Index IIR lters, see Innite impulse response lters IL (instruction list), 690 Illegitimate errors, 10 Illusion of control,

280 Illusion of correlation, 280 Imaginary axis crossings, 519, 521522 Impedance(s), 3845 computing, 4041 denition of, 38 of distributed system, 67 electrical, 38 graphical determination of output, 54 56 input / output, at operating point, 48 of lumped linear elements, 38 in measurements, 119123 in series / parallel, 3940 The venin / Norton source equivalents, 4445 transducer-matched, 5758 transforming / gyrating, 4143 Implementation phase (system design), 290291 Improper rational functions, 326 Impulse, 35 Impulse response, 327328 Incidental base rate, 279280 Incremental algorithm, 426 Incremental encoders, 391 Independent energy storage elements, 316 Indexer modulators, 573, 574 Indirect NN control, 795 Inductive bridges, 112114 Inductive storage element, 304 Inductors, 831, 832 Innite impulse response (IIR) lters, 197 design of, 201203 FIR vs., 206, 208 phase analysis of, 206 Information, central role of, 284285 Information processing by humans and organizations, 278282 Inherent integration: systems with, 660666 systems with no, 659, 660 Inhomogeneity errors, service-induced, 144147 Initial-value theorem, 326, 450, 463 In-line piston servomotors, 575, 577

889

In-memory storage, 222224 Inner feedback loops, 645651 alternative variables, 649, 650 derivatives of controlled variable, 646 649 nonelectric, 650651 Inner rotorouter stator brushless dc motors, 552, 553 Inner statorouter rotor brushless motors, 552, 553 Input, control system, 384 Input admittance, 120 Input impedance, 48, 103, 119, 120 Inputoutput analysis, 276 Input / output (I / O) form, 315318 converting, to phase-variable form, 321 deriving the, 316318 Inputoutput interactions, 3437 Input / output (I / O) processors, 682 Inserted materials, law of, 140, 141 Instability meters, 180182 Instantaneous utility, 808 Instruction list (IL), 690 Instrument Society of America (ISA), 3 Instrument statics, 331 calibration, 69 condence limits on regression lines, 1822 data amounts needed, 1415 denitions used in, 46 determination of condence limits on , 1718 distributions comparison, 2931 error types, 10 goodness of t, 1516 means comparison, 2729 probability density functions, 1617 propagation of error or uncertainty, 10 12 sampling, 910 statistical testing, 2326 unbiased estimates, 9 uncertainty interval, 1213 variability comparison, 24, 27 Integral absolute-error (IAE) criterion, 411, 493 Integral control, 401, 402 Integral gain, 402 Integral-of-time-mulitplied absolute-error (ITAE) criterion, 411, 490493