Académique Documents
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Experience Information
Memory Perceptions/Beliefs
Process
Preferences
Budget Constraint
(linear or nonlinear)
Household Production Utility maximization
(static or dynamic)
Choice
Statistical Information
Processing (rational
expectations)
Memory-dependent
utility of outcomes
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Experience Information
Memory Perceptions/Beliefs
Process
Preferences
Budget Constraint
(linear or nonlinear)
Household Production
Choice
Stated Perceptions
Memory-dependent
utility of outcomes
Stated Preferences
Affect
(emotion)
Motivation
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0
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Asking Price of Sellers
Bid Price of Buyers
Pencils
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Table1.PriceandTotalExpenditureElasticities
AlmostIdealDemandSystem,1995CESACCRASurveys,fromLesterTaylor(2005)
food shelter utilities trans health misc totalexp
food 0.2981 0.6644 0.0599 0.0013 0.1400 0.5044 0.4469
shelter 0.1105 0.8285 0.1909 0.1902 0.2782 0.5777 0.8876
utilities 0.1071 0.1638 0.7222 0.0523 0.0669 0.1783 0.4612
trans 0.6134 0.2520 0.2471 1.3739 0.7627 1.5824 1.7250
health 0.7813 0.0023 0.4260 0.0129 0.9375 0.8318 0.6338
misc 0.4395 0.2179 0.2267 0.0154 0.0470 1.1448 1.2150
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Table2.COGNITIVEANOMALIES
EFFECT DESCRIPTION
COMPREHENSION
Completion/Substitution Missingorambiguouspartsofquestionarereconstructed
Disjunction Failuretoreasonthroughoracceptthelogicalconsequencesofchoices
Engagement/Awareness Limitedattentiontoandengagementinthecognitivetask
Format/Mode Availabilityinfluencedbyformat,visualorauditorypresentation
Construal Questioninterpretedasonethesubjectisable(orprefers)toanswer
Translation Questionterminologytranslatedintosubjectspersonalvocabulary
RETRIEVALOFFACTUALANDAFFECTIVEMEMORY
Affectiveattenuation Affectivememoriesarerecalledwithdiminishedintensity
Availability Memoryreconstructionistiltedtowardthemostavailableandsalient
information
Primacy/Recency Initialandrecentexperiencesarethemostavailable
ReconstructedMemory Imperfectmemoriesrebuiltusingcontemporarycuesandcontext,historical
exemplars,commonlyemployedsearchcriteria
SelectiveMemory Coincidencesaremoreavailablethannoncoincidences
Telescoping/Temporal Compressionandattenuationofhistory,inconsistenttimediscounting
JUDGMENTANDTHEFORMATIONOFPERCEPTIONSANDBELIEFS
Anchoring Judgmentsareinfluencedbyquantitativecuescontainedinthedecisiontask
Context/Framing Historyandframingofthedecisiontaskinfluenceperceptionandmotivation
Endowment Noactionisthesafechoice.Thedevilyouknowisbetterthanthedevil
youdont
Extension Representativeratesaremoreavailablethanintegratedexperience
Prominence/Order Theformatororderofdecisiontasksinfluencestheweightgiventodifferent
aspects
Prospect Inconsistentprobabilitycalculus,asymmetryingainsandlosses
Regression Attributionofcausalstructuretofluctuations;failuretoanticipateregression
tomean
Representativeness Frequencyneglectinexemplars
TASKDEFINITION,ANDTHEDECISIONANDREPORTINGPROCESSES
Awareness Recognitionofchoices,subjectivedefinitionofchoiceset
Construal/Constructive Cognitivetaskmisconstrued,preferencesconstructedendogenously
Prevarication/Projection Misrepresentationforrealorperceivedstrategicadvantageortoproject
selfimage
Suspicion/Superstition Subjectsmistrustoffersandquestionmotivesofothersinunfamiliar
situations,avoidchoicesthattemptfate
RuleDriven Choiceguidedbyprinciples,analogies,andexemplarsratherthanutilitarian
calculus;rulesinduceproforma,focalresponses
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Table3.ULTIMATUMGAMEOUTCOMES
Society MeanOffer RejectionRate
Lamalera(communalhuntingvillage) 57% NC
Ache(seasonalforagingband) 48% 0.0%
Hazda(foragingband) 40% 19.2%
Machiguenga(subsistencefarmingfamilies) 26% 4.8%