Signal Design for Good Correlation

For Wireless Communication, Cryptography, and Radar

SOLOMON W. GOLOMB University of Southern California GUANG GONG University ofWaterloo, Ontario

K l CAMBRIDGE
^ P UNIVERSITY PRESS

Contents

Preface Acknowledgments Historical Introduction 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 General Properties of Correlation What is correlation? Continuous correlation Binary correlation Complex correlation Mutual orthogonality The simplex bound on mutual negative correlation Autocorrelation Crosscorrelation Applications of Correlation to the Communication of Information The maximum likelihood detector Coherent versus incoherent detection Orthogonal, biorthogonal, and simplex codes Hadamard matrices and code construction Cyclic Hadamard matrices Finite Fields Algebraic structures Construction of GF(pn) The basic theory of finite fields Minimal polynomials Trace functions Powers of trace functions The numbers of irreducible polynomials and coset leaders vn

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xi xiii xv 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 6 7 10 10 12 14 15 18 22 22 31 34 41 52 58 69

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Contents

4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8

7 7.1 7.2 7.3

Appendix A: A Maple program for step 3 in Algorithm 3.1 Appendix B: Primitive polynomials Appendix C: Minimal polynomials Exercises for Chapter 3 Feedback Shift Register Sequences Feedback shift registers Definition of LFSR sequences in terms of polynomial rings Minimal polynomials and periods Decomposition of LFSR sequences The matrix representation Trace representation of LFSRs Generating functions of LFSRs Exercises for Chapter 4 Randomness Measurements and m -Sequences Golomb's randomness postulates and randomness criteria Randomness properties of m-sequences Interleaved structureof m-sequences Trinomial property Constant-on-cosets property Two-tuple balance property Classification of binary sequences of period 2" 1 Exercises for Chapter 5 Transforms of Sequences and Functions The (discrete) Fourier transform Trace representation Linear spans and spectral sequences One-to-one correspondence between sequences and functions Hadamard transform and convolution transform Correlation of functions Laws of the Hadamard transform and convolution transform The matrix representation of the DFT and the Hadamard transform Exercises for Chapter 6 Cyclic Difference Sets and Binary Sequences with Two-Level Autocorrelation Cyclic difference sets and their relationship to binary sequences with two-level autocorrelation More results about C Fourier spectral constraints Exercises for Chapter 7

72 72 77 79 81 82 90 94 103 106 108 112 114 117 117 127 135 145 148 152 155 159 162 162 166 174 177 185 190 193 197 199 202 202 207 211 218

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ix

8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4

10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 11 11.1 11.2 11.3

12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9

Cyclic Hadamard Sequences, Part 1 Constructions with subfield decomposition GMW constructions Statistical properties of GMW sequences of all types Linear spans of GMW sequences of all types Shift-distinct sequences from GMW constructions Implementation aspects of GMW constructions Exercises for Chapter 8 Cyclic Hadamard Sequences, Part 2 Multiple trace term sequences Hyperoval constructions Kasami power function construction The iterative decimation Hadamard transform Appendix: Known 2-level autocorrelation sequences of periods 1023, 2047, and 4095 and their trace representations Exercises for Chapter 9 Signal Sets with Low Crosscorrelation Crosscorrelation, signal sets, and boolean functions Odd case: Gold-pair signal sets and their generalization Even case: Kasami (small) signal sets and their generalization Even case: Bent function signal sets Interleaved construction of signal sets Z 4 signal sets Exercises for Chapter 10 Correlation of Boolean Functions Invariants, resiliency, and nonlinearity Dual functions and resiliency Dual functions, additive autocorrelation, and the propagation property Exercises for Chapter 11 Applications to Radar, Sonar, Synchronization, and CDMA Overview Types of Signals and correlations Barker sequences Generalized Barker sequences Huffman's impulse-equivalent pulse trains Pulse patterns and optimal rulers Perfect circular rulers from cyclic projective planes Two-dimensional pulse patterns Periodic modulation

219 220 234 248 250 255 257 264 267 267 282 294 303 318 321 323 323 336 344 353 363 371 380 382 383 392 395 401 402 402 403 404 405 406 408 412 415 417

Contents

12.10 The application to CDMA wireless technology Exercises for Chapter 12 Bibliography Index

419 421 423 433