3/29/03 Colorado State University Department of Civil Engineering CE 322

Notes on Infiltration and Soil Moisture

Jose D. Salas Water in the soil and in the groundwater are generally replenished from infiltrated water. Infiltration generally occurs naturally as precipitation falls on watersheds and river basins, although sometimes infiltration is artificially induced to recharge the groundwater storage. Infiltration is an important component of the hydrologic cycle since it plays a major role in determining other processes such as surface runoff. In this chapter we begin by reviewing some of the basic properties of soils, the factors affecting infiltration, how infiltration is measured, and how infiltration is estimated. 1. Definitions As rainfall reaches the land surface it may enter into the soil through the soil surface pore space, cracks, fissures, etc. Thus, infiltration is the passage of precipitation through the land surface into the ground. The rate at which precipitation enters the ground is called infiltration intensity and the total amount of water infiltrated in a given time period is called cumulative infiltration. Also when referring to infiltration, it does not necessarily have to come from precipitation but it may result from ponded water from ponds, canals, flooded irrigation systems, etc. Likewise, infiltration may occur after snow is accumulated in the ground and melts. Once water infiltrates and enters into the soil it may continue moving in some direction (e.g. downward). The water movement within the soil mass is called percolation. Percolation will be studied in a subsequent chapter dealing with subsurface hydrology. In this chapter we will concentrate on infiltration. Infiltration depends on a number of factors some of which are related to soil characteristics. These are discussed in section 2. 2. Elementary Properties of Soils and Soil Moisture Some of the elementary properties of soils are reviewed herein. They include properties related to their physical geometry such a s porosity, their water storage and water holding capacities, and dynamic related properties such as hydraulic conductivity. (a) Porosity. It is the volume of the pore space that is available in a soil sample. Commonly it is expressed as a fraction of the total volume of the soil sample, i.e.
0 = Vv V

(1)

where Vv = volume of the voids or pore space and V = total volume of the soil sample.

(b) Soil moisture content. It is the amount of water that is contained in a soil sample. It may be expressed in terms of volume or weight and commonly it is given in relative quantities. For example, Eq.(2a) gives a volumetric soil moisture content as V = (2a) V where V = volume of pore space filled with water. Note that for full saturation V = Vv , so that s = 0 . Generally though the condition s < 0 is more common. Likewise a gravimetric soil moisture content is given by W = (2b) Ws where W? = weight of water; and Ws = weight of solid. Tables 1 and 2 give some typical soil properties such as porosity and soil moisture. Table 1. Average values of porosity and specific yield (in percentage of volume) and permeability for various materials (after Linsley et al, 1986) Material (soil, gravel, etc.) Clay Sand Gravel Gravel and sand Sandstone Dense limestone and shale Quartzite, granite Porosity (%)* 45 35 25 20 15 5 1 Specific yield (%)* 3 25 22 16 8 2 0.5 Permeability Meinzer units m3 day-1 m-2 0.01 0.0004 1,000 41 100,000 4,100 10,000 410 100 4.1 1 0.041 0.01 0.0004 Intrinsic permeability D 0.0005 50 5,000 500 5 0.05 0.0005

Table 2. Typical moisture values for various soil types (from Linsley et al, 1986) Type of soil Percent dry weight of soil Field capacity 5 12 19 22 24 36 140 Wilting point 2 5 10 13 15 20 75 Available water 3 7 9 9 9 16 65 Specific weight (dry) lb/ft3 95 90 85 80 80 75 25 Density (dry) Kg/m3 1520 1440 1360 1280 1280 1200 400

Sand Sandy loam Loam Silt loam Clay loam Clay Peat

(c) Capillary potential (soil moisture tension). When soil is saturated with water the pressure at a point say 0 (refer to Fig.1) located ho cm below another point 1 having atmospheric pressure pa
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is positive and equal to ho . On the other hand, if the soil is not saturated, a point 2 that is located h cm above point 1 has a negative pressure equal to - h. Such negative pressure is called soil moisture tension or capillary potential. This concept and the notation generally used are further described below. Referring to the sketch the pressure at point 1 is: p1 = p2 + h Because p1 = pa = atmospheric pressure, then p 2 = pa h Considering only the relative pressure we have 1 h0 0

2 h

p2 = h
Fig.1 Pipe filled up with sand. Point 0 below the water surface has a positive pressure while point 2 above the surface has a negative pressure. A typical notation for soil moisture tension is , which is assumed to be negative, i.e.
= h

(3)

As h increases the soil moisture tension increases while the soil moisture content decreases. Thus the plot of or h versus decays as shown in Fig.2 (a). Also if we assume that a soil sample is initially saturated (with no air present) and the n we dry the soil, the plot of versus will be as shown in (1) in Fig.2 (b). If we saturate the soil again (allowing air to be trapped), curve (2) will apply. If the soil is dried again, curve (3) will result. The different curves are due to the so-called hysteresis effect (because of the effect of the air trapped in the soil). h

Soil moisture tension (1) drying (3) (2) wetting Soil moisture content Soil moisture content s

(a) (b) Fig.2 (a) soil moisture tension versus soil moisture and (b) hysteresis effect
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(c) Hydraulic conductivity. According to Darcy, Phillip, and others (refs.) the following law applies to the movement of water in the soil. The water velocity at a point located at an elevation z is given by q z = K ( ) (4) z where = + z (5) and qz = water velocity at point 0, =hydraulic head, K ( ) = hydraulic conductivity, = capillary potential, and z = elevation head. Figure 3 defines some of the variables involved in Eqs. (4) and (5). Thus hydraulic conductivity is a soil property that expresses a dynamical feature of the soil. It is an increasing function of as shown in Fig. 4. And relative hydraulic conductivity is defined as K r = K / K s . ground surface tensiometer 0

datum

Fig. 3.

K0 Hydraulic conductivity K Ks

Soil moisture content Fig. 4

(e) Specific retention (field capacity) and specific yield. It is a measure of the water holding capacity of a soil sample. Assume that we have a soil sample with volume V and the soil is saturated (with water). Then we let the soil drain by gravity until the drain stops. The amount of water remaining in the soil V r is called specific retention or field capacity while the amount of water drained Vd is called specific yield. Commonly these properties are expressed relative to the total volume of the soil sample V. Thus one can write:
s = r + y

(6)

where r = Vr / V = specific retention, y = V y / V = specific yield, and s = saturated soil moisture content. Also note that sometimes s in Eq.(6) is replaced by 0 the soil porosity. Soil moisture quantities related to field capacity are wilting point and available water. Wilting point is defined as the soil moisture level below which plant roots will not be able to extract water from the soil. Available water is the difference between field capacity and wilting point. Refer to Tables 1 and 2 for typical values of these properties for various soil types. Example 1. Assume that the root zone in sand y loam is 1.5 m thick. Estimate the amount of available water (available soil moisture) in cm of depth that the soil is expected to hold. Table 2 gives, available water = 7% (dry weight) and specific weight = 1,440 kg/m3 . Weight of water in 1.5 m3 of soil (Eq.2b): W = W s = 0.07 1.5 m 3 1,440 Kg / m 3 = 151.2 Kg Volume of water: V = 151.2 Kg /(1,000 Kg / m 3 ) = 0.1512 m 3 Depth of water: h = 0.1512 m 3 / 1 m 2 = 0.1512 m = 15.12 cm

3. Factors Affecting Infiltration Rainfall rate Type of soil (see Fig.) Initial soil moisture (antecedent conditions) Soil compaction Vegetative cover Temperature (see Fig.) Season (see Fig.) Other factors
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4. Measurement of Infiltration Infiltrometers Rainfall simulators 5. Infiltration Capacity and Actual Infiltration Infiltration capacity of a soil surface is the maximum infiltratio n rate that the soil can take for given conditions of soil moisture and atmospheric conditions such as rainfall and evaporation. The soil moisture content and the type of soil only limit the infiltration capacity. In other words for a given type of soil, the infiltration capacity will vary with and as increases the infiltration capacity will decrease. In fact as the soil moisture content reaches saturation the infiltration capacity will reach a constant value. Assuming that a 4- hour rainstorm occurs with a constant intensity of i in/hr and that i is greater than the initial infiltration capacity f 0 , then it is expected that the infiltration capacity will decrease throughout the 4- hr period because the soil moisture content will increase as a result of the infiltrated water into the soil. In this case the actual infiltration is the same as the infiltration capacity. On the other hand, if i < f 0 , then the actual infiltration will the same as i. In this case the infiltration capacity will also decrease with time but at a smaller rate that would occur in the first case. Furthermore, after the rain stops (after the 4-hr period) it is expected that the infiltration capacity will increase with time because the soil moisture content will be depleted (through time) because of evapotranspiration and percolation losses. Such increase of the infiltration capacity with time is known as infiltration capacity recovery. Further details on infiltration capacity recovery are given in section 6.2. A general equation for determining actual infiltration f t ( a) given that the infiltration capacity f t (c ) and the rainfall rate i t are known is f t (a ) = min[ f t (c ) , i t ] (7)

Some examples on estimating infiltration capacity and actual infiltration are given in section 6.1. 6. Methods for Estimating Infiltration Capacity Several methods are available for estimating infiltration capacity. They include: Hortons model Green-Ampt model Holtans model Phillips model This section includes Hortons model only. In addition, it includes a method for estimating the recovery of infiltration capacity after rainfall stops and a dry period follows. 6.1 Hortons Model for Estimating Infiltration Capacity Hortons model provides the decay of the infiltration capacity rate as a function of time given that the rainfall intensity is greater or equal (to the infiltration capacity). The model is

f t (c ) = f c + ( f 0 f c ) e K t

(8)

where f c (in/hr), f 0 (in/hr), and K (hr-1 ) are parameters of the model. The cumulative infiltration capacity is obtained by integrating f t (c ) of Eq.(8) from time 0 to t as
Ft ( c) = f t ( c) dt = [ f c + ( f 0 f c ) e
0 0 t t K t

] dt

= f c t + (1 / K ) ( f 0 f c ) (1 e K t )

(9)

The graphs in Fig.4 show the functions f t (c ) and Ft (c ) versus time t and f t (c ) versus Ft ( t ) . ft (c) f0 rainfall intensity i infiltration capacity ft (c)

ft (c) f0

ft (c) recovery of ft (c) t 0 t tr (a) fc t 0 t (b)

ft (c) f0

Ft (c)

ft (c) Ft (c) Ft (c) 0 Ft (c) (d) 0 t (c) t

Fig. 5 (a) constant rainfall intensity of duration t t, infiltration capacity f t (c ) decays at full rate when rainfall is bigger or equal to the infiltration capacity, and infiltration capacity recovers (increases) after rainfall stops; (b) infiltratio n capacity decays at full rate because it is smaller than rainfall intensity; (c) cumulative infiltration capacity; and (d) relationship between infiltration capacity and cumulative infiltration capacity.

Example 2. For the storm hyetograph shown below use Hortons model to determine the infiltration capacity curve assuming the following parameters: f 0 =0.6 in/hr, f c=0.2 in/hr, and K=0.4 hr !1 . In addition, calculate the cumulative infiltration capacity. Since f 0 < rainfall rate one can apply Hortons equation directly to find the variation of the infiltration capacity through time. The table below shows the calculations and the figure shows the variation of f t during the time period 0-6. The table also shows the cumulative infiltration capacity Ft (c). Also note that in this case the actual infiltration is equal to the infiltration capacity. t f t (c) in/hr 0.6 0.38 Ft (c) in 0 0.951 t 4 6 f t (c) in/hr 0.281 0.236 Ft (c) in 1.598 2.109

i t (in/hr) 1.0 f 0 = 0.6

1.4 0.9 ft (c)

t
0 2 4 6

0 2

Example 3. For the storm hyetograph shown below determine the infiltration capacity curve by using Hortons model assuming the following parameters: f 0 =0.6 in/hr, f c=0.2 in/hr, and K=0.4 hr !1 . Note that the difference between this example and the previous one is that the rainfall rate during the first hour is 0.3 in/hr instead of 1 in/hr. In this case because f 0 >i, the infiltration capacity decay during the first 2-hours should be less than that if i 0.6 (as it was in Example 2). Thus assuming that such infiltration capacity decay is bigger that the rainfall intensity for the first two hours, we will apply the infiltration mass method. For this purpose we build the relationship between f t (c) and Ft (c) using Hortons Eqs.(8) and (9), respectively. The results are shown in columns (3) and (4) of the Table below and also in the sketch shown below. Considering the first hour, the cumulative rainfall is 0.3 in and this amount is also infiltrated in that period. We enter with this value ( Ft (c )=0.3) in column 4 of the table below and find by interpolation in column 3 that f t (c) = 0.525. Alternatively we use the figure as shown below. We follow a similar approach for the second hour and find that f t (c) = 0.453. Thus, our initial assumption that the infiltration capacity was bigger than 0.3 during the period 0-2 is correct. ft (c) i (in/hr) 1.4 0.9 0.3 t 0 2 4 6
8

0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0

0.525

0.453

f 0 = 0.6

0.6 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6

Ft(c)

We now proceed in calculating the infiltration capacity for the period 2-6 hr. The calculations are shown in columns 5-7 of the table. We reset the time scale so that t '=0 for t =2, then apply Hortons Eq.((8) with a new value of f 0 =0.453 as shown in column (6). The cumulative infiltration capacity during the time 2-6 is shown in column (7). Column (8) summarizes the final infiltration capacity for the whole time period 0-6 hr. Also the actual infiltration rate f t (a) is shown in column (9) and the cumulative actual infiltration is listed in column (10). The sketch above shows the variation of the final f t (c) during the period 0-6 hours. Note that the actual infiltration is the red curve while the infiltration capacity is the blue curve. Also note that the two curves overlap in the period 2-6 hrs. it hours (in/hr) (1) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (2) 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.4 0.9 0.9 0
t

f t (c ) in/hr (3) 0.600 0.468 0.380 0.320 0.281 0.254 0.236

Ft (c ) t in hours (4) 0.000 0.530 0.951 1.299 1.598 1.865 2.109 (5)

f t ( c) in/hr (6)

Ft ( c) in (7)

Final f t (c ) (8) 0.600 0.525 0.453 0.370 0.314 0.276 0.251

0 1 2 3 4

0.453 0.370 0.314 0.276 0.251

0.000 0.409 0.748 1.042 1.305

Actual Cumulative infiltration actual infiltration rate f t (a ) Ft ( a) (9) (10) 0.300 0.000 0.300 0.300 0.453 0.600 0.370 1.009 0.314 1.348 0.276 1.642 0.000 1.905

Example 4. For the storm hyetograph shown below determine the infiltration capacity curve by using Hortons model assuming the following parameters: f 0 =0.6 in/hr, f c=0.2 in/hr, and K=0.4 hr!1 . Note that the difference between this example and the previous one is that the rainfall rate during the first hour is 0.45 in/hr instead of 0.3 in/hr. i t (in/hr) 1.4 0.9 f 0 = 0.6 i=0.45 t hrs 0 1 2 f t (c ) in/hr 0.600 0.468 0.380 Ft (c) in 0 0.530 0.951 t hrs 1.37 2 4 6

ponding time

t hrs
0 0.63 2.63 4.63

f t (c) in/hr

0.450 0.394 0.287 0.239

t
0 2 4 6

Firstly we construct the table that relates f t (c) and Ft (c). It is shown above for 0, 1, and 2 hours. Since i0 < f 0 we will assume that it < f t (c ) for 0 t 2 , i.e. during the first 2hours the infiltration capacity decay will be bigger than the rainfall intensity (as it was in Example 1). Thus we apply the infiltration mass method. Since the rainfall during the time 0-2 hrs is 0.9 in, we enter with this value in the table above and find that f = 0.391. Because this value is smaller than 0.45, our initial assumption that the infiltration capacity would be bigger than 0.45 during the period 0-2 is incorrect. Therefore, instead we find the ponding time (time in which the infiltration capacity curve will cross the rainfall rate of 0.45). The ponding time can be obtained by entering the table above with f = 0.45 in/hr for infiltration capacity rate and by interpolation we get F=0.616 inches (note that we could also get this value by using Hortons Eq.(8) with f t (c)=0.45 and solving for t . It gives t =1.175 hr.. Then, Eq.(9) gives Ft ( c) =0.61 for t =1.175 hr). Therefore, the ponding time will be equal to 0.616 in/(0.45 in/hr) =1.37 hr. After this time one can apply Hortons equation again since the rainfall rate through the rest of the storm is greater than the infiltration capacity. One can do this by reinitializing the time scale so that time 1.37 hr becomes time zero. The rest of the computed values for times t = 2,4,6 are also shown in the table above. 6.2 Recovery of the infiltration capacity We have seen in section 6.1 the application of Hortons equation for estimating infiltration capacity given that a storm rainfall occurs. Naturally under this condition the infiltration capacity decays with time. However, as rainfall stops and a dry period follows, the soil begins to dry up due to evaporation and deep percolation. Thus, we will expect that as the soil dries the infiltration capacity will increase converging to the value f 0 . A simple procedure for estimating the recovery of infiltration capacity is given by (ref.)

f t ( c) = f r + ( f 0 f r ) (1 e K r t ) = f 0 ( f 0 f r ) e K r t

(10)

in which for convenience a new time reference t ' is used and f t' (c) = infiltration capacity during recovery, f r = value of infiltration capacity at the beginning of the recovery period (at the end of the rain storm), Kr = recovery parameter, and f 0 = the initial infiltration capacity under dry soil conditions. Figure 6 illustrates the concept and defines some of the variables used in Eq.(10). Infiltration capacity recovery f0

fr

fr

f t ( c)

Fig. 6. Infiltration capacity and infiltration capacity recovery

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Example 5. Consider the rainfall hyetograph as shown in the figure below. Use Hortons model to determine the infiltration capacity curve assuming the following parameters: f 0 =0.6 in/hr, f c=0.2 in/hr, K=0.4 hr!1 , and Kr=0.16 hr!1 . In addition, calculate the actual infiltration rate, the total infiltration during the time period 0-12 hrs, and the total excess rainfall during the same period. The first storm during the period 0-6 hr. is the same as that for Example 2. Likewise the Hortons model parameters are the same. Therefore, using the results shown in Example 1 the infiltration capacity at time 6 is equal to 0.236 in/hr. Since rainfall is zero during the time 6-10 hr. the infiltration capacity must recover from f r = 0.236 in/hr at time 6 to some bigger values at times 8 and 10 hr. Thus, the infiltration capacity recovery is calculated applying Eq.(10) as shown below. The bulk of the calculations are shown in the table below. The infiltration capacity throughout the period 0-12 hr is given by the columns (3), (6), and (8). The actual infiltration rate is: (i ) equal to the infiltration capacity during 0-6 hr. (refer to Eq. 7), ( ii ) equal to zero during 6-10 hr., and ( iii) equal to the infiltration capacity during 10-12 hr. The total infiltration during the period 0-12 hr. is equal to 2.109 + 0.686 = 2.795 inches (refer to columns (4) and (9) in the table below). The total excess rainfall Pe during the period 0-12 hr. is obtained by substracting the total infiltration from the total precipitation, i.e. Pe = P- F = (1+1.4+0.9+1.2) 2 2.795 = 6.2 in. i t (in/hr) 1.0 f 0 = 0.6 1.4 1.2 0.9 ft (c)

f t (c) = f 0 ( f 0 f r ) e Kr t = 0.6 0.364e0.16t

= 0.6 (0.6 0.236) e 0.16 t

6 t (hours)

10

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t it f t (c ) Ft (c) t' f t' (c ) t f t (c ) Ft (c) hr in/hr in/hr in hr in/hr hr in/hr in (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 0 1.0 0.6 0 2 1.4 0.380 0.951 4 0.9 0.281 1.598 6 0.0 0.236 2.109 0 0.236 8 0.0 2 0.336 10 1.2 4 0.408 0 0.408 0 12 0.0 2 0.293 0.686 Notes: (5) time is reset to calculate recovery of infiltration capacity; (6) Eq.(10) is applied; (7) time is reset again to calculate infiltration capacity during 10-12 hr. In this case Eq.(8) is used with f 0 =0.408.
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7. Methods for Estimating Infiltration and Runoff index (needs prior estimate of excess rainfall) Soil Conservation Service or SCS method (indirect estimates of infiltration)

7.1 Index The index is a simple empirical me thod for determining a constant infiltration rate throughout the duration of the excess rainfall. It requires a prior knowledge of the amount of excess rainfall (direct runoff). Figure 7 describes the concept. The estimation of the index generally requires a trial and error approach unless the rainfall hyetograph is simple. Examples 6 and 7 below further illustrates the method. i (in/hr) known excess rainfall Pe i (in/hr)

index initial losses

infiltration

t 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
duration of excess rainfall Fig. 7 Example 6. For the rainfall hyetograph shown below calculate the index assuming that the excess rainfall amounts are: (a) Pe = 0.5 in, (b) Pe = 1.5 in, and (c) Pe = 2.6 in. Pe=0.5 in
= 1.5 in/hr

t
duration of excess rainfall

i in/hr

2.0 2 in

By observing the rainfall pattern it is clear that: (a) for Pe=0.5 the index must be bigger than 1, then (2- ) in/hr x 1 hr = 0.5 in, which gives =1.5 in/hr (b) for Pe=1.5 (2- +1- )=1.5, then =0.75 in/hr (c) for Pe=2.6 (0.5- +2- +1- )=2.6, then =0.3 in/hr

1.0 0.5 1 in 0 1 2 3

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Example 7. For the rainfall hyetograph shown below calculate the index and the duration of the excess rainfall assuming the following two cases: (a) Pe = 0.9 in, and (b) Pe = 2.4 in. (a) Let assume that the index is between 0.5 and 1 in/hr. Then we can write: (2- ) +(1- ) +(1.5- )=0.9 Solving the equation gives =1.2. Thus our original assumption was incorrect. For our second trial we assume that 1< <1.5. In this case we find that =1.3. Hence, 2 hr is the duration of excess rainfall. (b) Assuming that 0.5< <1 we can write (2- ) +(1- ) +(1.5- )=2.4, which gives = 0.7 in/hr and the duration of excess rainfall is 3 hr.

i in/hr

2 1.5 1 0.5 t 0 1 2 3 4

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Problems 1. The thickness of a layer of clay loam soil is 1.25 m. Calculate the specific retention in cm of depth that this type of soil is expected to hold. 2. A storm hyetograph is shown in the sketch below. The 6-hr storm begins at time 2. At time 0 the soil has been very dry. Calculate for the time period 0-8 hr: (i) the infiltration capacity rate, (ii) the actual infiltration rate, and (iii) the cumulative infiltration capacity. The parameters of Hortons model are: f 0 =0.5 in/hr, f c=0.25, and K=0.45/hr.

i t (in/hr)

1.4

0.75 f 0 = 0.5

0.9

t hr
0 2 4 6 8

3. For the storm hyetograph shown below determine for the time period 0-12 hr the following: (a) the infiltration capacity rate, (b) the actual infiltration rate, (c) the cumulative infiltration capacity, (d) the cumulative actual infiltration, and (e) the excess precipitation. In addition, assuming that the storm occurs over a 100 sq-mi basin, and the flood generated by the storm (at the outlet of the basin) occurs during a 24 hr. period, estimate the average flood flow in cfs. Assume that Hortons model applies with: f 0 =0.5 in/hr, f c=0.25, K=0.45/hr, and Kr=0.15/hr.

i t (in/hr) 1.0 0.7 f 0 = 0.5 0.25 0 2 4 6 8

1.4

0.9

t hours
10 12

14

4. The storm hyetograph shown below produces 375 acre-ft of direct runoff in a 1,000- acre watershed. Determine the F infiltration index.

in/hr

5 4 3 2 1 t hours 0 1 2 3 4 5

5. The rainfall pattern on an irrigation field during a 7-hr period is shown below. The parameters of Hortons model for infiltration capacity (including infiltration capacity recovery) are: K = 0.5 hr -1 , Kr = 0.15 hr -1 , fo = 0.7 in/hr, and f c = 0.3 in/hr. Calculate the infiltration capacity at times: (a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 5, (d) 6, and (e) 7 hrs.

in/hr
1.0

1.2

fo=0.7
0.5

0.50

t hrs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6. Referring to the storm hyetograph of Problem 3 above estimate the infiltration index and the duration of excess rainfall assuming that (a) Pe = 0.8 in, (b) Pe = 1.2 in, and (c) Pe = 2 inches.

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7. A 2-hr storm occurs over a small watershed covered with turf. The storm hyetograph is as shown in the graph below. The infiltration capacity can be modeled by using Hortons equation with parameters f 0 =0.6 in/hr, f c=0.2 in/hr, and K=0.4 hr!1 . The depression storage capacity for turf can be assumed to be S d = 0.25 in . Determine the following: (a) The actual infiltration during the time period 0-4 hrs. (b) The cumulative infiltration during the time period 0-4 hrs. (c) The cumulative excess precipitation during the time period 0-4 hrs. (d) The overland flow rate during the time period 0-4 hrs assuming that overland flow begins only after all depression storages has been filled. (e) The overland flow rate during the time period 0-4 hrs assuming that both overland flow and depression storage occur simultaneously.

i t (in/hr) 0.65 f 0 = 0.6 0.5

t
0 2 4

(note: perhaps I should include an example within the text with a simpler version of this or move this as example and make another for this section)

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References Linsley et al, 1986

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