contact dermatitis: it is not an allergy Dry , itchy , irritated areas Allergic contact dermtitis: type four delayed hypersensitivity and may result from allergy to chemicals used in glove manufacturing 26) What should those suffering from allergies to latex do Those how have an allergy to latex , there is some alternatives : A) wear double gloves ( use non latex based material at the lower layer) use polyvinyle glove instead of latex 27) what is the difference between critical (sharps) , semi critical and non critical instruments. Give examples of each Critical instruments : penterate mucous membranes or contact bone , bloodstream, or other normally sterile tissues ( Ex: surgical instruments, scalpel , blades , periodontal scalers and surgical dental burs) Simi-critical instruments: contact mucous membranes but do not penetrate soft tissue.(Ex: dental mouth mirrors, amalgam condensers and dental handpieces) Noncritical instrument : contact intact skin(Ex: x-ray heads, facebows, pulse oximeter , blood pressure cuff) 28) How is each type recommended to be cleaned to reduce the risk of disease transmission Critical instruments: heat sterilize between uses or use sterile single-use , disposable devices Semi-critical imstrument: heat strilize or high level disinfect

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Noncritical instruments : clean and disinfect using a low to intermediate level disinfectant. 29) How do you divide the areas for instrument handling A) receving , cleaning , and decontamination b) preparation and packaging C) sterlizition D) storage 30) What is the difference between the terms cleaning, disinfection and sterilization and asepsis Cleaning : by soaking the gauze until ready to clean any area have a dirt , stain , impurities , or unsoiled by wearing heavy duty utility gloves , mask ,eyewear a d protective clothing. Disinfection: the act of disinfecting , using specialized techniques that destroy or prevent growth of organisms capable of infection. Sterilization: the process of completely eliminating microbial viability. Asepsis: free from infection , also it is the prevention of contact with microorganisms. 31) What is the main test for sterilization Heat based sterilization. 32) What are the Environmental Surfaces Categories A) clinical contact surfaces b)housekeeping surfaces 33) What is the Cleaning method for Clinical Contact Surfaces, Cleaning Housekeeping Surfaces Clinical contact surfaces: we clean it then disinfect using EPA-registered low-(HIV/HBV claim) to intermediete-level ( tuberculocidal claim) hospital disinfectant. Housekeeping surfaces: we clean it with soap and water or an EPA-registered detergent/hospital disinfectant routinely 34) What is considered Medical Waste, and how is it discarded, Medical waste : not considered infectious , thus can be discarded in regular trash 35) Are Dental Unit Waterlines considered hazardous Yes 36) What is the acceptable Dental Water Quality, and how is it monitered For routine dental treatment, meet regulatory standards for drinking water and it should be < 500 CFU/ml of heterotrophic water bacteria. Also it is monitored by : A) water testing laboratory b) in-office testing with self-contained kits C) follow the recomme dations provided by the manfacturer of the dental unit or waterline treatment product.

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37) What technologies are there to control the quality of DUWL A) independent reservoirs b) chemical treatment C) filtration D) combinations E) sterile water delivery systems 38) When are Sterile Irrigating Solutions used when performing surgical procedures. 39) How are Dental Handpieces and Other Devices that are Attached to Air and Waterlines cleaned We clean it first then by heat sterilize intraoral devices that can be removed from air and waterlines 40) How are Preprocedural Mouth Rinses used Permanent divices : clean and intermediate level disinfection Saliva ejectors: disposable Dental radiology: heat sterilize , heat tolerant radiographic accessories. 41) How are permanent devices, Saliva Ejectors, Dental Radiology devices and instruments cleaned Parenteral medications : medications that are injected into the body. The precautions : A) IV tubings , bags, connections, needles, and syringes are single use. single dose vials : - do not administer to multiple patients even if the needle on the syringe is changed - do not combine leftover contents for later use 42) What are Parenteral Medications and what are precautions when using them syringe needles , prophylaxis cups , plastic orthodontic brackets. 43) What are those materials or tools recommended to be of a Single-Use (Disposable) Devices we use them prior to a dental procedure to reduce the. Umber of microorganisms in areosols and to prevent it to intoduced into the blood stream. 44) What are the procedures that are considered Oral Surgical Procedures biopsy , periodontal surgery , implant surgery, apical surgery and surgical extractions of teeth. 45) What are the special Precautions for Surgical Procedures A) surgical scrub b) sterile surgeons gloves

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C) sterile irrigating solutions 46) What are the hazards present in a dental Dental Laboratory and how should these be delt with. Dental prostheses , appliances , a d items used in their making are potential sources of contamination , so we handle it in manner that protects patients and DHCP from exposure to microorganisms and we deal it by : clean and disinfect prostheses and impressions , wear approriate PPE Until disinfection has been completed, clean and heat sterilize heat tolerant items used in the mouth. 47) What are the bacterial and prion infections which dental clinics may risk their transmission and how is each delt with for known infected patients. the infection that can transmission in dental clinics is mycobacterium tuberculosis , and the risk of TB. In dental settings is low only o e documented case of transmission , we can DEAL with it by : assess patients for history of TB , defer elective dental treatment . If the patient must be treated : -DHCP should wear face mask -Separate patient from others/mask/tissue -refer to facility with proper TB infection control precautions Very Big Thank you goes to Hebah , Hanaa'and Yousef