PRESENT PERFECT Recuerda: "Simple Past" para pasado lejano, acabado, acompaado generalmente de "yesterday" (ayer), "last week/month/year"

(la semana/mes/ao pasado). El "Present Perfect" en cambio es para un pasado reciente y no suele acompaarse de referencias temporales, aunque puede aparecer, por ejemplo, con "today", "recently", etc. Cmo se forma el "Presente Perfect": Estructura: Sujeto + have/has + participio del verbo principal. Ejemplo 1: I have (I've) worked a lot today.................. Yo he trabajado mucho hoy. Ejemplo 2: She has (She's)studied in the kitchen.......... Ella ha estudiado en la cocina. Ejemplo 3. It has(It's) snowed today..Ha nevado hoy. Nota: Para fenmenos meteorolgicos el sujeto es siempre "It". Ejemplo 4. We have (We've) read many books Nosotros/as hemos ledo muchos libros. Ejemplo 5: They have (they've) seen Peter. Ellos/as han visto a Peter. Cmo se niega con el "Present Perfect? Estructura negacin: Sujeto + have/has + not + verbo principal en "past participle" Ejemplo: She has not (She hasnt)worked........ Ella no ha trabajado. Cmo se pregunta con el "Present Perfect"? Estructura preguntas: Have/has + sujeto + verbo principal en "past participle" +? Ejemplo: Has she worked today?................. Ha trabajado ella hoy? Tambien puedes agregar ever para preguntar si alguna vez Have you ever traveled to Asia..Has alguna vez viajado a Asia?

Utiliza already para decir que algo que se esperaba ya ha sucedido. I have already finished my homework..He terminado ya mi tarea.

Utiliza yet para preguntar si algo que esperabas ya ha sido realizado. Utiliza yet para decir que algo esperado aun no esta concluido. Have you finished the homework, yet?.......Has terminado la tarea, ya? I havent finished my homework yet..........No he terminado mi tarea todavia

Para mayor informacin consulta las paginas 8,11,12 y13

Complete the table in present perfect simple.

positive He has written a letter.

negative

question

They have not stopped. Have we danced? She has worked. Andy has not slept. Write the participle form of the following verbs. 1. go ________________ 2. sing _______________ 3. be ________________ 4. buy _______________ 5. do ________________ Write sentences in present perfect simple. 1. they / ask / a question 2. he / speak / English 3. I / be / in my room 4. we / not / wash / the car 5. Annie / not / forget / her homework -

Write questions in present perfect simple. 1. they / finish / their homework 2. Sue / kiss / Ben 3. the waiter / bring / the tea 4. Marilyn / pay / the bill 5. you / ever / write / a poem

First Conditional. El condicional posible. En este tipo de oracin condicional la persona que habla indica que si se realiza una accin determinada "es

muy posible" que se d un resultado determinado. Ejemplo n 1: - If they arrive late, they will miss the train. -Si llegan tarde, perdern el tren.

Ejemplo n 2: - If she listens to me, she will understand. - Si ella me escucha, ella entender. Estructura : If + sujeto + verbo en presente, + sujeto + will + verbo en presente. Tambin es posible: Sujeto + v. en Futuro, + if + sujeto+ v. en Presente. Recuerda: El orden de las oraciones no altera el significado. Ejemplo: If she listens to me, she will understand. She will understand If she listens to me. EXERCISE 1. If you _________ (not study), you __________ (fail) the test. 2. We __________ (die) if we __________ (not get) help soon! 3. If you __________ (look) in the fridge, you __________ (find) some cold drinks. 4. If there __________ (be) no oil in the engine, the car __________ (break) down. 5. I __________ (lend) you my umbrella if you __________ (need) it. 6. The sea level __________ (rise) if the planet __________ (get) hotter. 7. If you __________ (eat) your sandwiches now, you __________ (have) anything for lunch! 8. You __________ (be) safe in an accident if you __________ (wear) your seatbelt. 9. If he __________ (save) all his money, he __________ (be able to go) on holiday to Canada. 10. I __________ (not come) with you if you __________ (not bring) John! Si ella me escucha, ella entender Ella entender si ella me escucha

Second Conditional. El condicional improbable/imaginario.

nos referimos a la existencia de una situacin hiptetica, es decir, slo si realizas una accin determinada "es probable" (no seguro) que se d un resultado determinado.

Ejemplo 1: - Si trabajaras, ganaras algo de dinero.. - If you worked, you would earn some money. Ejemplo 2: - Si fuese rico, no trabajara. - If I were rich, I wouldn't work. Estructura : If + sujeto + verbo en pasado, + sujeto + would + verbo en presente. Recuerda que: La forma negativa de un verbo en pasado es didnt + verbo en presente Recuerda que: La forma negativa de would es wouldnt Recuerda que: Si el verbo que utilizars en pasado es el verbo be, utilizars siempre la forma were para todos los sujetos. Ejemplo: - Si yo fuera tu, viviria en otra ciudad. - If I were you, I would live in another city. Recuerda que: Al igual que en el First Conditional se puede invertir el orden de la oracin sin que esta cambie su significado. Ejemplo: I wouldn't do that if I were you. If I were you, I wouldnt do that. EXERCISE 1 I ___________________ that if I were you. (do) 2 If I had more free time, I ___________________ a play. (write) 3 If I had some money, I ___________________ a DVD player. (buy) 4 Those children ___________________ so horrible if their parents were stricter. (be) 5 I wouldn't go out with him even if you ___________________ me. (pay) 6 If we ___________________ so hard, we wouldn't be so tired all the time. (work) 7 If she didn't take so long in the shower, she ___________________ more time for breakfast. (have) 8 If you ___________________ so much beer, you wouldn't be so fat. (drink) 9 The world ___________________ a better place if politicians were less vain. (be) 10 I ___________________ to visit Thailand if I had the chance. (love) Yo no haria eso si yo fuera tu. Si yo fuera tu, yo no haria eso.

Passive Voice

Qu es la voz pasiva? Para entender este concepto tienes que saber primero qu es la voz activa. La voz activa es la forma en que hablamos habitualmente. Siempre decimos que alguien (una persona) realiza (o no realiza) una accin. Presente: Michael cuts the apple Pasado: Michael cut the apple Michael corta la manzana Michael cort la manzana

En este ejemplo decimos que alguien llamado "Michael" realiza (o realiz) la accin de cortar la manzana. Por tanto, la voz activa se refiere a aquellas frases en las que expresamos que una persona (el sujeto) realiza una accin. No obstante, hay ocasiones en que no queremos resaltar que una persona es la que realiza la accin. En este caso, hacemos que el objeto (cosas o personas sobre las que recae la accin) cobre el protagonismo de la accin. En el ejemplo que hemos visto, diramos: Presente: The apple is cut Pasado: The apple was cut La manzana es cortada La manzana fue cortada

Por tanto, en la voz pasiva utilizamos al objeto de la frase como sujeto. Es posible que luego desee mencionar quin cort la manzana. En este caso diramos: The apple was cut by Michael. La manzana fue cortada por Michael. Pero suena raro en espaol o no? Eso es porque la forma pasiva no es tan usada como en ingls. Veamos ahora la estructura de las oraciones en voz pasiva. Estructura: Objeto (hace de Sujeto) + verbo "to be" conjugado (am, is, are, was, were) + participio pasado + complemento. Por ejemplo: This house was built in 1980 You are not helped by them Verbo to be Presente I..............................................am You, We, They......................are He, She, It..............................is Esta casa fue construida en 1980 Tu no eres ayudado por ellos Para negativos agrega not am not are not.......arent is not............isnt

Verbo to be Pasado I, He, She, It...........................was You, We, They.......................were was not.......wasnt were not....werent

Verbos en pasado participio.....Regulares (agregar ed-) Verbos en pasado participio.Irregulares (de memoria, pagina 112) EXERCISE PASSIVE VOICE SIMPLE PRESENT

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice Mr Jones watches the film...........The film is watched by Mr Jones The people speak English He reads comics. We play volleyball. They sing the song. I take photos. She does the housework. The policemen help the children. He writes text messages. I draw a picture.

EXERCISE PASSIVE VOICE SIMPLE PAST Rewrite the sentences in passive voice She sang a song...............A song was sung by her Somebody hit me We stopped the bus A thief stole my car They didn't let him go She didn't win the prize They didn't make their beds I did not tell them Did you tell them? Did he send the letter?

Tag Questions Los tag questions son pequeas frases o preguntas (mini-questions) que se colocan al final de una oracin afirmativa o negativa y que generalmente tienen como objetivo confirmar o negar el contenido de la frase misma. Es el equivalente al verdad? espaol o al no?

TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES RECORDAR Los tag questions utilizan siempre los verbos auxiliares. Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un tag question en NEGATIVO. Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un tag question en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO. Checa la tabla de auxiliares-verbos en la pgina 39
EXERCISE: Choose the right form to complete the sentences. 1. Teresa is an accountant,___? aren't she? doesn't she? isn't she? She isn't? 2. I am a good worker,___? I am? do I? amn't I? aren't I? 3. Peirre is a grandfather,___? he isn't? isn't he? he is? doesn't he? 4. Kate is a doctor, ___? she is? is she? doesn't she? isn't she? 5. Jacques and Alicia are students, ___? aren't they? are they? isn't he? isn't they? 6. Mario is at work right now, ___? aren't they? isn't he? is he? isn't she? 7. I'm here, ___? am I not? am not I? amn't I? aren't you? 8. You and I are busy right now, ___? aren't I? aren't we? we aren't? aren't you? 9. It's windy today, ___? am I? aren't they? isn't it? isn't he? 10. I am ready for the next exercise, ___? isn't it? don't I? aren't you? aren't I?

EXERCISE: Choose the right form You're coming to the party, ___? a. aren't you b. isn't you c. shouldn't you It wasn't very difficult, ___? a. wasn't it b. isn't it c. was it Tom is getting something for Sue, ___? a. wasn't he b. isn't he c. was he It won't be anything expensive, ___? a. won't it b. isn't it c. will it There's some milk in the refrigerator, ___? a. isn't there b. isn't it c. wasn't it We don't need to go to the store today, ___? a. don't we b. do I c. do we Susan can bring some food, ___? a. won't she b. will she c. can't she The party starts at eight o'clock, ___? a. isn't it b. doesn't it c. does it The movie was very long, ___? a. isn't it b. wasn't it c. was it There's a lot of noise outside, ___? a. aren't there b. isn't there c. is there Mrs. Smith is sick, ___? a. isn't she b. is she c. wasn't she The dishes are dirty, ___? a. weren't they b. isn't they c. aren't they Steven won't be at the party, ___? a. won't he b. isn't he c. will he The math test was very difficult, ___? a. wasn't it b. isn't it c. weren't they We can go tomorrow, ___? a. won't we b. can we c. can't we I'm early, ___? a. isn't I b. aren't I c. are I This shirt is too big for me, ___? a. isn't it b. doesn't it c. does it Emily plays the piano well, ___? a. isn't it b. does she c. doesn't she

Recuerda estudiar tambien... Extreme Sports Kite Surfing Mountain Biking Coasteering Ice Climbing Sky Diving Snow Boarding Bungee Jumping Scuba Diving Surfing Water Skiing Wund Surfing Wonders of the World (pag 21) Statue of Liberty Colosseum Great Sphinx Taj Mahal Eiffel Tower Machu Pichu Inventions and Discoveries (pag 26-27) The Light Bulb The Cellular Phone The Structure of DNA The Airplane The Law of Gravity Pet Sounds (pag 36) Bird...........twitters Dove.........coos Hamster....squeaks Dog..........barks Parrot.......talks Duck........quacks Snake.......no sound Cat...........mews Rooster....crows