Velocity Probe Work Instruction

Survey Operations
Velocity Probe Work Instruction
GR-SRV-431
Prepared by: Approved by:

1.0
Ver.
N.R. Shilling PJ Jansen

Issue for Use
Reason for Issue
Project Surveyor Chief Surveyor

Jul.23.01
Issue Date Prepared by Approved by
Acergy
Survey Operations
Jul.23.01
GR-SRV-431 Ver. 1.0
Page 2 of 9
This is an electronically generated document, which has been reviewed and approved in accordance with the Acergy Management System. An audit trail of review and approval is available within the electronic system. The screen version of this document is the CONTROLLED COPY at all times. When printed it is considered a FOR INFORMATION ONLY copy, and it is the holders responsibility that he / she holds the latest valid version. , Acergy or a subsidiary thereof, Copyright 2006 and design right reserved. Copying and/or disclosure of the confidential information contained herein is prohibited without written permission of the proprietor.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. SCOPE.................................................................................................................3 2. OBJECTIVE..........................................................................................................3 3. REFERENCES.......................................................................................................3 4. DEFINITIONS......................................................................................................3 5. RESPONSIBILITIES.............................................................................................3 6. PROCEDURES......................................................................................................4 6.1 SYSTEM OBJECTIVES....................................................................................4 6.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION..................................................................................4 6.2.1 CTD SENSOR.....................................................................................4 6.2.2 SOUND VELOCITY SENSOR.................................................................5 6.3 SYSTEM INSTALLATION.................................................................................6 6.3.1 ROV MOUNTED SYSTEM.....................................................................6 6.3.2 OPERATOR DEPLOYED SYSTEM...........................................................6 6.4 SYSTEM VERIFICATION AND CALIBRATION.....................................................6 6.5 SYSTEM OPERATION.....................................................................................7 6.5.1 INITIAL PREPARATIONS.....................................................................7 6.5.2 IN WATER OPERATIONS AND REPORTING OF RESULTS..........................7 ATTACHMENT 1 -DIRECT READING LOG SHEET......................................................9
/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/157862635.doc
Acergy
Survey Operations
Jul.23.01
GR-SRV-431 Ver. 1.0
Page 3 of 9
1.
SCOPE This procedure covers the installation, operation and maintenance of the Velocity Probe.
2.
OBJECTIVE The objective of this procedure is to outline requirements and instructions for the the competent and professional operation of the Velocity Probe.
3.
REFERENCES
4.
DEFINITIONS CTD LBL ROV SVP USBL Conductivity, Temperature, Depth Long Baseline Remotely Operated Vehicle Sound Velocity Profile Ultra Short Baseline
5.
RESPONSIBILITIES All survey personnel executing a Sound Velocity Profile are responsible for complying with this procedure.
Acergy
Survey Operations
Jul.23.01
GR-SRV-431 Ver. 1.0
Page 4 of 9
6.
6.1
PROCEDURES
SYSTEM OBJECTIVES
There are currently two methods of obtaining sound speed data in the oceans: Calculating Sound Velocity from other physical parameters Measuring Sound Velocity directly, using sound pulses travelling over a known distance.
Speed of sound in seawater is dependant on three standard variables; Salinity, Temperature and Pressure. The speed with which sound will travel through water (or any medium) is essentially a function of how close together the molecules are. Sound waves make these molecules vibrate, and the transmission of sound occurs when one of these vibrating molecules bumps into the adjacent molecule, and transfers the energy to it. As the molecules get closer together, the more often these collisions occur, and the faster the sound energy is transmitted through the medium. The three variables affect these collisions between molecules in the following way: Salinity Salt molecules do not really affect the distribution of the water molecules rather, they tend to sit in the gaps in between the water molecules. The overall density of molecules in salt water is therefore higher than in fresh water, and molecular collisions occur more frequently. Therefore, sound travels faster in saltier water. Temperature As the water molecules get hotter, they contain more energy, which is manifested by larger vibrations. Since the molecules are covering larger distances with each vibration, they collide more often with adjacent molecules. Therefore, shound travels faster in warmer water. Pressure As water pressure increases, the molecules are actually forced closer together, and therefore collide more often. Actually, water does not compress very easily, so the pressure effect is in fact the smallest of the three variables, but nevertheless, as pressure increases, so does sound velocity.
6.2
6.2.1
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
CTD Sensor
By measuring these three variables, we are able to calculate the Speed of Sound. A CTD probe measures Conductivity, Temperature and Pressure. Salinity is calculated from these measurements to give us all three variables. In practice, the relationship between these three variables and speed of sound has yet to be definitively expressed. Many Oceanographers have had a stab at producing equations, but without exception, these have been based on taking samples of sea water, measuring their salinity and temperature (and where possible, pressure), and then measuring the speed of sound using a direct
Acergy
Survey Operations
Jul.23.01
GR-SRV-431 Ver. 1.0
Page 5 of 9
sound pulse type method. The formulae are therefore not exact, but based on empirical observations. The two most common equations currently in use are by Chen & Millero and Del Grosso. They give slightly different answers, and their use is often confined to specific depths. As an example, Chen & Millero is often preferred in water less than 1000m, and Del Grosso in depths greater than 1000m. Regardless of which formula is used, it can be seen that the resulting Sound Velocity value is subject to a variety of errors:
6.2.2
Error in Conductivity measurement Error in Temperature measurement Error in Pressure measurement Error in the empirical observations of Messrs Chen, Millero, Del Grosso, et al.
Sound Velocity Sensor
There are two methods to measure Sound Velocity directly: Sing-around method Time of Flight method
The first is an older method, from the days when less powerful processors were available. It is called sing-around. What you do is put a transmitter and receiver (speaker and microphone) at each end of known distance. You send a sound pulse from the speaker, and when it arrives at the microphone, an electronic signal is sent back to the speaker to send another pulse. You then measure the frequency with which you are sending sound pulses, which is obviously a function of how fast the water is travelling through the water. This is all very well, but is subject to a few non-attributable errors, such as circuit delays, and crystal accuracies (how well you can measure that repetition frequency). In recent years, another method has been invented, called time of flight. Again, you have a known distance to send your sound pulse over (and this distance is known to fractions of a micron accuracy). We use what is called a reflected path, which is where we use the same ceramic disc as the speaker & microphone, and bounce the sound pulse off a mirror at the far end. This basically doubles the distance over which we measure the sound speed, without making the sensor bigger. So, the essence of the method is that we send a pulse of sound over an exact distance, and time how long it takes. Distance divided by time equals Sound Speed. This is how the CTD equations were first drived, and you can see that there is far less opportunity for error to creep in. Manufacturing tolerances are accounted for in the calibration process, which does not really require a full explanation here. Suffice to say that we measure the sensor output in fresh water at different temperatures. The Speed of Sound in fresh water is only affected by temperature (pressure is negligible), and the relationship is much more accurately defined. The Speed of Sound is expressed in an equation by Del
Acergy
Survey Operations
Jul.23.01
GR-SRV-431 Ver. 1.0
Page 6 of 9
Grosso and Mader and is accurate to 0.015 m/s, more than ten times more accurate than the CTD equations. The time of flight method is effectively subject to only three sources of error: Accuracy of Del Grosso and Maders equation Accuracy with which we can measure temperature in our calibration tanks Accuracy with which we can time the sound pulse over the known distance.
The analogue timing circuit claims to be accurate to 0.06 m/s. The digital timing circuit is far more accurate to 0.03. Overall, a 10 times more accurate Sound Speed data from a Sound Velocity Sensor can be achieved over a CTD Sensor. The only drawback utilising a SVP is that it does not provide Density data, which is sometimes required. Density data is calculated from Conductivity, Temperature and Pressure data, and is therefore available from a CTD only.
6.3 SYSTEM INSTALLATION
Sound Velocity Systems can be divided into the following categories: Probe connected to surface unit with direct read-out Probe connected to surface unit with direct read-out and storage capacity Self recording probe with download computer The project application usuallydictates which model is best suited.
6.3.1 ROV mounted system
Sound Velocity Systems mounted on the ROV are usually in support of a Multibeam Survey. For these types of survey a CTD probe is best suited as this will derive the water density parameter. During USBL and LBL works a CTD probe would provide a profile through the water column which can be secondarily be used for ray tracing purposes.
6.3.2 Operator Deployed System
The manually deployed systems are divided into two categories depending on the water depth; the direct read-out for shallow waters and the self recording systems for deep waters.
6.4 SYSTEM VERIFICATION AND CALIBRATION
The CTD probe shall be factory calibrated and a valid calibration certificate shall be kept with unit. The calibration certificate shall include serial number of unit, date of clibration, period olf validity of calibration and signature of person carrying out calibration.
Acergy
Survey Operations
Jul.23.01
GR-SRV-431 Ver. 1.0
Page 7 of 9
Prior to field measurements, the equipment shall be visually checked for mechanical damage and completeness (O rings in place + appropriate spares etc.). The batteries shall be checked and if any battery is found to be less than the rated voltage, a new set of batteries shall be fitted.
6.5
6.5.1
SYSTEM OPERATION
Initial Preparations
Check that the relevant System Manual accompanies the equipment. Check with self recording systems that the downloading software accompanies the equipment. As with any system, a definite procedure should be followed to obtain optimum results and to prevent problems which might arise in faulty setup (See the System Manual) Prepare log sheet. Set recording interval in accordance with project requirements, typically 1, 5 or 10 metres.
6.5.2 In Water Operations and Reporting of Results
During offshore survey work, measurement of Sound Velocity will be performed on a regular basis. If the environmental factors in the marine environment is prone to change (e.g. change in water depth, proximity to fresh water outlets, etc.) than a new set of measurements will be taken. A new set of measurements will also be taken at set time intervals of a minimum of 1 week and/or a change of location of more than thirty (30) kms. The probe shall be lowered into the water and left near the surface for a sufficient length of time so as to allow the readings to become stable. Measurements will be made during a slow lowering fashion to accommodate capturing changes in the water column. The readings throughout the whole water column are taken at a preset interval. The readings will either be logged on the logging sheet or stored in the self recording probe. After recovery the results of the Sound Velocity profile will be recorded on an Excel spreadsheet presenting these numerical and graphical. The results of the Sound Velocity profile will be calculated comprising of the following parameters: Average speed of sound Speed of sound at seabed Speed of sound at (surface) transducer Average relative seawater density (if applicable)
Acergy
Survey Operations
Jul.23.01
GR-SRV-431 Ver. 1.0
Page 8 of 9
The probe will be washed with fresh water, dried and and stored.
Acergy
Survey Operations
Jul.23.01
GR-SRV-431 Ver. 1.0
Page 9 of 9
ATTACHMENT 1 -DIRECT READING LOG SHEET
DIRECT READING CTD LOG SHEET

Project: Vessel: Instrument Type: Grid Coordinates: Instrument in Water: Time Pressure / Depth Operator: Date: Serial No.: Sheet : of E Instrument on Deck: Temperature Salinity
N Conductivity
Comments:
Name:
Signature:

Velocity Probe Work Instruction

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Velocity Probe Work Instruction

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Survey Operations