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by Naresh Acharya
Presentation Outline
Introduction
Training Workshop on FACTS Application, Energy, AIT
Introduction
Training Workshop on FACTS Application, Energy, AIT
Problems with AC transmission (1) Stability limits, (2) Voltage Limits and (3) Loop Flows
History of Development
Training Workshop on FACTS Application, Energy, AIT
Technological change over time Trend in deployment of FACTS devices Where the World is heading Where do we stand What options are available
SVCs are available since 1970 First SVC demonstration was in Nebraska and commercialized by GE in 1974 More than 800 SVC are installed worldwide both in Utilities and in Industries (electric arc furnace and rolling mills) ABB is the pioneer in its development and has installed 55% of total installations. Half of it were installed during 80s. 13% of utility scale SVC supplied by ABB is in Asian Countries
Three SVCs in EGAT Power System Chumphon 115 kV substation: 80 MVAR, installed in 1986 Tha Tako 500 kV substation: 2 X 190 MVAR, installed in 1989. Bang Saphan 230 kV substation: -50 MVAR to +300 MVAR, installed in 1995
To improve transient stability of tie line connecting major load center (Bangkok area) with generating station in the south. Length of tie around 700 km. Tie line consists of one double circuit 230 kV and one double circuit 115 kV line. This was considered to be the weak part.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
China China Thailand China China Iran Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Srilanka Yemen Singapore Singapore India India India Srilanka
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Mainly used in NGC in UK, after deregulation of electric industry in 1990. There are twelve 60 MVAR RSVC in NGC system.
Conventional SVCs Relocatable SVCs
Commercially available since 1990s. Worlds first 3 phase, 2 X 165 MVAR TCSC installed in 1992 in Kayenta substation, Arizona raises capacity of line by 30%, by ABB. Worlds first TCSC for subsynchronous resonance (SSR) mitigation installed in Stode, Sweden in 1998, by ABB. No TCSC in ASIA, but two projects are under construction: in China and India
TCSC Installations
SN Year Installed Country FACTS Type FC + TCSC Capacity, MVAR
Purpose
Place
1992
USA
2x165
To increase power transfer capability Controlling line power flow and increased loading SSR mitigation
1993
USA
TCSC
208
500
1998
Sweden
FC + TCSC
400
1999
Brazil
FC + TCSC
500
1. FC at Maraba (348MVAR) 2. FC at Imperatriz (161MVAR) 3. FSC at Colinas (2x161MVAR) 4. FC at Miracema (161MVAR) 5. TCSC at Imperatriz (107MVAR) 6. TCSC at Sarra de Mesa
China
FC + TCSC
500
Pingguo substation
India
FC + TCSC
400
Raipur substation
TCSC - Brazil
Training Workshop on FACTS Application, Energy, AIT
To increase power transfer limit and to damp the low frequency oscillations. Length of interconnection 1020 km.
Commercially available since 1990s. Around 20 in numbers and includes both utility and industrial installations. Successfully applied in countries like Japan, USA, UK. Also in service in China, developed by Tsinghua Unversity and Henan Power Authority. World 1st STATCOM (+/- 80 MVAR) installed in 1991 in Inumaya substation in Japan and developed by Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, Inc.
Japan
80 MVA
50 MVA
1992
Japan
500
1995
USA
100 MVA
161
To regulate bus voltage reactive compensation, improve system stability and damp system oscillation
1996
China
20 MVA
China
2001
UK
0 to +225
400
Dynamic reactive compensation dynamic reactive compensation for fast voltage support during critical contingencies to relieve transmission system constraints in the area through dynamic var control during pak load conditions
2001
USA
-41 to +133
115
2003
USA
100
138
STATCOM-Sullivan, USA
Training Workshop on FACTS Application, Energy, AIT
The first utility demonstration of UPFC is located at Inez substation of American Electric Power (AEP) area in 1998. Only two UPFC in operation.
S.N
Year Installed
Country
Capacity, MVA
Purpose
Place
1998
USA
320
138
2003
South Korea
80
154
Gangjin substation
CSC offer full flexibility by allowing its converters to be connected in shunt (STATCOM), in series (SSSC), shunt/series (UPFC) and series/series (IPFC). The worlds first CSC is installed at New York Power Authoritys Marcy 345 kV substation, which is capable of operating in 11 different control modes. The shunt portion of CSC came into operation in 2001 and full scale CSC came into operation in early 2004. It consists of two 100 MVA inverters, two 100 MVA series transformers and one 200 MVA shunt transformers
Cost Components
Training Workshop on FACTS Application, Energy, AIT
12%
4%
4%
Hardware Eng & Project Mgmt. Installation Civil Works Commissioning Insurance
10% 15%
55%
Cost Consideration
Technology
Reconductor lines Fixed or Switched Shunt Reactors Fixed or Switched Shunt Capacitors Fixed or Switched Series Capacitors Static VAR Compensators Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC) STATCOM STATCOM w/SMES
Transmission Line Transfer Enhancement Increase thermal capacity Voltage reduction Light Load Management Voltage support and stability Power flow control, Voltage support and Stability Voltage support and stability Power flow control, Voltage support and stability Voltage support and stability Voltage support and stability
Cost Range $50K to $200K per mile $8-$12 kVAR $8-$10 kVAR $12-$16 kVAR
Operating principle Increases thermal limit for line Compensates for capacitive varload Compensates for inductive varload Reduces inductive line impedance
Compensates for inductive and/or Competitive capacitive var-load Reduces or increases inductive Limited line impedance competition Compensates for inductive and capacitive var-load Compensates for inductive and/or capacitive var-load plus energy storage for active power SVC and TCSC functions plus phase angle control Limited competition Limited
Power flow control, $150-$200 kW Sole source Voltage support, and Stability Unified Power Flow Power flow control $250-$350 kW SVC and TCSC functions plus Sole source Controller (UPFC) w/SMES Voltage support and voltage regulator, phase angle Stability, controller and energy storage Shaded area indicates technologies that are either permanently connected or switched on or off with mechanical switches. (i.e. these are not continuously controllable)
Delta-P3
100% Conventional
Delta-P1
Cost of System
Economic Mix
Training Workshop on FACTS Application, Energy, AIT
Sometimes, mixed of conventional and FACTS provides least cost solution Concern with FACTS - Losses will increase with higher loading and FACTS equipment more lossy than conventional ones