INTRODUCTION

1.1 THERMAL POWER STATION:A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy is known as thermal power station. A steam power station basically works on the RANKINE CYCLE. Steam is produced in the boiler by utilizing the heat of coal combustion. The steam is then expanded in the prime mover (i.e., steam turbine) and is condensed in condenser to be fed in to the boiler again. The steam turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy of turbine into electrical energy.

1.2 POWER TO PROGRESS:Energy provides the power to progress. The natural resources of a country may be large but they can be turned into wealth if they are developed, used and exchanged for the other goods. This cannot be achieved without energy. Availability of available energy and its proper use in any country can result in its people rising from substantial level to the highest standard of living. It has been found that countries whose national output is mainly agricultural and whose population lives mostly in rural communities enjoy low per capita growth of energy consumption. Another factor on which the growth of energy consumption is dependent is the extent to which industrial activity forms a part of gross domestic product. As a country develops, the pattern of its energy usage undergoes a distinct change. Once energy is made available in excess of domestic needs, it has been found that it is not used solely as a consumer good but becomes a factor of growth.

1.3 DEMAND OF ELECTRICITY:1

A large proportion of energy is being met all over the world by electricity. This trend will further be stimulated because of increasing availability of clean electricity. This applies especially to developing countries because their industrial progress is based on modern technologies, which require electricity.

1.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF POWER PLANT:To meet the above mentioned demand of electricity; BADARPUR THERMAL POWER STATION was established in 1975 by GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. It has an installed capacity of 720 MW with a derated capacity of 705 MW. The water source for this plant is agra canal. It has 3 units of 95 MW and 2 units of 210 MW. The first 3 units of 95 MW were commissioned on july 1973, august 1974 and march 1975 respectively. Later on 2 units of 210 MW were commissioned on December 1978 and December 1981. Ownership of BTPS was transferred to NTPC with effect from 01.06.2006 through GOIs Gazette notification.

1.5 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS:The site is situated in the zone of humid climate. Some important meteorological data are: Maximum ambient temperature is 46 C. Average annual wet bulb temp. is 23.2 C. Maximum humidity is 87%. Average annual rainfall is 50 inches. Mostly the wind direction is western and north western. 1.6 COMMON FACILITIES:2

(1)FUEL OIL FACILITIES: The heavy fuel oil with the following characteristics is used for firing the boiler and for keeping full spray when operating at load. Oil is used for burning the coke in the boiler. In PTPS two types of oil are used viz. 1. Furnace oil(F.O) Properties of L.D.O:(1) (2) Flash point C.V =66 C =10,000 kcal/kg

2. Light Diesel oil (L.D.O). Properties of F.O.:(1) (2) 2. Coal;Coal is the main fuel used in power house having following proportion:(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) C.V Moisture content Sulphur Volatile matter Fixed carbon Size = 3610 to 4300kcal/kg =10% to 11% = 00 to 0.40% = 20.5 to 34% = 29.6 to 34% = 0 to 10/20 mm Flash point C.V. =115 C =10,000 kcal/kg

Ash deformation temp.=1200 C

3

(8)

Ash fusion temp.

= 1350 C

SALIENT DATA MAIN GENERATOR Maximum continuous KVA rating Maximum continuous KW Rated terminal voltage Rated Stator current Rated Power Factor Excitation current at MCR Condition Slip-ring Voltage at MCR Condition Rated Speed Rated Frequency Short circuit ratio Efficiency at MCR Condition Direction of rotation viewed Phase Connection Number of terminals brought out MAIN TURBINE DATA 24700KVA 210000KW 15750V 9050 A 0.85 lag 2600 A 310 V 3000 rpm 50 Hz 0.49 98.4% Anti Clockwise Double Star 9( 6 neutral and 3 phase)

Rated output of Turbine 210 MW Rated speed of turbine 3000 rpm Rated pressure of steam before emergency 130 kg/cm^2 Stop valve rated live steam temperature 535 degree Celsius Rated steam temperature after reheat at 535 degree Celsius inlet to receptor valve Steam flow at valve wide open condition 670 tons/hour Rated quantity of circulating water through 27000 cm/hour condenser 1. For cooling water temperature (degree 24,27,30,33 Celsius) 1.Reheated steam pressure at inlet of 23,99,24,21,24,49,24.8 interceptor valve in kg/cm^2 ABS 2 2.Steam flow required for 210 MW in 68,645,652,662 ton/hour 3.Rated pressure at exhaust of LP turbine 19.9,55.5,65.4,67.7 in mm of Hg BHEL UNITS Boilers Manufacturer/Supplier BHEL Teruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu Radiant drum water type, Dry bottom, Pulverized Coal fired boilers. Rated output Working pressure Feed water temp. 380 tonnes/hr. 139 atm. 240C

Superheated steam temp. - 540C 5C Steam turbine Manufacturer BHEL, Hyderabad Type - Three casing, condensing steam with reheating
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Rated speed 3000 rpm Rated steam temp. - 535C Rated cooling water temp. - 30C Manufacture by Bharat heavy electrical Limited (BHEL) Rating of 95 MW Generator

Capacity - 117500 KVA Voltage - 10500V Speed - 3000 rpm Hydrogen - 2.5 Kg/cm2 Power factor - 0.85 (lagging) Stator current - 6475 A Frequency - 50 Hz Stator wdg connection - 3 phase Rating of 210 MW Generator Capacity - 247000 KVA Voltage (stator) - 15750 V Current (stator) - 9050 A Voltage (rotor) - 310 V Current (rotor) - 2600 V Speed - 3000 rpm Power factor - 0.85 Frequency - 50 Hz Hydrogen - 3.5 Kg/cm2 Stator wdg connection - 3 phase star connection Insulation class - B
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IN the thermal power plant steam is the first necessary source to generate the Electricity. Equipment used for the production of steam is boiler. In boiler water is heated up to certain temperature to get steam. Steam thus generated by boiler passes through super heaters, and from there to turbine, it again sent in to the boiler in case of re-heater boiler BOILER DISTRIBUTION AT B.T.P.S:PART I RUSSIAN UNIT PHASE I For 50 MW units Unit number 1 4 4 x 1=4 boiler One boiler for each 50 MW units PHASE II For 100 MW units Unit number 5 & 6 2 x 1=2 boilers Two boilers for each 100 MW units

Total number of boilers in Russian unit = 8 PART II INDIAN UNIT For 110 MW units Unit number 7 10
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4 x 1 = 4 boilers One boiler for each 110 MW units Total number of boilers in Indian unit = 4 MAIN PARTS OF BOILER 1. BOILER DRUM:It is stock of water which is situated at the top of the furnace. The shape of the boiler is spherical and dimensions used in P.T.P.S are:Length Diameter : 15000 mm : 1800 mm

Capacity of drum : 70 tonnes/hr. Thickness : 97 mm

WATER WALLS:Inside the furnace there is a large number of vertical tubes for the production of steam. All the tubes are connected with bottom header by which water is filled inside the tube and very nearer to each other when water is heated, steam is collected in the upper part of the tubes and through the upper header steam is ejected. (3) FURNACE CHAMBER:-Furnace chamber is a closed vessel inside the chamber fire bents. There is provision for entry of coal oil through the pipes inside the chamber for burning. (4) ECONOMISER:-Economizer is used to preheat the feed water. The furnace chamber economizer is situated in the way of exhaust flue gases. When flue gases pass through that area, the economizer is also heated which in turn heats the feed water flowing through it. (5) AIR PREHEATER:-Air pre-heater is an equipment used for
8

(1)

heating the passing air before reaching the boiler furnace. (6) SUPER HEATER:-By the super heaters, we get superheated steam with very high temperatures. Superheaters are placed in the boiler before the steam inlet into the turbine.

(7)BURNERS:-Burners are used for firing into the furnace chamber. (8)REHEATERS:-Reheaters are used to raise the temperature of steam. Reheaters are connected into the furnace chamber. Through reheater, the steam pipe is injected and after passing steam, temperature of steam is raised. AUXILARIES:1. P.A FAN (Primary Air Fan):-It is used for carrying pulverized coal dust from p.c.feeder. Two primary fans are used for each unit at P.T.P.S. 2. CYCLONE SEPARATOR:-It is connected with the ceiling inside the furnace. Inside the cyclone separator, the moisture of steam and water be massed and through separator steam be taken with steam raise. 3. INDUCED DRAUGHT FAN:-Induced draught fan is used for evacuating flue gases through the chimney. 4. FORCED DRAUGHT FAN:-Forced draught fan is used for the supply of air inside the furnace for burning. 5. CONDENSATE PUMP:-It is used for pumping the hot condensate back to the boiler.

6. BOILER FEED PUMP:-It is used for water supply to the boiler. In P.T.P.S, 2 feed pumps are used (One is reserved and the other is working). 7. CIRCULATING WATER PUMP:-By the use of circulating water pump, we pass the cold water which is used to cool the hydrogen gas present in the turbine. 8. COAL FEEDERS:-It is used for feeding the pulverized coal inside the furnace. In P.T.P.S, three coal feeder fans are used for each unit. Capacity = 27 tonnes/hr. BOILER SPECIFICATIONS:-

1.

FOR 50 MW UNITS:220 tonnes/hr. 115 atm.

Rated output Working pressure in boiler drum

Working pressure at main valve outlet 100 atm. Feed water temperature Superheated steam temperature Place of boiler215C 540C 32 m

2. FOR 110 MW UNITS:Rated output 375 tonnes /hr. Working pressure in boiler drum 146kg/m2 Working pressure at main valve outlet 139 atm.
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Feed water temperature - 240C (after HPH 1) Superheated steam temperature - 540C Place of boiler40 m

OTHER DIMENSIONS:-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Internal dimension of furnace chamber 7160 X 9792 mm Water tube dimensions Dia. 60 X 5 mm Internal diameter of boiler drum 1600 mm, pitch 64 mm Diameter of furnace chamber 8.26 m

Tubes made of steel sheets of 22k grade, 89 mm thickness. TYPES OF SUPERHEATERS USED:-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Ceiling super heater I Ceiling super heater II Platen super heater Convective super heater I Convective super heater II Wall super heater Aux. Injector 5

TUBE LEAKAGE PROBLEMS:It is the main problem in the boiler arising due to the following factors:1. 2. 3. High temperature inside the furnace. Chocking due to salt accumulation. High slaging factor.
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4. 5.

Furnace explosion. Furnace draft high/low

Nos. of equipment in each boiler:1. ID fans 2. FD fans 3. P.A. fans 4. Ball mills 2 Nos. 2 Nos. 2 Nos. 3 Nos.

5. Vapour fans 3 Nos. 6. P.C. feeders 16 Nos. 7. R.C. feeders 3 Nos. 8. Slag crusher 4 Nos.

INTERLOCK AND PROTECTION OF BOILER Boiler will trip off:1. Both FD fans trip 2. Furnace draft reaches 40 mm wc 3. Boiler drum high level (+ 200 mm) 4. Boiler drum level low (- 200 mm) 5. Both ID fans trip 6. If turbine trips 7. If generator trips
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Boiler should be tripped off:1. If all PC feeders trip 2. If both PA fans trip 3. If there is no fire in furnace

Fig 1:- External view of ( BOILER)

Fig 2: Internal view of ( BOILER)

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STEAM TURBINE (RUSSIAN & INDIAN UNIT)

The 110 MW condensing steam turbine is designed directly coupling with Hydrogen cooled generator. The steam turbine is designated for operation with live steam at 36 kg. pressure and 535-540C temperature as measured before the entry into the turbine emergency stop valve. The steam turbine has three cylinder mixed blades with a wheel as the governing stage and so pressure stage. The turbine is divided into three parts:1. H.P High pressure 2. M.P Medium pressure 3. L.P Low pressure After each pressure section in the steam turbine, bearings are connected. Due to this movement of the rotor, the turbine is easy to operate. PRINCIPLE:-There are two parts of a turbine:1. 2. Stator part Rotor part The blades of the turbine make some angle with the shaft. Due to injection of steam, rotor is rotating and a generator is directly coupled with the steam turbine shaft. Rotational energy of the
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turbine shaft is directly transferred to the rotor of generator and after rotation, electricity is produced in P.T.P.S. WORKING:At the starting position, steam is firstly injected in the medium pressure cylinder of the turbine. Before this operation, by the bearing gear, we give some rotation (approx. 63 rpm), which is operated electrically. Due to injection we raise the speed of turbine rotor blades up to 500 rpm. After this operation, main steam line stop valve is opened which is operated at the H.P. Cylinder, side, after rotation, the steam pressure is constant but temperature decreases. So again the extracted is sent to boiler for reheating steam and is in to M.P. Cylinder. Before again injecting after this operation, steam is injected to L.P. cylinder section. Turbine is flexible one with having following critical speed H.P. turbine- 2355rpm M.P. turbine- 1900-2200rpm L.P. turbine- 1900-2200rpm STEAM EXTRACTION:The steam turbine has five outlet steam extraction pipe for the extraction of steam. Pipes are insulated with thermosetting materials. For feed water heating up to 218C in L.P. heater, steam up to 25 tonnes/hr. is extracted from 1st, 2nd and 3rd extraction line. Besides steam up to 7 tonnes/hr. is used for heating up deaerator from 2nd or 3rd extraction line steam pipes. 110 BHEL UNITS BASIC PARAMETERS:15

1. Rated output measured at the terminals for the generator as Per cms. 080030-110 MW 2. Economical output = 95 MW 3. Rated speed = 3000 rpm 4. Rate pressure of steam just before stop valve = 130 atm. 5. Rated temperature of steam just before stop valve = 535C 6. Max. pressure of steam just before the stop valve = 146 atm. 7. Max. temp. of steam just before the stop valve = 545C 8. Rated pressure before medium pressure casing = 27.4 atm. 9. Rated temp. before medium pressure casing = 535C 10. 11. Max. pressure before M.P casing = 35 atm. Max. temp. before M.P casing = 545C

SYSTEM OF THE TURBINE (110 MW) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) 4 control valve + 2 interceptor valves H.P. cylinder:-2 rows of curtis wheel + 8 action wheel Medium pressure cylinder:-2 action wheels. Weight of M.P. cylinder:-11000 kg. (approx.) Low pressure cylinder:-4 action wheel of double flow direction Weight of low pressure cylinder:-24000 kg. Looking from the front the front bearing pedestal: - clockwise Rotors rotate at 62 rpm on bearing gears. Number of non-regulated extractions = 8
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GOVERNING REGULATING AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT OF THE TURBINE The quantity of steam entering the turbine is regulated by means of four governing valves (GV) on the inlet to the H.P part an by two interceptor valves (IV) on the M.P part. The amount of opening at any instant of these valves is given by the pressure of secondary oil, which is indirectly dependent on the primary oil pressure and directly dependent upon the spring force in the transformer. The pressure of the primary oil is directly dependent upon the speed of the set through the speed-sensing element. The tension of the spring in the transformer can be varied by the speed changer and by that it is possible to vary the speed before synchronizing and to vary the load after synchronizing the alternator of the grid. The non-uniformity of the regulation can be changed continuously in the range of 3 to 5.5% by the means of nonuniformly changer (NUC) and by that the proportion of change of output of the set can be influenced with respect to the other machines connected to the common grid when there is a change on loading on grid.

INTERLOCK & PROTECTION OF TURBINE:Turbine will trip automatically if:1. Condenser vacuum drops to(-)0.5 kg/cm2 2. Control oil pressure drops to 7.0 kg/cm2 3. Lub. Oil pressure drops to 0.08 kg/cm2 4. Axial shift becomes 0.065mm
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5. Primary oil pressure becomes 3.05 kg/ cm2 6. If boiler trips 7. If generator trips Turbine should be tripped if:a. There is sudden increase of high vibration or some metallic sound b. Sudden entering of water in turbine resulting cooling of some turbine parts c. Return bearing oil temperature reaches 70C d. Temperature of bearing Babbitt metal reaches 85 C e. If all condensate pumps trip f. If all C.W. pumps trip

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INTRODUCTION:Alternators (A.C generator) are also known as synchronous generator. Its main function is to convert mechanical power from a prime mover to electric power at a specific voltage and frequency. Large generators are used to generate bulk power at thermal, hydroelectric and nuclear power stations. A. STATOR:- Stationary part, comes the armature winding in which voltage is generated i.e. output is taken from stator. YOKE (frame): Cast iron for small machine and welded steel for large machine.

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CORE: Assembled with high grade silicon content steel lamination to reduce iron losses. STATOR WINDING: A 3-phase winding puts in the slot in star connection. B. ROTOR:*salient pole rotor *cylindrical rotor

Rotor is a rotating part, which produces the main field flux in which supply is given through d.c. Generator is excited. In PTPS cylindrical rotor is used. 1. Slots are at regular intervals & parallel to the shaft on which d.c. field winding occurs 2. Rotor is smoother machine, makes less winding losses & the operation is less noisy (due to uniform air gap). 3. Cylindrical rotor is two or four pole type alternator, which provides greater mechanical strength & permits more accurate balancing. 4. It is driven by steam or gas turbine i.e. turbo generator or turbo. D.C.EXCITER:-Excitation means production of flux by passing current in the field winding (rotor) from d.c. generator. As a rotor has no more residual magnetism, so first of all to make it electromagnetic i.e. dc is supplied to the rotor through brushes and slip ring. Brushes excite in which to eliminate the use of brushes & slip ring. PRINCIPLE-VOLTAGE GENERATION:-A prime mover (machine) supplies the mechanical energy input to the alternator i.e steam gas turbine-turbine. Actually, armature conductor on the stator, the field flux the armature conductors, voltage is generated.

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AVR(Automatic Voltage Regulated):It controls the system voltage with alternators. If any fault in the system-to increase the excitation for maximum synchronizing. To prevent, if sudden loss of load on the system i.e. (EVRElectronic Voltage Regulator).

Scheme Diagram:-

AVR Exciter FB SB FWR

Automatic Voltage Regulator

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DC Generator

Field Breaker Slip Ring Brushes

Alternator

FWR=Field winding of rotor

SYNCHRONISM CASE:i. Frequency- supply frequency & grid frequency should be matched ii. Voltage- generated voltage & that voltage should be matched iii. Phase sequence- matching phase sequence(i.e positive phase sequence) it should be at 60deg. either lagging or leading. PROTECTION(ELECTRICAL):I. II. III. IV. Negative phase sequence relay Phase to phase fault. Phase to earth. A) over fluxing B) over current C) over load & over balanced load

V. Loss of excitation under power. VI. Anti-motoring (Failure of Prime Mover). MOTORING :22

i. Prime Mover ii. AVR iii. Generator Breaker. INUCTION MOTOR:-If Prime Mover & remaining three will function. 1. Prime mover(turbine fails)- trip 2. Excitation-zero(field breaker trip) 3. Generator breaker ON Then the Generator will act as Induction motor. In case as motoring. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR:-Only generator beaker fails & remaining three is function. A. Prime mover(turbine fails)- trip B. Excitation-zero(field breaker trip) C. Generator breaker ON

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Transformer is a static device, which transfers electrical power from one circuit to another circuit at constant power and frequency. There are two types of transformer:1. Step up transformer-low voltage to high voltage 2. Step down transformer- high voltage to low voltage There are mainly two parts of transformer:1. External parts 2. Internal parts OBSERVATION:TRANSFORMER a)Parts b)interconnection c)Damage e)Application d)Protection

Internal A)Internal parts:i. ii. iii. i. Coil(winding) Core(silicon steel sheet) Oil(mineral oil/porcelain oil)

External

Coil:-In the power transformer there are two types of winding(wire) a. Round winding:-For small transformer b. Flatted winding:-(copper) for large transformer
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In the winding there are two types of connection:Star connected secondary side Delta connection primary side In actual winding are:Single winding- Auto transformer Double winding- Double magnetic circuits Three winding- Three phase transformer ii.Core:It is made of silicon steel sheet laminated with insulation (mica, porcelain oil etc,) iv.Oil:In the transformer mineral oil is filled in the oil tank. Its main function Cooling of winding due to movement of oil Insulating B).EXTERNAL PARTS:i. Oil tanker (trans, body) ii. Conservator iii. Radiator (oil pump fan) iv. Breather (lungs) v. Explosion vent or PRV (pressure release valve) vi. Tap changer vii. Bushing (LV, HV, MV)
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viii. Bucholze relay ix. Thermo signalizer x. CT & PT xi. Aux. Transformer xii. Earthing bus bar i) Oil tanker:-Body of the transformer (ferro-magnetic material) in which mineral oil is filled up. ii) Conservator:-Conservator is cylindrical hollow tank & it is connected with transformer body. It acts on oil reservoir to maintain the level of oil in the transformer. When it is on LOAD and NO LOAD in either case. iii) Radiator:-Radiator is used for natural cooling of oil. For coupling of radiator internal fan and oil pump is used to circulates the oil & distribution in different section of radiator to keep cool. iv) Breather:-It is connected to conservator. Its main function is to remove moisture in air ingress through pump. Oil layer is goes up & down during this incident making a chance of introduction moisture air in oil, which is harmful to insulator & transformer oil (Acidic). It contains silica gel. v) Explosion vent (Whistle):-It is connected over the transformer, it forms high gas. If it gets no way to exit, it will come out with explosion i.e., to gets blast and break the Bakelite foil, it has diaphragm made up of Bakelite foil or aluminium foil. Nowadays instead of explosion vent, PRV (pressure release valve) is used i.e. to release gas as pressure increases.

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vi) Tap changer:-Tap changer is connected to secondary winding transformer. It contains no. of contact points (winding) of different voltage and operated manually. In the P.T.P.S. 9, 5, 17 steps tap changer are used to maintain the voltage level of transformer. Tap changer may work in different modes i.e. on load, off load & auto load. vii) Bushing:-Bushing is a type of insulator situated at the top of transformer body. Its main function is to introduce flux or electrical connection from power transformer to switch yard. VIII) Bucholze Relay:-It is a gas detector relay used to protect transformer from minor fault and heavy fault. Any types of fault or short circuited or sudden damage in insulator, oil of the tank gets over heated and gases formed it is connected. It is used for alarm. The up $ down in oil level disturbs the equilibrium of the gas flouts no mercury will come in first contact and a signal arrived in the control room either an alarm or a glowing bulb. Further it large volume of gas generated again equilibrium will disturb will disturb and mercury comes in second contact i.e. closed and transformer will trip. IX) Thermo Signalizer:-It is used for measuring temperature. It contains Steam:-methyl chloride gas is filled. Capillary tube:-It is covered by PVC. In capillary tube methyl chloride gas also filled it is made of copper. It has combination of four small size bulbs. Its and needle pointers, when tempt will increase contact their no signalizer make contact at 65 C and tripped the transformer.
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 In the upper piping of the transformer. The ups and down in the oil level due to formation of gas. Disturbs the mercury equilibrium in the relay and the 1st enunciation (alarm) comes. X) CT and PT:-both are instruments. CT are used to measure current at rated voltage. It is used in switched yard. For one phase one CT is used. It is also used as protective device. PT is used to measure voltage at rated current. It is used in plant near the connection and generator and bus bar i.e. situated at bus bar. XI) Auxiliary Transformer:-Two aux. transformer of rating (7.5MVA) are connected to provide power supply in unit. XII) Earth (Grounding):-Two purpose of earth a) To earth, electrical leakage goes to ground (zero potential) otherwise current will conduct in all body of transformer and a chance shock. Helps in phase test.

b)

XIII) Bus bar:- it is solid material made of copper. It is aluminum size 10mm (large for HV). It helps in connecting switches and other equipment of power transmission. # Main bus bar measuring instrument, relay etc. associated with it. # Transfer bus (aux.bus) used for connecting feeder or equipment (selector or transfer switch) b) Interconnection:- Star connection (secondary side) Delta connection (primary side) c) Damage :28

1) Due to movement in oil it will be heated and damage the insulating material. 2) Up & Down in oil level in the conservator, a moisture air is introduced and makes oil acidic. d) Protection:1) Winding should be insulated. 2) Cooling of winding is necessary. 3) Output should be taken with help of bushing. 4) Earth is necessary otherwise shocked. 5) Fan & oil pump is used to keep cool radiator. 6) Foil in diaphragm is of bakelite (should be blasted) e) Application:c) Use in communication and electronic system (Transformer will amplifier) d) Generator transformer used in plant. e) Distribution of transformer used for industrial used. f) To match source and load for maximum power transfer. Rating of transformer No load voltage (hv) - 229 KV No load Voltage (lv) -10.5 KV Line current (hv) - 315.2 A Line current (lv) - 873.2 A Temp rise - 45 Celsius Oil quantity -40180 lit Weight of oil -34985 Kg
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Total weight - 147725 Kg Core & winding - 84325 Kg Phase - 3 Frequency - 50 Hz

Fig 5: Transformer 60 MVA

The main function of the switch yard is :It makes available the generator power at plant to the people. Power generated transmitted via switch-yard
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To protect the plant due to sudden damage happening Outside the plant Switch yard scheme (in PTPS) 1 to 10 units 1 to 4-50 MW PTPS 132KV Hatia Russian 5 to 6-10 MW PTPS220KV hatia-1 Hatia

7 to 10-110MW- Indian (BHEL) ..Hatia-2 PTPS (Outgoing feeders) P.T.P.S (OUTGOING FEEDER) 1. a) 132KV b) 132KV 2. a) 132KV b) 132KV Ramgarh (D.V.C) BASL (jindal) Hatia-I grid Hatia-I grid (Line Hatia-1) 3. a) 220KV Hatia-1 grid (Line Hatia-1) b) 4. installed are As. LA Lighting arrester
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5C 6C 8C 9C

1b

220KV 400KV

Hatia-1 grid TTPS (TVNL)

2b P.T.P.S

In the PTPS switch yard the main equipment in

CT PT

Current transformer Potential transformer

Autotransformer Insulator Bus Bushing Wave trap 1) Lighting arrester (LA):As overload voltage is enclosed transmission line due to Lightening, so the main function of LA is to divert the incoming High voltage for round i.e., earthed this HV , the HV is due to lashing thundering sky. 2) CT:It is the protective device, which measures the current at rated voltage. It has one turn of primary winding i.e., the conductor of the Ckt. It self formed the primary of the CT. Rating of CT is very small i.e. 15VA and more exists to 30VA. the heavy current is used to be measured without breaking the ckt.with the help of CT. Few data of CT used at PTPS:32

Turn ratio

1200/1 A Frequency Voltage Capacity 50Hz 240KV 26.4KVA

3) PT (Potential Transformer):It is also protective device used to measure the voltage. Used for voltages above 380V . It has more turns is primary and less turns in secondary so that potential is reduced to measure the voltage by using low capacity volt meter. Each phase of the system has different PT one such data of PT at P.T.P.S:Rated Burden Voltage ratio 4) Auto Transformer:a) There are two auto transformer used in switch yard (Auto T1, AutoT2) b) Main function it primary side generation is low and demand on secondary is high . then autotransformer will maintain from other side generation with no loss of power and viceversa. Rating- 150MVA ,120MW 5) Circuit Breaker:- there are four types of CB in PTPS a) OCB (Oil Circuit Breaker)
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400/600VA 220KV/110V (measurement)

b) VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker) c) ABCD(Air Blast ckt Breaker) d) SF6(Sulfur hexa fluoride gas ckt Breaker) CB is the protective device act as switch but the main difference between breaker and switch, switch having no any protection i.e. manually on/off but in case of CB it has a protection device like Relay. FUNCTIONS:To make &break the normal operating current. To open & closed on load. PRINCIPAL:It has coils namely closing coal and tripping coal and spring charging mechanism which may either be charged by motor (spring charging motor) or manually by manual operating handle. By charging closing coil (Electrical supply in given to coil), the breaker may be mode ON by local/remote switch similarly by emerging tripping coil (Electric supply given to coil) we may make the breaker OFF by local/remote switch or the breaker may trip on Protection such as earth fault/over current in the transmission line by itself. Current coil made up of copper. SF6-SF gas is used to burn off the spark. ABCD Air used to burn off arc extinguisher. OBC Oil used to burn off the sparking ,takes place due to heating Oil .
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6) Isolator :- It is a disconnection switch and to be operated on load not (When circuit break closed position). It is necessary to facilitate manual work on transmission line &circuit breaker. 7) BUS:-Bus is a system , with help in transmission of voltage as per availability and requirement. At PATRATU THERMAL POWER STATION in 33KV switch-yard two buses are used to charge the station transformer and also used to supply the power to the Patratu thermal power station. In 132 KV switch-yard three buses is used for same purpose. 8) Bushing:- It is a type of insulator and design above 2000amp. Through it terminal should be taken out for transmission i.e. protect to shock. 9) Wave Trap:-Wave trap is an equipment installed in switchyard for telecommunication on line. It has coupling capacitor i.e. trap the communication among P.T.P.S grid and substation connected to it.

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Fig 6: Switch yard

Fig 7: Air Blast Circuit Breaker

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There are present widespread belt conveyor systems to feed the raw coal bunkers of the various boilers. The entire plant consists of three wagon trippler, two crusher houses and a system of conveyor belts. The plant constructed with extension stage I and II provided one wagon trippler and a crusher house having two crushers of capacity 600 tonnes/hr. each. The plant had to be extended with another wagon trippler and a crusher house and an additional conveyor system for the 2 x 110 MW units constructed in stage III extension. This plant is being further extended by provision of another wagon trippler and conveyor system for 2 x 110 MW units under installation in stage IV extension. Coal received in rail wagon is straight way uploaded on the wagon triples and transferred to R.C. Bunkers through a series of conveyor belts. There is also provision to upload coal on truck hoppers and then to feed by blade feeders as well as by bulldozing coal to conveyor system in case of non-availability of wagon triples. ASH DISPOSAL PUMP HOUSE:There are four ash disposal pumps that have been installed at each ash disposal pump house. They are working on reserve and repair combined with hydraulic removal of product of combustion that is slag and under boilers and E.S.P. These house to slag and ash dump which are crested through three pipelines of diameter 400 mm. One pipeline is on working, the second one is reserve. In addition, three flush away from under E.S.P are present. Here slag is framed to crusher from the ferapent conveyor, small pieces of slag(less than 25 mm.) go through the holes of screen and big pieces of slag go to drum with tooth. The drum rotates and
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catches pieces of slag passing between the drum and crushing. The pieces are grinded. COAL DELIVERY EQUIPMENT:Coal delivery equipment is one of the major components of plant cost. Coal handling consists of the following steps:I) Coal delivery II) Unloading III) Preparation IV) Transfer (Conveyor) V) Storage (Yard) VI) Implant handling VII) Crushing and pulverizing VIII) Weighing and measuring IX) Feeding the coal into furnace The coal storage capacity of the plant is 3,00,000 tones and the feeding capacity is 5oo tones/hr. The source of coal is Khalari and Barkakana. QUALITY OF COAL:1. Grade of Coal E &F 2. Calorific value of coal 4000 Kcal/kg 3. Ash content of coal: 41% EQUIPMEMTS USED:1. Wagon Tripler:- Unloading capacity is 500 tones/hr. 2. Swing feeder 3. Traveling Tripler
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4. Reclaim hopper 5. Vibrator feeder 6. Magnetic drum 7. Belt scales 8. Belt feeders 9. Crushers 10. 11. Bunker hopper R C Bunker

Power supplied to conveyor Material Used Width Top cover Bottom cover Grade

: 0.4KV/440V : Nylon (6 ply) : 1200mm : 3.15mm : 1.50mm : m 24

For the generation of steam , we used coal is large amount. It is fossil fuels. Coal is classified as:*Peat *Lignite *Bituminous and *Anthracite

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The main features of coal handling are:1. Russian 400MW,Indian 440 MW 2. To know the calorific value (required fired as steam is used) 3. To crush large size Raw Coal in to small size (25 mm) 4. To remove impurities & provide good flame to boiler MAIN PARTS:1. Wagon Trippler:-It is a set of motor, gearbox, railway bogey. It helps in unloading. 2. Bunker hopper:- In which there are square holes, so that large size coal dont pass to conveyor. 3. B.F. (Belt Feeder):- Help to carry this coal. 4. Conveyor:- Set of belt of different sizes. It is used to carry coal from one place to another place. 5. Crusher:- To crush or break the coal in to 25mm size. 6. RCH (Reclaim Hopper) + Swing Feeder(SF):- To send coal to yard to swing feeder with the help of bulldozer. Fixed Trippler A&B Plough Feeder Blade Feeder(BF) 2. Travelling trippler:- For every conveyor two trippler give bunker coal on both side as requirement. RC Bunker:Raw coal bunker

TST (telescopic tube):- Yard

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OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN COAL HANDLING:1. Loading coal with the help of cranes in the wagon machine 2. By wagon pusher it is brought on the railway track, near the wagon trippler. 3. Bulb off means the bucket is completely tilted and coal is filled into the bunker hopper. 4. From bunker hopper coal is carried with the help of conveyors. It may be underground or aboveground. 5. Through conveyors at crushers. The crushers the coal into 20 mm. size. 6. From crushers, it carries on the ball milling and from ball milling in the form of dust it goes to storing bunker in powder form. 7. From storing bunker, through conveyors, it goes to furnace, where from other side ash comes out through conveyors. BELT CONVEYORS:- Consists of an endless belt made of rubber, canvas or balata. The belt conveyors are successfully used on inclination up to 20 to the horizontal. Average speed:- 60 100 m/min. Load carrying capacity:- 50 100 tonnes/hr. over a distance of 400 meters. PROTECTION:a) At the time of bringing in wagon trippler, few water is mixed/sprayed in to coal, so that the dust may be absorbed. b) Do wait till bulb gets OFF, otherwise coal will be remains in boggy. c) Grease & Oil should be given in bearing properly. Advantages:1. Economical
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2. Rate of coal transfer can be easily varied by just varying the speed of belt. 3. Repair and maintenance costs are minimum. 4. Coal can be easily protected from rain by overhead. 5. Power consumption is minimum. Disadvantages:- on the drum and crushing. The pieces are grinded 1. Not suitable for short distances and greater heights. 2. Cannot be used if inclination is more than 20.

Fig 8 :- Wagon Trippler

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Fig 9 :- Conveyor Belt

Fig 10:- Bunker Hopper

WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Water is an essential part of any power house for electricity generation. In the Thermal Plant, steam is produced by heating of water and steam passed through turbine to move the generator for the production of electricity. To produce steam, pure water is required. But the water available contain many impurities, which are :1. Un-dissolved and suspended solid materials like mud, sediment, sand, sodium and potassium salts, etc. Sometimes iron, manganese or silica are also present.
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2. Dissolved salts and impurities which include carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium. 3. Dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and bicarbonates. 4. Other materials such as oil, acid, etc. The above impurities damage the boiler and turbine to a great extent. Thus it is required to check the water and make special treatment before using it in the power plant. In Patratu Thermal Power Station, water is treated in two stages:1. At the source (Filtration Plant) 2. At the plant. 1. AT THE SOURCE:- In the filtration plant water is treated in three stages to remove solid particles by mixing alum, chloride and bleaching powder. a) USE OF ALUM:-Firstly water is stored in the water tank. Water contains muddy particles. When the alum is dissolved the muddy particles being heavy settle at the bottom and the fresh water is collected. b) BY USE OF BLEACHING POWDER:-After collection of the fresh water, bleaching powder is used for the extraction of bacteria. c) BY USE OF CHLORINE:-Water is passed through the chlorine layer which results in removal of oil or acidic particles.

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*After this the collected water reaches the Chemical Water Treatment Plant (C.W.T.P). Here it goes through various processes discussed below:a. Stored in the raw water tank. The starting of CWTP. b. Passed through M.G.T (Multi Grade Filter), by the help of feed pumps. There are 2 feed pumps present at P.T.P.S. One feed pump is working and the other is kept reserve for emergency. In this process sand particles are extracted and the sand free water is collected. c. Filtration through A.C.F (Activated Carbon Filter). In this process organic carbon is removed. d. Filtration by C.E (Cation Exchanger):-After passing through A.C.F, water is passed through C.E. This process removes all the acidic particles in water. e. Use of Degasser:-Here the reaction gases produced after passing through the cation exchanger are released into the atmosphere. f. Filtration by A.E (Anion Exchanger):-By passing through the anion exchanger, mixed salts which are present in the water are removed. The anion resin used in P.T.P.S.C.W.T.P is FFI. This is a complex polymer compound which contains free ions. g. M.B (Mixed Bed):-It is also called ion separator. In this two layers are formed, one of cation and the other of anion. Due to light weight anion is collected at the upper part and the heavy cation ions are collected at the bottom part. *After all these processes, water is collected in the D.M.W.T (DeMineralized Water Tank). TEST OF WATER:Before feeding the water to boiler, the de-mineralized water is tested for satisfaction. De-mineralized water should have the following specifications:45

Hardness Nil Silica Less than 0.02 ppm Conductivity Less than 1 /cm. PH value 7

Fig 11 :- Water treatment plant

INTRODUCTION:-

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The C&I plays important role in industry and plant in the form of control record and gives information to all part of the plant about its running position &condition. 1) Control system:- In PTPS the control system is divided in to three types :a) Manual control:-Oil type control system i.e., not suitable for fast controlling system. b) Remote control:-It uses valves and dampness operated by electrical motor, controlling from UCB. c) Automatic control:- Latest technology , uses electronics regulator or pneumatic regulator. 2) Instrumentation measuring:- In PTPS instrumentation is divided in to four sections. a) Manometric lab:Pressure b) Temperatures lab c) Auto-protection lab SECTION:a) Pressure:DIRECT MOUNTING INSTRUMENT:A. Pressure Gauge:- It is used as primary instrument in control system employing electronics controller. It employs to measures pressure of steam, water, oil and gas. Flow Level

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B. Pressure measuring transducer:- It consist Burden tube-hollow (alloy steel) metallic part (plunger) Non metallic material which oscillate within induction coil according to tension in burden tube, C. Induction coil:- Two winding PW &SW in which induced voltage is different. Protection:Tripping of boiler and turbines:1. Drum level very high and very low+/-200mm. 2. Furnace drought very high and low +/- 50m 3. Both F.D fans trip. 4. 6.6KV is dead 5. Push button for M.F.R is passed 6. Turbine lub. Oil pressure is very low 0.6 kg/cm2 7. Primary oil pressure is very high 3.05kg/ cm2 8. Distribution oil pressure is low 7kg/ cm2 9. Axial shift (mech.) is high +0.66mm.

10. Vacuum is very low (-)ve 0.5kg / cm2 11. Push button for turbine trip is passed. 12. M.F.R trips d. Amplifier- To amplify the signal. e. Motor- single phase reversible motor rating- 50 Hz, 0.14, 127V , 30.7rpm.
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f. Inductor (metering instruments) PRINCIPLES:Burden tubes, through which pressure is supplied, it starts to expand and in the way compress the iron core of induction coil and so the E.M.F Change takes place to the amplifier, amplify (current) feed to a synchronous motor that turns the pointer of the metering to appropriate reading. Damage: Circuit problem Mechanical fault (line leakage) Burnt diode resistance. Hole in pipe-pressure high (6kg/cm2) i.e. tension becomes high and so unbearable case. INDIRECT MOUNTING INSTRUMENTS:It uses transmitter or transducer, which convert mechanical pulse to electrical pulse. It was observed on the suitable calibrated scale (metering scale) corresponding to the pressure, which produce the electrical pulse. 1) DPT (Differential Pressure Transducer):- If is an electronics transmitter which operates on the force balancing principle and provide a UMA to 20ma output signal proportional to the measured condition.

DPT is an instrument used to measure the pressure difference of two pipe and a signal reading (mean value). It has two inlets. Blow drum (Base)
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Middle

It consist of following parts:I) II) Hollow, pipe:- Inside it plunger is vertical placed. Seal hollow plate:- Linked by horizontally.

III) Induction coil. DAMAGE:Flow should be jammed (Stop). Null Point adjustment necessary. USES: Deaerator Condenser level. Feed water flow. Air pressure. SECTION- B:- TEMPRATURE:Direct measurement:1. Thermometer:- It is a calibrated glass tube in which mercury filled as heating (hot) . It stars to rise i.e. measuring temperature of the spot. a. Thermo signalizer:- used to measure low temperature low temperature range but not accurate reading. 2. Consist:-

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a. Steam:- In which methyl chloride gas filled inside hollow copper pipe. b. Capillary tube :- Made up of copper material and covered by PVC c. Setting Level:- As requirement d. Indicator (Dial):- Metering instrument. PRECAUTION: Tube good conductor i.e. should not expand. Leakage :- It should be sealed by glass rope i.e. washer should be Light. INDIRECT MEASUREMENT:1. Thermo couple:-it is based on see back effect accordingly to which two different metallic element i.e. insulated wire are joined parallel and form two junction as soon as heating one junction keeping other junction at constant temperature if result induced E.M.F (millivolt) this signal amplification is used for temperature measurement. It consists a) Extension lead. b) Nut of plug (use at where measure) c) Hollow tube (in which two insulated wire) 2. RT (Resistance Thermometer):- It works on the principle of wheat stone bridge and so known as bridge record.
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There three type of RT:a) PRT- The resistance is 100 at 0C b) PRT-The resistance of the material (platinum) is 46 at 0C. c) CRT- 53 the copper resistance transducer resistance 53ohm at 0C PRINCIPLE:-The measuring circuit is balanced by variable resistance element (RT) in one of the arms. Any change of RT causes and unbalanced resulting in an AC error voltage. This is amplified as feed to the control winding of the balancing meter, the reference winding being permanently supplied from a transformer. The pointer and pen are cinematically linked to the motor shaft, indicating linked to the motor shaft, indicating and recording the measured variable on a calibrated scale and chart paper. SECTION-C GATE VALVE There are three types of valve:a) Isolating valve: - Its main function to put in service or isolated it. It is either shut off the valve or opens widely the valve. b) Pneumatic valve: - works on air to shut off or regulate. c) Regulating valve: - Operation valve which are regulated in dial from 0% through out to 100% and also has reversible function. Above are guided by three phase motor, starter switches, comparators, twist switch RCC cables, position indicators and signalizing system. SECTION-D:-AUTO PROFECTION:52

Special measurement (turbine parameters) a) Axial shift of turbine:- Mechanically axial shifting in length i.e. 1.2 m=2mm in both direction backward forward. This is doing by collar in turbine rotor and using transmitter. b) Differential Expansion:- Some expansion & heating occurs in stator & rotor but more and stator low, so diff. expansion help to measure it. Differential expansion is approximately (+1mm) or contraction (-1mm). c) Rotational Speed:-As a tachometer is used to measure the rpm of rotor but electrically, tachometer is used to measure in which a small generator. d) Vibration measurement:Axial Vibration Vertical vibration I) II) Axial vibration no use of transmitter due to long shaft it will deliver from resultant measurement. It will take the form of sinusoidal wave so to measure amplitude horizontal vibration

III) The measurement (vibration) is generally 1 micron may be 50 micron but below to 100micron. IV) T o measure amplitude swing quartz &according to horizontal position wherever pressure applied In both end of vertical position.

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Fig 12:- Control Switches

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Fig 13: Control Switch of Motor & Pump

MOTOR MAINTENANCE
Three phase induction motor i.e. AC motor is based on electromagnetic induction principle. It is used for industrial drags due to having good speed regulation and high starting torque.
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A motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is robust, cheap, efficient and requires little maintenance. Principle:A current carrying conductor placed in a slot of armature, a forced acted upon by the magnetic field from a north pole to the motor; from Flemings left hand rule, the conductor has a tendency to move to the left hand side, tangential force acts to the rotor, a torque is developed on the rotor, rotor is free to move so starts rotating in the anticlockwise direction. Characteristics: Torque Vs. Armature current Speed Vs. Armature current Speed Vs. Torque There are many types of motors used in P.T.P.S for various works:in motor feeding pumps, I-D fan, Ball mill, Cooling tower, etc.

MOTOR

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A.C. Motor Universal Motor

D.C. Motor

Three phase Single phase Compound Motor(IM) Wound

Series (IM)

Shunt Wound

Squirrel cage motor

Slip ring motor

There are mainly two parts of a motor:a. Stator b. Rotor

Faults in stator:1. Breakdown of shaft:- Friction will take place and damage it. 2. Overload:- If during the time of tripping care is not taken, the stator gets heated and damaged due to overheating. 3. If anyone phase found to be fault that means high voltage from phase sue to which it gets heated or damaged. 4. Faults in rotor:Faults in rotor:1. Faults in rotor:-

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2. o shear the shaft and the chance of breaking, if any type of joint takes place in shaft, temperature variation takes place and there are chances of damage. Protection:1. Joints should be welded or silver blazed. 2. Material should be perfect. 3. For cooling F.D.Fan, vent in stator and rotor is necessary. Uses:1. 2. 3. Used in water feeding pumps. In ball mill. In cooling tower.

Fig 14 :- Motor Rotor

MOTOR STATOR

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Fig 15:- Motor Rotor

Fig 16:- Feed Pump Motor

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Introduction: - It is the device used for the removal of dust and ash particle carried with exhaust flue gases of thermal power plant. Performance: -The performance of the precipitator depends on the physical and chemical properties of the gases and particles treated. Its design and performance are strongly dependent on the properties of the coal burnt in the furnace. The fly ash from low sulphur coal has electrical resistivity and is difficult to precipitate. Theory and experience indicates that when the dust resistivity exceed a critical value of 1010cm. The precipitator operating voltage is limited which in turn reduces the precipitator efficiency. The loss in performance increases quite rapidly for resistivity greater than 1010 cm; hence resistivity is a major factor in precipitator technology. Parts of ESP: 1. Casing -The outer structure of ESP in which all the parts of ESP resides. 2. Electrodes It is of two types-a) Collecting Electrode b) Emitting electrodes. 3. Electricity.

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WORKING PROCEDURE: -When a unidirectional high voltage is applied to the three emitting electrodes and earthed, the dust of flue gas from boiler passes between the row of collecting and emitting electrodes. The high voltage induces the ionization of gas molecules adjacent to the ve electrodes and negative charge towards the collecting electrodes. On the wall of the collecting electrodes ve charge gets deposited. In the presence of the high electric fields between the electrodes, the charged dust particles experience a force which causes the particle to attach through the collecting electrodes and finally get deposited in the hopper. A minor portion of the dust particle gets deposited on emitting electrode.

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Hydrogen is used as a coolant in generator. It is also used for sealing of shaft of generator.

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Fan type cooling towers are installed at PTPS. The purpose of cooling tower is to cool the circulating water, which is heated in condensers by exhaust steam of turbines. One cooling tower (1-4) is designed for unit rate of 50 MW capacity and cooling tower number 5 and 6 are designed for 100 MW capacity units. Cooling towers are equipped with fans of induced type, designated for operation under conditions of tropical climate. Fans give air steam by means of which the circulating water is cooled. For better contact of air with water and for more effective heat transfer, water coming from condensers of steam turbine is distributed uniformly in cross-section of cooling tower, sprayed by means of special devices and flows down to basin in separate small jets. Between fan and level of water of supply water to be cooled, there are wooden nets, which change the direction of air steam and considerable carryover of water drops by air steam. Evaporation of water in cooling tower is about 2% of the water flow of closed circulating system condenser cooling tower. Carryover of water from cooling tower is approx. equal to 1% of water flow of the above system. Area of spraying of one cooling tower 1200 m2 Capacity of one cooling tower - 7730 m3 /hr. Temperature drop 9.8C Density of spraying 6.45 M/V

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INTRODUCTION: -As we all know that oil is one of the important sources of power production, so we have to supply pure and filtered oil to the furnace chamber at satisfactory pressure. Oil sections deal with all of the work which is done on LDO & FO Main equipments used in oil section are: 1) Unloading Header 2) Unloading feeder 3) General Filters and Course Filters 4)Unloading Pump 5)Storage Tanks 6)Transfer Pump Line Diagram of Oil Section: Wagon Header Filter Unloading pump

Transfer pump

Oil tan

Supply channel

Course filter

Supply pump

Steam heater

Boiler surface

Filter

NOTE: 1. In circulation of LDO, we dont need any heat of steam. 3. if oil is more than the supplied oil to the furnace then it is sent back to the storage tank.

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SOURCES OF FIRE : The main source of fire in any industry are electricity, smoking, friction, overheating of material, hot surfaces, burner flame ignition, cutting and welding, mechanical spark, static spark and other sources of exposure. The ex tent to which the industrial fires are caused by these sources are as under: -

SOURCE Electricity Smoking Friction Hot surfaces Burner flame Spontaneous ignition Cutting and welding Mechanical spark Static spark Others Total

%age 32% 09% 10% 15% 06% 05% 09% 02% 02% 10% 100%

Causes of fire: 1. cutting and welding 2. heat/ over heat

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3. Elec. Spark or short ckt. 4. Metal spark 5. Local spark 6. Mechanical fault 7. Spontaneous combustion 8. Static electricity 9. Improper quenching 10. Friction 11. Open Flame 12. Others Important fire hazards in thermal power plant: a) Boiler i) Accumulation of coal dust ii) Air pre heaters iii) Fuel oil

iv)Rejected coal from coal mills b) Turbine i) Oil leakages from bearing ii) Oil leakages from sealings iii) Oil leakages from governing system

iv)Oil leakages from jacking system etc. c) Generator

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i) Leakage of hydrogen ii) Exciter slip rings d) Oil facility i) Fuel oil in tanks ii) Oil splashes near oil transfer pump & motors iii) Oil splashes in tunnels

e) Coal handling plants i) Spontaneous fire in coal heaps ii) Coal dust iii) Conveyor belts

iv)Movable equipments f) Hydrogen plant : Electric equipment g) Switch yard i) Transformers ii) Breakers iii) CT/PT

h) Transformers/Breakers/Cables i) Generator transformers ii) Unit Aux. Transformers

iii)

Switch gear rooms galleries

THANKUCable

FIRE PROTECTION
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Fire protection is a planned approach to the provision of adequate structural safe guard against the possibility of fire spread and the availability of fixed and portable appliances which will be readily available in emergency. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 1. Active System: These are operated automatically incase of fire. It includes: Sprinkler System, CO2 injection system, Smoke detection System, Fire Resisting Coating for HT cables etc. 2. Passive System: These are operated manually incase of fire. It includes: Smoke detection System, Heat Detectors, Booster Pump System, Landing Valves, Hydrant System, First Aid Fire Fighting Equipment etc.

Introduction:
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Environmental degradation refers to the decrease in quality of the environment due to human activities or any natural cause. Its effects are not only local but global as well. Types of pollution: 1. Air Pollution: It includes dust, smoke and gases like SO2, CO2, NO2, Cl2 etc, coming out of chimneys and other vents. These primary pollutants on reacting generate secondary pollutants such as SO3, PAN (Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate) etc which are even more harmful for the environment. 2. Water and Land Pollution: It includes waste products like ash that are either thrown in water bodies or dumped in land. Steps for prevention and control of Pollution: 1. Devices such as gravity settlers should be installed. 2. Efficiency of ESP should be increased. 3. Intensive and planned plantation of trees on wide scale. 4. Industrial waste treatment should be eco-friendly. 5. There should be proper recycling of waste products.

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