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3/1/2011

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

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Closed-Loop Bandwidth
Say we build in the lab (i.e., the op-amp is not ideal) this amplifier:

R1 i1 i- =0
vout ( ) = A ( ) vo vin ( )
vin ( )

R2 i2 v-

i+ =0

v+

Aop ( )
+

vout ( )

We know that the open-circuit voltage gain (i.e., the closed-loop gain) of this amplifier should be: vout ( ) R2 ( ) 1 = = + ??? A vo vin ( ) R1 This gain will certainly be accurate for input signals vin ( ) at low frequencies

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/1/2011

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

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As the signal frequency increases


But remember, the Op-amp (i.e., open-loop gain) gain Aop ( ) decreases with frequency. If the signal frequency becomes too large, the open-loop gain Aop ( ) will become less than the ideal closed-loop gain!

(dB)

A0 (dB)
2

Aop ( )

ideal A vo

R 1 + R
2 1

(dB)
0 dB

log

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/1/2011

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

3/9

The amp gain cannot exceed the op-amp gain


Note as some sufficiently high frequency ( say), the open-loop (op-amp) gain will become equal to the ideal closed-loop (non-inverting amplifier) gain:

Aop ( = ) = 1 +

R2 R1

Moreover, if the input signal frequency is greater than frequency , the opamp (open-loop) gain will in fact be smaller that the ideal non-inverting (closedloop) amplifier gain:

Aop ( > )

<

1+

R2 R1

Q: If the signal frequency is greater than , will the non-inverting amplifier still exhibit an open-circuit voltage (closed-loop) gain of A ( ) = 1 + R2 R1 ? vo

A: Allow my response to be both direct and succinctNEVER!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/1/2011

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

4/9

Closed-loop gain < or = open-loop gain


the gain Aop ( ) of the op-amp itself. The gain A ( ) of any amplifier constructed with an op-amp can never exceed vo

In other words, the closed-loop gain of any amplifier can never exceed its openloop gain. * We find that if the input signal frequency exceeds , then the amplifier (closed-loop) gain A ( ) will equal the op-amp (open-loop) gain vo

Aop ( ) .

* Of course, if the signal frequency is less than , the closed-loop gain will be equal to its ideal value A ( ) = 1 + R2 R1 , since the op-amp (openvo loop) gain is much larger than this ideal value ( Aop ( < )  1 + R2 R1 ).

* We now refer to the value 1 + R2 R1 as the mid-band gain of the amplifier.

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/1/2011

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

5/9

1+R2/R1 is the midband gain


Therefore, we find for this non-inverting amplifier that:
R2 1 + R1 ( ) A vo Aop ( )

< >

(dB)

A0 (dB)

Aop ( )

2
2 ideal A vo

R2 1 + R 1

(dB)

A ( ) vo
0 dB

log

= 3dB

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/1/2011

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

6/9

Can we determine this bandwidth?


Now for one very important fact: the transition frequency is the break frequency of the amplifier closed-loop gain A ( ) . vo Thus, we come to conclusion that is the 3dB bandwidth of this non-inverting amplifier (i.e., = 3dB )!
Q: Is there some way to numerically determine this value ? A: Of course!

Recall we defined frequency as the value where the open-loop (op-amp) gain and the ideal closed-loop (non-inverting amplifier) gains were equal:

Aop ( = ) = 1 +

R2 R1

Recall also that for > b , we can approximate the op-amp (open-loop) gain as:

Aop ( )

A0b

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/1/2011

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

7/9

Divide the gain-bandwidth product by gain, and you have determined the bandwidth!
Combining these results, we find:

Aop ( = ) = 1 +
and thus:
R = 1 + 2 R1
1

R2 A0b  R1

(A b )
0

But remember, we found that this frequency is equal to the breakpoint of the ( ) . non-inverting amplifier (closed-loop) gain A vo Therefore, the 3dB, closed-loop bandwidth of this amplifier is:

3dB

R  1 + 2 R1

(A b )
0

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/1/2011

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

8/9

This is not rocket science


Recall also that A0 b = t , so that:

3dB

R  1 + 2 t R1

If we rewrite this equation, we find something interesting:

3dB 1+

R2  t R1

Look what this says: the PRODUCT of the amplifier (mid-band) GAIN and the amplifier BANDWIDTH is equal to the GAIN-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT.

This result should not be difficult to remember !

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

3/1/2011

Closed Loop Bandwidth lecture.doc

9/9

The gain-bandwidth product is an op-amp parameter


The above approximation is valid for virtually all amplifiers built using operational amplifiers, i.e.:

(m ) 3dB = t A vo

where:

A (m )  mid-band gain vo
In other words, m is some frequency within the bandwidth of the amplifier (e.g., 0 < m < 3dB ). We of course can equivalently say:
(f ) f3dB = ft A vo m

The product of the amplifier gain and the amplifier bandwidth is equal to the op-amp gain-bandwidth product!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

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