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are located on the right side of the periodic table usually do not have a shiny appearance are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity
can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature
liquid bromine
C3H8
3 C atoms 8 H atoms
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Main group elements: consist of the two columns on the far left and the six columns on the far right of the periodic table the groups are numbered 1A8A
Transition metal elements: contained in the 10 short columns in the middle these groups are numbered 1B8B Inner transition elements: consist of the lanthanides and actinides no group numbers are assigned
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Group Number
1A 2A
Group Name
Alkali metals Alkaline earth elements
Properties of Both Groups soft and shiny metals low melting points good conductors of heat and electricity react with water to form basic solutions
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Group Name
Halogens
Properties exist as two atoms joined together very reactive; combine with many other elements to form compounds
very stable rarely combine with any other elements
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8A
Noble gases
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Nucleus: location of protons and neutrons dense core of the atom location of most of the atoms mass
Electron cloud:
Li
Every atom of a given element has the same atomic number. Every atom of a given element has the same number of protons in the nucleus. Different elements have different atomic numbers. A neutral atom has no net overall charge, so Z = number of protons = number of electrons
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Atomic number (Z) = no. of protons Mass number (A) = no. of protons + no. of neutrons Electrons (E) = no. of protons (neutral atom) Protons (P) = no. of electrons ( neutral atom) Neutrons (N) = mass number no. protons
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Isotopes
Isotopes, Atomic Number, and Mass Number
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons.
the number of protons (Z) Mass number (A) = + the number of neutrons Mass number (A) Atomic number (Z)
35 17
Cl
17 17 35 17 = 18
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# of protons
# of electrons = # of neutrons =
Isotopes
Atomic Weight
The atomic weight is the weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of a particular element reported in atomic mass units.
C
12.01
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Isotopes
Atomic Weight
HOW TO Determine the Atomic Weight of an Element Example What is the atomic weight of chlorine?
Step [1]
List each isotope, its mass in atomic mass units, and its abundance in nature.
Mass (amu) 34.97
Isotope
Cl-35
Isotopic Abundance
75.78% = 0.7578
Cl-37
36.97
24.22% = 0.2422
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Isotopes
Atomic Weight
HOW TO Determine the Atomic Weight of an Element Step [2]
Multiply the isotopic abundance by the mass of each isotope, and add up the products. The sum is the atomic weight of the element.
26.5003 amu
8.9541 amu 35.45 amu Answer 4 sig. figs.
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Z
Atomic Number
A
Mass number
P
proton
E
electron
N
neutron
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13
51 114 22 289
71 26
P=E=Z A = P+N
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Electronic Structure
Electrons in the Atom
Electrons do not move freely in space. An electron is confined to a specific region, giving it a particular energy.
The regions occupied by electrons are called principal energy levels or shells (n).
The shells are numbered n = 1, 2, 3, etc.
Electrons in lower numbered shells are closer to the nucleus and are lower in energy.
Electrons in higher numbered shells are further from the nucleus and are higher in energy.
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Homework
1. Describe/Define Aufbaus principle Paulis Exclusion Principle Periodic law Hunds Law of Multiplicity 2. Identify the 4 quantum numbers and give the value for each. 3. Write the electron configuration mnemonics.
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Electronic Structure
Shells
Shells with larger numbers (n) are farther from the nucleus, have a larger volume, and can therefore hold more electrons.
The distribution of electrons in the first four shells:
Shell (n)
4 increasing energy
3
2
8
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Electronic Structure
Subshells and Orbitals
Shells are divided into subshells, identified by the letters s, p, d, and f.
The subshells consist of orbitals. An orbital is a region of space where the probability of finding an electron is high. Each orbital can hold two electrons.
Subshell s p
Number of Orbitals 1
3
increasing energy
d
f
5 7
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Electronic Structure
Subshells and Orbitals
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Electronic Structure
Orbital Shapes
The s orbital has a spherical shape.
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Electron Configuration
The electron configuration describes how the electrons are arranged in an atoms orbitals. The lowest energy arrangement is called the ground state.
Electron Configuration
Rules to Determine the Ground State Electronic Configuration of an Atom
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Electron Configuration
Rules to Determine the Ground State Electronic Configuration of an Atom Rule [2] Each orbital holds a maximum of 2 electrons.
Rule [3] When orbitals are equal in energy: 1 electron is added to each orbital until all of the orbitals are half-filled.
Then, the orbitals can be completely filled.
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Electron Configuration
Orbital Diagrams
An orbital diagram uses a box to represent each orbital and arrows to represent electrons.
an orbital
an electron pair
Two electrons in an orbital have paired spinsthat is, the spins are opposite in directionso up and down arrows are used.
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Electron Configuration
First-Row Elements (Period 1)
Orbital Notation Electron Configuration
1 s1
Element H (Z = 1) 1 electron
1s
He (Z = 2) 2 electrons
1s
1 s2
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Electron Configuration
Second-Row Elements (Period 2)
Element
Li (Z = 3) 3 electrons C (Z = 6) 6 electrons Orbital Notation 1s 2s 1s22s22p2 Electron Configuration
1s22s1
1s 2s
2p
Ne (Z = 10) 10 electrons
1s 2 s
1s22s22p6
2p
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Electron Configuration
Noble Gas Notation
The electron configuration can be shortened by: using the name of the nearest noble gas from the previous row adding the electronic configuration of all remaining electrons
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Electron Configuration
Other Elements
Element Ca 20 electrons Orbital Notation
1s 2s
2p
3s
3p
4s
[Ar]4s2
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Valence Electrons
The chemical properties of an element depend on the most loosely held electrons, which are found in the valence shell. The valence shell is the outermost shell (the highest value of n). The electrons in the valence shell are called valence electrons.
Be Cl 1s22s22p63s23p5
1s22s2
valence shell: n = 2 # of valence electrons = 2
valence shell: n = 3
# of valence electrons = 7 41
Valence Electrons
Elements in the same group have similar electron configurations. Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. The group number, 1A8A, equals the number of valence electrons for the main group elements.
Valence Electrons
Main Group Elements
Group number: 1A 2A 3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
He 1s2
Valence Electrons
Electron-Dot Symbols
Dots representing valence electrons are placed on the four sides of an element symbol. Each dot represents one valence electron.
For 14 valence electrons, single dots are used. With > 4 valence electrons, the dots are paired.
Element: H
C 4 C
Cl
# of Valence electrons:
Electron-dot symbol:
1 H
6 O
7 Cl
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Periodic Trends
Atomic Size
The size of atoms increases down a column, as the valence e are farther from the nucleus. Increases
Decreases
The size of atoms decreases across a row, as the number of protons in the nucleus increases. The increasing # of protons pulls the e closer to the nucleus, making the atoms smaller.
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Periodic Trends
Ionization Energy
The ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from a neutral atom. Na + energy Na+ + e
Ionization energies decrease down a column as the valence e get farther away from the positively charged nucleus.
Decreases
Increases
Ionization energies increase across a row as the number of protons in the nucleus increases.
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