General Zoology Laboratory EXERCISE V EMBRYOLOGY Frog egg mesolecithal

1st Semester 201 2012 2013 2013

yolk is more or less concentrated in the Vegetal pole (lightly pigmented hemisphere) cytoplasm & nucleus are found in the Animal Pole (darkly pigmented hemisphere) Gray crescent formed on the side of the egg opposite that which the spermatozoon entered Note: before fertilization the egg has radial symmetry & after fertilization the egg has bilateral symmetry

CLEAVAGE STAGE: (Segmentation) Zygote undergoes a series of mitotic divisions or segmentations called CLEAVAGE The groove marks the 1st cleavage plane dividing the egg into 2 equal cells (vertically) 2nd Cleavage plane: vertical & perpendicular to the 1st 3rd Cleavage plane: horizontally (a little above the equator of the egg but at right angles to the first two planes 4th Cleavage plane: 2 vertical 5th Cleavage plane: 2 horizontal Note: presence of yolk in the vegetal pole retards cell division thus, cleavage occurs faster in the animal poles Morula Stage contains 16 to 32 cells (late cleavage = 64 cells) Blastomeres / cells (Micromeres animal pole; Macromeres vegetal pole)

General Zoology Laboratory BLASTULA STAGE:

1st Semester 201 2012 2013 2013

Formation of a segmentation cavity near the animal pole due to continuous cell divisions Segmentation Cavity Blastocoel Layer of cells around the cavity forms the blastoderm composed of embryonic cells called blastomeres One-cell layer thick: Monodermic

GASTRULA STAGE Marked by the morphogenetic movements to form the primitive germ layers of the embryo: Ectoderm, Endoderm, & Mesoderm Movements: 1. Involution inward rolling 2. Evagination outward 3. Invagination sinking in 4. Epiboly spreading then enveloping formed structures As growth continues, blastopore (opening) lips draw closer together over the vegetal cells until only a small mass of vegetal cells is left showing the yolk plug As gastrulation progresses, the inward rolling (INVOLUTION) of cells results in an expanding fold enclosing the ARCHENTERON / GASTOCOEL The roof is composed of the involuted layer forming the endoderm & mesoderm & an outer layer the ectoderm; Floor is composed of the endoderm Cavity formed below the notch marks the beginning of the Gastrocoel or Archenteron Blastocoel is displaced during the formation of the gastrocoel (Gastrocoel is attached to the dorsal lip)

General Zoology Laboratory NEURULA: Formation of the neural tube

1st Semester 201 2012 2013 2013

Neural Plate: Elongation of embryo Development of thick epidermal cells neural plate

Neural Groove: Plate invaginates to a depression bounded by two lateral folds (Neural Folds)

Neural Tube: Folds fuse at midline has a head and tail region has a dorsal surface and a ventral surface has a primitive central nervous system (the neural tube) has a skeletal support rod (notochord located ventral to the neural tube) has a primitive gut (archenteron) Brain: o Prosencephalon with optic vesicles o Mesencephalon o Rhombencephalon Spinal cord

General Zoology Laboratory Organogenesis: started by Neurula Stage ECTODERM SKIN & CNS Brain Spinal cord Other neurons Sense receptors

1st Semester 201 2012 2013 2013

MESODERM Notochord Muscles Blood Bone Sex organs

ENDODERM Internal organs related to digestion Lining of gut, lungs, bladder Liver pancreas

Later Stages of Development: A. Nervous System simple neural tube divisions 1. Prosencephalon anterior, with thick lateral walls & dorsoventrally elongated cavity called PROSOCOEL 2. Mesemcephalon midbrain with cavity called MESOCOEL 3. Rhombencephalon or Hindbrain with cavity called RHOMBOCOEL 4. Spinal Cord small round vesicle found posterior to rhombencephalon B. Other Structures 1. Epiphysis 2. Optic vesicles 3. External flares / olfactory pits 4. Ear vesicles / otic vesicles 5. External gills 6. Pharyngeal pouches 7. Adhesive glands 8. Tail pins 9. Limb buds 10. Resorbed tails