Erica Tran Cold War Study Guide Chapters 18 and 19 Terms United Nations intended to bring peace to the

e world, but became a place for both competing nations to try and influence the rest of the world Truman Doctrine - $400 million in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey 38th Parallel Japanese troops North of 38th parallel surrendered to USSR at end of WWII; troops south of 38th parallel surrendered to US; N Korea Communist; S Korea Democratic H-Bomb very powerful bomb which the US first invented Suburbs small residential community surrounding cities; response to the housing crisis Massive Retaliation Satellite Nations Czech, Hungary, Romania and Poland buffer between Russia and west Berlin Airlift June 1948 Stalin shut down all roads into Berlin; 2.1 Million people trapped in W. Berlin without food or fuel; US and Britain brought food and supplies for 337 days HUAC House Un-American Activities Committee; investigated Communist influence in music industry Warsaw Pact - a mutual defense treaty between eight communist states of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War GI Bill of Rights - law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans; encouraged veterans to get an education by paying part of their tuition; guaranteed a years worth of unemployment benefits; offered federally guaranteed lonas Brinksmanship - pushing dangerous events to the verge ofor to the brink ofdisaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome Containment prevent extension of communist rule Marshall Plan US gives aid to any country that needed it Hollywood 10 witnesses who decided to not cooperate with HUAC CIA central intelligence agency; used spies to gather information abroad Fair Deal Nation wide system of health insurance; crops subsidy for farmers; raising minimum wage; extending SS coverage; low income family housing Taft Hartley Act Outlawed closed shops; A right to work law prevents unions from negotiating contracts requiring companies to fire workers who refuse to join the union; required unions to give notice before going on strike; government was empowered to obtain an 80 day injunction against any strike; permitted the union shop only on a vote of a majority of the employees; forbade unions to contribute to political campaigns; affidavits that union officers are not communist Iron Curtain March 1946; policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization; April 1949; 12 countries join to create a defensive military alliance McCarthyism attacks on suspected communists in the early 1950s; unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence Eisenhower Doctrine - a country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state

Cold War - sustained state of political and military tension between US and Western Europe and Soviet Union People Harry S. Truman President after WWII; fought for Civil Rights; wins 1948 election; proposed Fair Deal Mao Zedong Communist leader of Northern China who worked to gain peasant support Nikita Khrushchev leader of Russia during Cuban Missile Crisis Alger Hiss former State Department official accused of spying for the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin leader of Russia after WWII; set up buffer zone in Europe (Iron Grip); wants to force US, UK, and France out of Berlin Douglas MacArthur head of troops in Korea Dr. Jonas Salk discovered polio vaccine Julius and Ethel Rosenberg minor activists in the American Communist Party implicated in the Fuchs case Fuchs convicted of spying for the Soviet Union during WWII Winston Churchill gives iron curtain speech Joseph McCarthy most famous anti-Communist activist Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican; won election of 1952 Chiang Kai-shek Nationalist leader of China John F. Dulles Secretary of state under Eisenhower; staunchly anti Communist Richard Nixon ran against Kennedy in 1960 and lost; was VP of the time Concepts Chinese Revolution Nationalists vs Communists; 1944-1947 US played peace maker while still favoring the Nationalists; Communists win because Nationalists had weak leaders and corruption Korean War June 1950 N. Korea troops sweep across the 38th p and mark the start of the war; S. Korea looks to UN for aid; 16 nations and 520k troops; MacArthur launches daring attack on September 15, 1950 and pushed N Korea all the way back to the border of China and N Korea; November 1950 China aids N. Korea and war escalates into Communist China vs America; China pushed S Korean forces back and take Seoul; MacArthur wants to attack China and use nuclear weapons but Truman rejects request; UN and S Korean forces push back N Korea and China back to 38th P; June 23 1951 Soviet Union suggests a cease fire; June 1953 both sides sign armistice Suez War 1955 Great Britain and US agreed to help Egypt finance construction of a dam on the Nile; Abdel Nasser tried to play Soviets and Americans against each other; 1956 Dulles withdrew his offer of a loan; Nasser nationalized Suez Canal, the Egyptian waterway that was owned by France and Great Britain; Israel, GB, and France sent in troops and seized the Mediterranean end of the canal; UN stopped fighting but Egypt kept control of canal US involvement in Middle East/Latin America 1953 CIA gave several million dollars to anti Mossadegh supporters and wanted the pro American Shah of Iran to return to power; 1954 CIA trained an army which invaded Guatemala U2 Incident CIA made secret flights over Soviet territory; May 1, Francis Gary Powers shot down and forced to parachute into Soviet controlled territory; increased tension between US and Russia Chapter 20

Terms Flexible Response build up troops, ships, artillery, Green Berts; increase US nuclear capabilities; fight small limited wars around the world as opposed to all out war Medicare hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for those over 65 New Frontier Kennedys plan; looked to Roosevelt as an example; stimulate economy; addressed poverty abroad; moon race Medicaid extended health insurance to welfare recipients Warren Commission investigation into the assassination and says Oswald was lone gunman Immigration Act 65 ended quota based on nationality Economic Opportunity Act - $1 billion for youth programs, anti poverty measures, small business loans, and job training People John F. Kennedy Democrat elected in 1960; supported Civil Rights Movement; youngest elected president Fidel Castro Communist leader in Cuba; toppled corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista on new years day 1959; established military rule; Welcomed aid from Soviet Union and China; seized oil refineries and farm land Lyndon B. Johnson president after Kennedy assassinated in 1963; pushed for kennedys bills; war on poverty; built great society; President during Vietnam War Francis Gary Powers shot down in U2 Concepts Bay of Pigs March 1960 Eisenhower gives ok for CIA to train Cuban exiles; April 1961 1300 Cuban exiles landed at Bay of Pigs; US strike does not knock out Cuban air forces; Decoy forces never landed; 25,000 Cuban troops backed by Soviet tanks and guns; exiles defeated and taken as prisoners; Kennedy negotiates $53 million ransom for surviving commandos Cuban Missile Crisis Summer 1962 nuclear missiles sent to Cuba; Kennedy warns that US will not tolerate nukes in Cuba; October 14, 1962 U2 planes take pics of Soviet missile bases in Cuba; Oct 22 Kennedy informs nation of missile sites in Cuba and plans to remove them; warns that a missile attack on US means all out war against Soviet Union; US Navy quarantines Cuba and stands ready to stop any approaching Soviet ships; 100,000 troops wait in Florida for invasion; Soviet ships stop just before reaching naval blockade; Khrushchev offers to remove missiles in exchange for US promise not to invade Cuba and US removal of missiles from Turkey Berlin Crisis June 1961 Khrushchev threatens to close all air and land access to West Berlin but Kennedy refuses to give to Khrushchevs demands; August 13, 1961 East German troops build a wall separating the two Berlins New Frontier Policy Kennedys policy; stimulate economy; addressed poverty abroad; race to the moon Great Society Policy Education, healthcare, housing, immigration, the environment, consumer protection Warren Court banned state sanctioned prayer, censorship of books and film, extended 1st amendment right of freedom of expression; reapportionment; rights of search and seizures; right to attorney; right to a lawyer present for interrogation; right to be read rights

Chapter 22 Terms Dien Bien Phu French outpost that Vietminh overran in 1954 Domino Theory countries on the brink of communism like dominoes waiting to fall one after the other Ho Chi Minh Trail 1959 China begins supplying Arms to Vietcong using a network of paths along border of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia; paths to also aid in surprise attacks on S Vietnam Napalm gasoline based bomb that set fire to the jungle Agent Orange leaf killing toxic chemical Credibility Gap people not sure what was going on war; didnt exactly whether to believe what Johnson administration reported or what was really happening Draft Selective Service System; all males 18-26 must register with local draft board New Left fought for social changes in America SDS Students for a Democratic Society 1960; Individual freedom; corruption of government by corporations and government institutions Hawks use US military force to win war Doves opposed the war Vietnamization gradual withdrawal of US troops in order for the South Vietnamese to take on a more active combat role in the war Kent State students burn ROTC building; Mayor calls in National Guard; Guards fire into crowd War Powers Act President has 48 hours to notify Congress if forces are sent to a hostile area; 90 day limit unless Congress approves Christmas Bombings December 18-29 1971; US begins bombing Hanoi and Haiphong; dropped 100k bombs; only paused on Christmas People Ho Chi Minh emerged in 1924 as leader of Vietminh Ngo Dinh Diem South Vietnams president; anti communist; doesnt establish stable government Vietminh an organization whose goal was to win Vietnams independence from foreign rule Eugene McCarthy- challenges Johnson for nomination promising to end the war if elected and enters race in late 1967; 1968 McCarthy vs Humphrey Dean Rusk Secretary of State under Johnson Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense under Johnson ARVN Army of the Republic of Vietnam; South Vietnamese Army William Westmoreland American commander in South Vietnam NVA North Vietnamese Army NLF National Liberation Force; Vietcong Vietcong South Vietnamese communist opposition group Robert Kennedy enters race for president in spring 1968; assassinated in LA Clark Clifford New Defense Secretary after McNamara and believed war was unwinnable Hubert Humphrey ran against McCarthy in 1968 Democratic National Convention Nixon wins 1968 election Henry Kissinger US National Security Advisor; came up with a new plan with Nixon Le Duc Tho founded Indochinese Communist Party in 1930

Concepts US support of France in Vietnam 1950 US aided France and Truman sends $15 in aid US support of Diem in Vietnam at first supported Diem because he was anti communist; sends money and troops; November 1963 US supported military coup takes out Diems regime Geneva Accords France, GB, US, USSR, China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietmnih, S. Vietnam meet to discuss peace agreement; Vietnam divided at the 17th parallel; elections to unify country to be held in 1956 (US doesnt agree) Tonkin Gulf Resolution granted Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam Westmorelands Strategy in Vietnam - war of attrition Geneva Accords divided Vietnam at 17th parallel Why was this working class war? poor people were drafted because rich went to college Tet Offensive Jan 30 1968; surprise attack by Vietcong and N Vietnamese on S Vietnamese cities and bases; attacked 12 military bases and capital city of Saigon; Fighting lasted a month; US morale shaken Opposition to the War on the home front credibility gap widens; hawks shift toward doves; Johnsons popularity suffers; Americans change view on war My Lai March 1968; General WL Calley and 30 soldiers storm My Lai; killed 300 people; 25 men and Calley charged; only Calley convicted Nixons Policies in Vietnam tries to negotiate with Vietcong; slowly withdraws droop; bombs N Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia Pentagon Papers 7k page document written for McNamara; revealed plans were in place to enter the war even though Johnson said he was not going to send troops; showed no plan to end war; American public upset because they showed government dishonesty Fall of Saigon March 1975 invasion of S Vietnam; US only sends money; April 1975 takes roll into Saigon; S Vietnam soon surrenders; S Vietnamese put into labor camps and 1.5 mil flee Vietnam