002 HSB Imagebroschuere 2008 Abstract 16072012 0

HSB
HANDBUCH STRUKTUR BERECHNUNG
General description
Issue C Year 2008 Page 1 of 20
Luftfahrt-Technisches Handbuch (LTH)
HSB
c Industrie Ausschuss Struktur Berechnungsunterlagen (IASB). All rights reserved. Condential and proprietary document
Fundamentals and Methods for Aeronautical Design and Analyses

11.11.2008, 14:59, page 1 of 20 Source File: ~/newhsb/broschuere/english/BROSCH1-lyx-1.4.lyx
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J. Ribke / J. Broede
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IASB
HSB
General description
Application in Aircraft Design
Section
Milled frames
Lower door frame shell
Chemically milled sheet
Doublers
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General description
Application in Spacecraft Design
Shell structures and tanks
Ariane 4
Typical shell design: Sheet with riveted stringers and frames
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General description
Application in Engine Design
Engine (thrust 22000 33000 lbs), short and medium range aircraft
Compressor rotor
Turbine blade
Segment of a vane ring
Intermediate housing
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Turbine rotor disc
HSB
General description
Application in Helicopter Design
MultiPurpose Helicopter
Control cuff
1. Main rotor blade 2. Swashplate 3. Main rotor hub shaft 4. Rotating control rod
5. Driving unit 6. Standard hub cap support Sandwich construction 7. Standard rotor hub cap 8. Damper
Inplane stiffener
Main rotor without bearing
Crosssectional view of pitch control cuff and flexbeam
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General description
Application in Satellite Design
XRay Satellite Supply unit Solar panel
CFRP support structure for tank CFRP sandwich Flange
Bolted joint
Sandwich panel Payload unit
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General description
Aeronautical Fasteners
Selection of fasteners and bolts

Nut design for high dynamic strength
Example of a joint with a barrel nut
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General description
Contents Denitions Materials Joints Static Analyses Static Stability Static Strength Fatigue and Damage Tolerance Vibrations
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General description
INDUSTRIE-AUSSCHUSS STRUKTUR-BERECHNUNGSUNTERLAGEN (IASB)
The Industrie-Ausschuss Struktur-Berechnungsunterlagen (IASB) is a committee, which develops fundamentals and methods for the analysis of aeronautical structures and their application. The IASB was founded on 25th November 1968 and consists of members from aeronautical industries, research and academic institutions and civil and military authorities. Currently, the following institutions are members of the IASB: Authorities: Wehrtechnische Dienststelle fr Luftfahrtzeuge, Musterprfwesen fr Luftfahrtgert der Bundeswehr (WTD 61) Luftfahrt Bundesamt (LBA) Industries: AIRBUS DEUTSCHLAND GmbH EADS ASTRIUM - SPACE TRANSPORTATION EADS MILITARY AIR SYSTEMS ELBE FLUGZEUGWERKE GmbH EUROCOPTER DEUTSCHLAND GmbH FATEC ENGINEERING FOKKER AESP GCT DESIGN ORGANISATION GmbH IABGmbH IMA DRESDEN GmbH LIEBHERR AEROSPACE LINDENBERG GmbH MT AEROSPACE AG MTU AERO ENGINES AG ROLLS ROYCE DEUTSCHLAND Ltd & CO KG RUAG AEROSPACE GmbH XTREMEAIR GmbH ZIM GmbH Institutions: DLR BRAUNSCHWEIG, Institut fr Faserverbundleichtbau und Adaptronik FRAUNHOFER INSTITUT LBF, Institut fr Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlssigkeit HAW HAMBURG, Department Fahrzeugtechnik und Flugzeugbau NLR, Aerospace Vehicles Division TU BRAUNSCHWEIG, Institut fr Flugzeugbau und Leichtbau TU CHEMNITZ, Institut fr Allgemeinen Maschinenbau und Kunststofftechnik TU DARMSTADT, Fachgebiet Konstruktiver Leichtbau und Bauweisen TU DELFT, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering TU DRESDEN, Institut fr Leichtbau und Kunststofftechnik The IASB is a member of the committee of the LTH (Luftfahrt-Technisches Handbuch), which is sponsored by the German Ministry of Defence.
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2 2.1
HANDBUCH STRUKTUR-BERECHNUNG (HSB) General
The IASB documents methods and procedures in the Handbuch Struktur-Berechnung (HSB). The content of this handbook is based on international and national agreements and requirements concerning aeronautics. It is updated continuously. The HSB is not for sale and is intended only for the use of selected recipients. Recipients are identied by the issuing committee IASB. The HSB is issued in electronic form, either on web sites accessible via a members intranet or by DVD. 2.2 Responsibility
Only the IASB is responsible for the contents of the HSB. The IASB decides all relevant HSB items, e.g.: Acceptance or rejection of the proposed HSB contributions Form, contents and consistency of the accepted HSB contributions Publication of the analytical methods, material values, test procedures, etc. Release of the agreed HSB contributions Formal selection of HSB recipients
The IASB decides all items by majority votes during the IASB meetings, which generally take place three times each year. 2.3 Application
The HSB is used for different disciplines, e.g.:

Preliminary and nal design of structural dimensions Denition of required tests regarding the development / justication of structural components Agreement of methods with different producers / suppliers Evaluation of structural components concerning justication Basis for the choice of materials Basis for the qualication of materials for suppliers
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Particularly, the HSB is used for analyses of structural components in: Aircraft design: fuselage, wing, etc. Spacecraft design: shell, engine support, etc. Satellite design: metallic and composite components, antennas, etc. Helicopter design: fuselage, rotor, etc. Engine design: rotor, stator, etc. Although the focus lies on aeronautical topics the HSB can be generally applied to the analysis of lightweight structure components used by other industries, e.g. rail vehicles, automobiles. 3 HSB ACCEPTANCE
The German military authority WTD61 and the German civil authority LBA are active members of the IASB. Thus it is guaranteed that all HSB contributions are accepted by the German authorities, which simplies the procedure concerning evaluations and justications of structural components. All decisions within the IASB are taken in agreement with the industries, universities, institutes and authorities that are active IASB members. The contributions to the HSB are in agreement with national and international methods and will be updated continuously contain international requirements (e.g. MIL, FAR, JAR)
are the basis for corresponding requirements being used in different industries are the basis for specic projects (e.g. A320-Guidelines) are available for different international institutions are the basis for specications to be valid for suppliers and sub-contractors
HSB CONTENT
The technical contents of the HSB are organized by the chapters: Chapter 00000: Denitions Chapter 20000: Joints Chapter 40000: Static Stability Chapter 60000: Fatigue and Damage Tolerance Chapter 10000: Materials Chapter 30000: Static Analyses Chapter 50000: Static Strength Chapter 70000: Vibrations
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A brief description of the chapters including examples is given in the following paragraphs.
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4.1
Chapter 00000: Denitions
Amongst other topics this chapter contains: List of symbols to be used Coordinate system Atmosphere data Internal pressure loads of transport aircraft List of units to be used Denition of sonic loads Determination of section data Inter- and extrapolation Regression analyses Statistics Example: For the section given below the coordinate of the centre of shear xM is calculated provided that the moment of inertia Ix is known. By using given formulas it follows: Ix = 300600 mm4 and xM = 24, 8 mm.
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S = Gravity center M = Shear center
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4.2
Chapter 10000: Materials
Amongst other topics this chapter contains: Metallic materials: aluminium alloys, titanium alloys, steels, heat resistant alloys Product forms: sheet, plate, bar, extrusion, forging, tube, casting Composites: carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics, Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics Product forms: tape, Prepreg, Roving Fibre-Metal-Laminates: ARALL, Glare Product form: sheet Example: For metallic materials, tempers and product forms, the following values are given for different thicknesses and orientations: Characteristic Static Strength Value tensile ultimate (tu) tensile yield (ty) compressive yield (cy) shear ultimate (su) bearing ultimate (bru) bearing yield (bry) E-Moduli (tension, compression) elongation at failure density Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) plane strain, plane stress coefcients, stiffness
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Furthermore, general information is given concerning the optimum material choice.
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Stiffness Deformation Specic Mass Corrosion Fracture Toughness Temperature Value
HSB
General description
4.3
Chapter 20000: Joints
Amongst other topics this chapter contains: Analytical evaluation of joints Bearing strengths of non-removable joints Interaction of shear and tension loads Load-displacement behaviour of joints under shear loads Analyses of bolted and riveted areas Analyses of the rivet forces Guideline for the evaluation of allowable rivet forces Allowable rivet forces: solid rivets, interference t rivets, blind rivets Analyses of bolted joints Allowable bolt forces Strength of bolts and nuts Analyses of the failure loads of metallic lugs Example: For a single-shear-joint made of the aluminium alloy 2024-T3 riveted by countersunk Lockbolt interference t fasteners the static failure loads are to be determined. From the given table the loads (in N) can be taken (sheet thickness t, nominal diameter d): t mm 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 d (mm) 4.0 4.8 6.4 3330 4020 4930 5450 7650 9520
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4.4
Chapter 30000: Static Analyses
Amongst other topics this chapter contains: One-dimensional systems: bars, straight and curved beams, circular rings Two-dimensional systems: membranes, plates, shells Statically undetermined systems Notched components: stress concentration factors, riveted joints, lugs Load introduction problems: ange, joints Composites: laminate theory Temperature problems: evaluation of loads, stiffness, deformations Example: Determination of the stress concentration factor of an innite plate with two circular holes of different diameters under uniaxial normal stresses. Given: Geometry, applied remote stress Solution: The stress concentration factor 1 can be found from the diagram:
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4.5
Chapter 40000: Static Stability
Amongst other topics this chapter contains: Buckling of straight beams, plates, shells Stability of circular frames Buckling of composites Example: The buckling stress of a plane sheet with riveted stiffeners is to be determined. Given: 1. Geometry of sheet: thickness t, pitch of the stiffeners b, pitch of the rivets p, rivet diameter d 2. Geometry of stiffeners: thickness ts , width bs , height hs 3. Materials: E-Modulus of the sheet and the stiffeners E 4. Loading: uniaxial compression Solution: The buckling stress is determined as = k 2 E (t/b)2 2 12 (1 )
The buckling factor k depends on the data t, b, p, d, ts , bs , hs and can be taken from given diagrams.
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4.6
Chapter 50000: Static Strength
Amongst other topics this chapter contains: Interaction of static loads applied on beams Static strength hypotheses Plasticity of one-dimensional systems Overcritical loads: Beams, plates, shells Static strength of composites and sandwich designs Evaluation of static strength tests Example: The static strength of a component loaded by compression and shear is to be determined. Given: Applied compression stress g and shear stress g Solution: Interaction curve, which describes the static strength under combined loads: (/o )n + ( /o )m = 1 where o is the normal stress corresponding to = 0 and o is the shear stress corresponding to = 0. The data o , o , n and m are known from test results. Plotting the values g , g in the - -diagram, one obtains the Reserve Factors: RF > 1, if the point g , g is located inside the interaction curve RF = 1, if the point g , g is located on the interaction curve RF < 1, if the point g , g is located outside the interaction curve
11.11.2008, 14:59, page 17 of 20 Source File: ~/newhsb/broschuere/english/BROSCH1-lyx-1.4.lyx c Industrie Ausschuss Struktur Berechnungsunterlagen (IASB). All rights reserved. Condential and proprietary document
Interaction curves are given for different cases.
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4.7
Chapter 60000: Fatigue and Damage Tolerance
Amongst other topics this chapter contains: Fatigue HAIGH diagrams and S-N diagrams of notched specimens WEIBULL parameters to describe the S-N curves Information about the fatigue strength of riveted joints and lugs Information about methods to enhance the fatigue life Damage Tolerance Stress intensity factors Crack growth behaviour (e.g. FORMAN equation) Residual strength performance (e.g. FEDDERSEN concept, R-CURVE concept) Example: The fatigue life N (in cycles) of a component made of 2024-T3 with a given Kt is to be determined for the applied stress amplitude a = 60 MPa and a stress ratio R = 0.1. Solution: From the WEIBULL equation log N = C3 ln the data N follows using the data C1 , . . . , C4 as: Kt 2.5 3.6
C2 C1 a C1
1/C4
C1 MPa 38 23
C2 MPa 194 194
C3 4.63 4.39
C4 5.25 3.53
N cycles 183054 89687
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4.8
Chapter 70000: Vibrations
Amongst other topics this chapter contains: Eigenmodes Eigenfrequencies Example: The data i and i for the calculation of the eigenfrequencies of a simple-clamped beam is to be determined. Solution: i and i follow from the diagram: System
Case 1 x/l
Mode i=0
0.226
Data 0 = 1.875 0 = 4.694 0 = 7.854 0 = 10.996 0 = 14.137

i=0
0.499 0.132
lk
0.644 0.356 0.094
i=2 i=3
0.721
0.5
0.277
0.073
i=4
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IASB CONTACTS For general information concerning the use of the HSB please contact the IASB via the: IASB Chairman Dr. Martin Schagerl Airbus Deutschland GmbH Structure Analysis Stress EDSASMG martin.schagerl@airbus.com IASB Deputy Chairman Robert Dilger EADS Military Air Systems Fatigue & Damage Tolerance OPES14 robert.dilger@eads.com
For technical information concerning the application of HSB sheets contact the IASB via the: Responsible Expert Chapter 00000 Christoph Heine Airbus Deutschland GmbH Structure Analysis Stress EDSASMG christoph.heine@airbus.com Responsible Expert Chapter 20000 Arthur Spaink Fokker AESP F/OESD arthur.spaink@stork.com Responsible Expert Chapter 40000 Prof. Dr. Ralf Cuntze IASB ralf_cuntze@t-online.de Responsible Expert Chapter 60000 Robert Dilger EADS Military Air Systems Fatigue & Damage Tolerance OPES14 robert.dilger@eads.com Responsible Expert Chapter 10000 Gnther Volkmann Airbus Deutschland GmbH Materials & Processes EDSWOG guenther.volkmann@airbus.com Responsible Expert Chapter 30000 Georg Gnther EADS Military Air Systems OPES4 georg.guenther@eads.com
Responsible Expert Chapter 50000 Dr. Jrgen Broede IASB juergen.broede@web.de Responsible Expert Chapter 70000 Prof. Dr. Ralf Cuntze IASB ralf_cuntze@t-online.de
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HSB

HANDBUCH STRUKTUR BERECHNUNG

Issue C Year 2008 Page 1 of 20

Luftfahrt-Technisches Handbuch (LTH)

Fundamentals and Methods for Aeronautical Design and Analyses

Issue C Year 2008 Page 2 of 20

Application in Aircraft Design

11.11.2008, 14:59, page 2 of 20 Source File: ~/newhsb/broschuere/english/BROSCH1-lyx-1.4.lyx

Lower door frame shell

Chemically milled sheet

Issue C Year 2008 Page 3 of 20

Application in Spacecraft Design

Shell structures and tanks

Typical shell design: Sheet with riveted stringers and frames

Issue C Year 2008 Page 4 of 20

Application in Engine Design

Segment of a vane ring

Turbine rotor disc

11.11.2008, 14:59, page 4 of 20 Source File: ~/newhsb/broschuere/english/BROSCH1-lyx-1.4.lyx

Issue C Year 2008 Page 5 of 20

Application in Helicopter Design

11.11.2008, 14:59, page 5 of 20 Source File: ~/newhsb/broschuere/english/BROSCH1-lyx-1.4.lyx

Main rotor without bearing

Crosssectional view of pitch control cuff and flexbeam

Issue C Year 2008 Page 6 of 20

Application in Satellite Design

XRay Satellite Supply unit Solar panel

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CFRP support structure for tank CFRP sandwich Flange

Sandwich panel Payload unit

Issue C Year 2008 Page 7 of 20

Selection of fasteners and bolts

11.11.2008, 14:59, page 7 of 20 Source File: ~/newhsb/broschuere/english/BROSCH1-lyx-1.4.lyx

Nut design for high dynamic strength

Example of a joint with a barrel nut

Issue C Year 2008 Page 8 of 20

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Issue C Year 2008 Page 9 of 20

INDUSTRIE-AUSSCHUSS STRUKTUR-BERECHNUNGSUNTERLAGEN (IASB)

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Issue C Year 2008 Page 10 of 20

HANDBUCH STRUKTUR-BERECHNUNG (HSB) General

The HSB is used for different disciplines, e.g.:

Issue C Year 2008 Page 11 of 20

Issue C Year 2008 Page 12 of 20

Chapter 00000: Denitions

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S = Gravity center M = Shear center

Issue C Year 2008 Page 13 of 20

Chapter 10000: Materials

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Furthermore, general information is given concerning the optimum material choice.

Stiffness Deformation Specic Mass Corrosion Fracture Toughness Temperature Value

Issue C Year 2008 Page 14 of 20

Chapter 20000: Joints

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Issue C Year 2008 Page 15 of 20

Chapter 30000: Static Analyses

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Issue C Year 2008 Page 16 of 20

Chapter 40000: Static Stability

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Issue C Year 2008 Page 17 of 20